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List of sugar refineries

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of notable sugar refineries. This include both sugarcane mills and refineries of sugar beets, and it includes current and former facilities, and some that are listed on historic registers.

Australia

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New South Wales

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Queensland

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Victoria

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  • CSR Refinery, Yarravillem Yarraville, Maribyrnong, (1872 to 1980s), also known as Colonial Sugar Refining Company Refinery of Yarraville.[3]

Bangladesh

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Canada

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China

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Cuba

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Denmark

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Dominican Republic

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Fiji

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Germany

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India

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Indonesia

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Sugar Factories, commonly abbreviated as PG partikulir and state-owned in Indonesia began to emerge after the start of the era of liberalism during the Dutch East Indies colonial period (1870), with the introduction of Land Lease Rights for use for 70 years. Previously, a number of simple sugar factories had been established to process the sugar cane harvest, which was included in the commodities included in the Cultuurstelsel program.

List

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Note: the list of sugar factories below is not perfect. If you find any errors in the following data, please help Wikipedia by expanding it. Thank you.

Java

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Factory Name Status District / City Description Images
Asembagus Sugar Factory Active Situbondo Regency
Asembagoes steam locomotive at sugar cane
Panji Sugar Factory Active
Sugar factory at the Pandji company near Kapongan near Sitoebondo
Olean Sugar Factory Active
A bucket or rake carrier, manufactured in 1930 and intended for the Olean Sugar Factory. Part of the binder with photos of machines from the N.V. Machinefabriek Braat in Soerabaja, Soekaboemi and Jogyakarta, from the period 1908-1942.
Wringinanom Sugar Factory Active
Ducroo Dn2t owned by Wringinanom Sugar Factory
de Maas Sugar Factory Inactive
Sugar factory De Maas at Besuki, East Java - circa 1910.
Prajekan Sugar Factory Active Bondowoso Regency
Tangarang Sugar Factory Inactive
The sugar factory 'Tangarang' (established in 1893) in the area of Bondowoso in East Java
Sukowidi Sugar Factory Inactive Banyuwangi Regency
Research into diseased sugar cane in the Glagah department of the Soekowidi sugar factory north of Banjoewangi
Glenmore Sugar Industry Active
Kalirejo Sugar Factory Defunct
Kaliredjo sugar mill near Banyuwangi, East Java
Bedadung Sugar Factory Inactive Jember Regency
Cooling installation manufactured in 1929 and intended for the Bedadoeng sugar factory. Part of the binder with photos of machines from the N.V. Machinefabriek Braat in Surabaya intended for the Dutch sugar industry on Java, from the period 1917-1938.
Semboro Sugar Factory Active
Name board of Semboro Sugar Mill
Gunungsari Sugar Factory Inactive
SF. Goenoengsari sugar mill near Jember, East Java
Paiton Sugar Factory Active Probolinggo Regency
Kandangjati Sugar Factory Inactive
Kandang Djati sugar mill near Kraksaan, Probolinggo
Bagu Sugar Factory Deactivated
Sugar company Bagoe, near Kraksaan, residence Surabaya
Pajarekan Sugar Factory Active
Transport of a cooking pan on a trailer behind a truck. Manufactured in 1926 in Surabaya and intended for the Padjarakan Sugar Factory. Part of the binder with photos of machines from the N.V. Machinefabriek Braat in Soerabaja, Soekaboemi and Jogyakarta, from the period 1908-1942.
Maron Sugar Factory Inactive
Presentation of medals for long-term service at the Maron Sugar Company of the Colonial Bank
Gending Sugar Factory Active
'Native Hospital' Gending of the Sugar Factory, East Java Native hospital sugar Gending, East Java, c. 1925
Wonoaseh Sugar Factory Inactive
Wonolangan Sugar Factory Active
Wonolangan sugar factory, in Probolinggo
Umbul Sugar Factory Inactive
Cast steel gear for crusher installation, manufactured in 1932 and intended for the Oemboel Sugar Factory. Part of the binder with photos of machines from the N.V. Machinefabriek Braat in Surabaya intended for the Dutch sugar industry on Java, from the period 1917-1938.
Sumberkareng Sugar Factory Inactive
Soemberkareng sugar mill in Probolinggo
Jatiroto Sugar Factory Active Lumajang Regency
Aerial view of Djatiroto sugar mill in Lumadjang
Kedawung Sugar Factory Active Pasuruan Regency
Pasoeroean The Kedawoeng sugar factory has started the campaign
Bekasi Oost Sugar Factory Inactive
Gayam Sugar Factory Inactive
de Goede Hoop Sugar Factory Deactivated
Pleret Sugar Factory Inactive
Wonorejo Sugar Factory Deactivated
Attentive audience for the administrator's speech during the milling festival of the Wonoredjo sugar factory southwest of Pasoeroean
Sumberrejo Sugar Factory Inactive
Arjosarie Sugar Factory Inactive
Pandaan Sugar Factory Inactive
Kantjil Mas Sugar Factory Inactive
Sukorejo Sugar Factory Inactive
The depot for steam locomotives of the State Railways at the Soekoredjo sugar factory
Alkmaar Sugar Factory Inactive
Kebonagung Sugar Factory Active Malang Regency
Sempalwadak Sugar Factory Inactive
Versatile plow with crawler tractor on uneven terrain, Sempalwadak sugar company
Krebet Sugar Factory Active
Krebet sugar factory south of Malang
Panggoengredjo Sugar Factory Inactive
In the sugar factory in Panggoengredjo, south of Blitar
Porong Sugar Factory Inactive Sidoarjo Regency
Tanggulangin Sugar Factory Inactive
Aerial view of the area between Tanggoelangin Sugar Factory, Kloedan, Kepadangan and Boelang on East Java
Candi Sugar Factory Active
Sruni Sugar Factory Inactive
Buduran Sugar Factory Inactive
Administrateurshuis en kantoor van suikerfabriek Boedoeran te Sidoardjo, KITLV 18358.tiff
Waru Sugar Factory Inactive
Ketegan Sugar Factory Inactive
The Ketegan sugar factory near Surabaya
Krian Sugar Factory Deactivated
Balong Bendo Sugar Factory Inactive
The bayonet frame for a mill machine, manufactured in 1930 and intended for the Balong Bendo Sugar Factory in East Java. Part of the binder with photos of machines from the N.V. Machinefabriek Braat in Soerabaja, Soekaboemi and Jogyakarta, from the period 1908-1942.
Watutulis Sugar Factory Inactive
Factory of sugar company Watoetoelis near Krijan (Krian), west of Sidoardjo
Seruni Sugar Factory Deactivated
Tulangan Sugar Factory Inactive
Aerial view of Toelangan sugar factory in East Java
Krembung Sugar Factory Deactivated
Sugar factory PG Kremboong, owned by PTPN X
Sedatie Sugar Factory Inactive Mojokerto Regency
Koning Willem II Sugar Factory Inactive
Koning Willem II (King William II) sugar factory east of Modjokerto with the transport chute on the right that takes the sugar cane to the mills
Ketanen Sugar Factory Inactive
Sugar company Ketanen at Modjokerto during the renovation
Pohjejer Sugar Factory Inactive
Dinoyo Sugar Factory Inactive
Locomotive No. 2 Dinojo in front of a field with sisal plantings, probably near the Dinojo sugar factory south of Mojokerto
Sumengko Sugar Factory Deactivated
Tangunan Sugar Factory Inactive
Brangkal Sugar Factory Inactive
Gully plow with tractor, Brangkal Sugar Company
Bangsal Sugar Factory Deactivated
Perning Sugar Factory Deactivated
Aanvoer van suikerriet op de suikerfabriek Perning bij Modjokerto, KITLV 7731
Gempolkerep Sugar Factory active
Diema DD6-2, a rail car at the Gempolkrep sugar factory train yard
Sentanen Lor Sugar Factory Inactive Mojokerto City
Sentanen Lor sugar factory near Mojokerto
Sukodono Sugar Factory Inactive Jombang Regency
'Soekodono' sugar factory around 1880 with a reference to 'Mr. W. A. Baron Baud', who died in 1879.
Sumobito Sugar Factory Inactive
Peterongan Sugar Factory Inactive
Factory building of the Peterongan sugar factory near Djombang
Mojoagong Sugar Factory Inactive
Selorejo Sugar Factory Inactive
A sugar factory with the inscription Seloredjo above the columned entrance and the year 1882 in Roman numerals below. A chimney pipe on the left of the factory. In front of the factory a lawn with four ox carts and a tractor. A native on each ox-drawn cart, a European on the tractor. Part of the photo album presented by the Soerabayasche Vereeniging van Suikerfabrikanten to Frederik Beyerinck, resident of Surabaya.
Cukir Sugar Factory Active
Locomotive named Theo, built by Orenstein & Koppel, probably at the Tjoekir sugar factory south of Jombang
Blimbing Sugar Factory Inactive
Blimbing sugar factory, location at south of Jombang
Ceweng Sugar Factory Inactive
Gudo Sugar Factory Deactivated
Aerial view of Goedo sugar mill near Jombang
Jombang Sugar Factory Active
Ponen Sugar Factory Inactive
De suikerfabriek Ponen (Ponen sugar factory)
Ngelom Sugar Factory Inactive
Keningo Sugar Factory Inactive Blitar Regency
Garum Sugar Factory Inactive
Rejoso Manis Indo Sugar Factory Active
Sumberdadi Sugar Factory Off
Kunir Sugar Factory Inactive
Merican Sugar Factory Active Kediri
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Luchtfoto van de suikerfabriek Meritjan ten noorden van Kediri Java
Pesantren Lama Sugar Factory Inactive Merged and in the area of PG Pesantren Baru
Housing for European employees of the Pesantren sugar factory near Kediri
Pesantren Baru Sugar Factory Active
Rear part of the factory building, with probably centrifuges for drying sugar on the left, of the Nieuw Pesantren sugar factory near Kediri
Ngadirejo Sugar Factory Active Kediri Regency
Aerial view of Ngadiredjo sugar factory in Kediri
Minggiran Sugar Factory Inactive
Factory of sugar company Minggiran near Kediri
Menang Sugar Factory Inactive
Interior with three European women in conversation of a European home at the Menang Sugar Factory east of Kediri
Bogokidul Sugar Factory Inactive
Kawarasan Sugar Factory Deactivated
Tegowangi Sugar Factory Inactive
Willy (2nd from right) and Harry Hirsch (10th from right) at a farewell dinner, probably at Kediri, for D.J. de Zwart, administrator of the Tegowangi sugar factory (presumably 1st from the right)

Aerial view of Tegowangi sugar mill
Kencong Sugar Factory Inactive
Factory of sugar company Kentjong in Pare
Badas Sugar Factory Inactive
Badas sugar factory northeast of Kediri
Purwoasri Sugar Factory Inactive former land converted into Purwoasri Bus Terminal
Mojopanggung Sugar Factory Active Tulungagung Regency
Bridge with railway line for the transport of sugar, probably at the Modjopanggoong sugar company near Kediri
Lestari Sugar Factory Active Nganjuk Regency
Juwono Sugar Factory Inactive
Jati Sugar Factory Inactive
Nganjuk Sugar Factory Inactive
Aerial view of Ngandjoek sugar factory on Java. SF. Nganjuk Aerial photo (title on object)
Baron Sugar Factory Deactivated
Kujonmanis Sugar Factory Inactive
Rejoagung Sugar Factory Active Madiun
Kanigoro Sugar Factory Inactive Madiun Regency
Java Steam Loco, Borsig no 1 owned by Kanigoro sugar mill
Pagotan Sugar Factory Active
Tank storage area for P.C.M.C. molasses on the site of the Pagottan sugar factory in East Java
Rejosari Sugar Factory Active Magetan Regency
Two preheaters intended for Suikerfabriek Padokan and five cooling troughs intended for Suikerfabriek Redjosari, manufactured in 1926. Part of the binder with photos of machines of the N.V. Machinefabriek Braat in Soerabaja intended for the Dutch sugar industry on Java, from the period 1917-1938.
Purwodadi Sugar Factory Active
Poerwodadi sugar mill near Magetan, East Java
Sudono Sugar Factory Active Ngawi Regency
Steam loco (decauville) at PG Soedhono Sugar Mill
Wringin Agung Sugar Factory Inactive Tuban Regency
Kebonharjo Sugar Factory Inactive
Mojo Sugar Factory Active Sragen Regency
Modjo sugar mill near Sragen
Kedungbanteng Sugar Factory Inactive
Tasikmadu Sugar Factory Inactive Karanganyar Regency Active for tourism
Tasikmadoe sugar mill near Karanganyar, Central Java
Colomadu Sugar Factory Inactive Reopened as a Museum
PG Tjolomadoe Sugar Mill museum at Solo, Central Java
Kartasura Sugar Factory Inactive Sukoharjo Regency
Kartasoera sugar mill near Surakarta
Bangak Sugar Factory Disabled Boyolali Regency
Adminstrateurswoning suikerfabriek Bangak - Solo., KITLV 1405354
Wonosari Sugar Factory Inactive Klaten Regency
Evaporator body and three cooking pans, manufactured in 1925 and intended for the Goedo, Wonosarie, Randoe Goenting and Manishardjo sugar factories. Part of the binder with photos of machines from the N.V. Machinefabriek Braat in Surabaya intended for the Dutch sugar industry on Java, from the period 1917-1938.
Cokrotulung Sugar Factory Inactive
Factory building of sugar company Tjokro-Toeloong (Cokrotulung) near Delanggu northeast of Surakarta
Ponggok Sugar Factory Inactive
Factory of sugar company Ponggok near Delanggu in the Vorstenlanden
Delanggu Sugar Factory Deactivated
Ceper Sugar Factory Deactivated
Tjepper sugar factory in Klaten, Central Java
Manisharjo Sugar Factory Inactive
Sugar dryer manufactured in 1917 for the Manishardjo Sugar Factory northeast of Klaten on Java. Part of the binder with photos of machines from the N.V. Machinefabriek Braat in Surabaya intended for the Dutch sugar industry on Java, from the period 1917-1938.
Gedaren Sugar Factory Inactive
Factory and ampasplein of indigo and sugar company Gedaren near Klaten
Karang Anom Sugar Factory Inactive
Sugar company Karang Anom Djoengkere near Surakarta
Gondang Winangun Sugar Factory Inactive
Gondang Winangoen Sugar Museum
Prambanan Sugar Factory Inactive Sleman Regency
Randu Gunting Tjandi Sewoe Sugar Factory Inactive
Randoe Goenting-Tjandi Sewoe sugar factory in southwest of Klaten
Tanjung Tirto Sugar Factory Inactive
Sugar factory with sugar cane in Tandjong Tirto, Jogjakarta
Demak Ijo Sugar Factory Inactive
View of the Demak Idjo sugar factory, boiler house and workshops
Cebongan Sugar Factory Inactive
The Tjebongan sugar factory in the vicinity of Yogyakarta. The name and date 1879 on the factory building. Part of the photo album presented to J.M. Pijnacker Hordijk on his departure from Jogyakarta in 1886.
Beran Sugar Factory Inactive
Medari Sugar Factory Deactivated
The staff of the 'Inlandsche Ziekenverpleging' of Suiker Onderneming Medarie Yogyakarta.
Sendang Pitu Sugar Factory Deactivated
Kedaton Pleret Sugar Factory Inactive Bantul Regency
The Kedaton Pleret sugar factory, southeast of Yogyakarta decorated for the milling festival
Madukismo Sugar Factory Active
Rail system at Madukismo Sugar Mill
Wonocatur Sugar Factory Inactive
Padokan Sugar Factory Inactive Rebuilt as Madukismo Sugar Factory
Aerial photo of Padokan sugar mill
Bantul Sugar Factory Inactive
Barongan Sugar Factory Inactive
Suikerfabriek Barongan (KITLV)
Gondang Lipuro Sugar Factory Inactive
Pundong Sugar Factory Inactive
Packaging sugar in the Poendong sugar factory near Yogyakarta
Gesikan Sugar Factory Inactive
Rewulu Sugar Factory Inactive
Factory of the sugar company Rewoeloe near Djokjakarta.
Sewugalur Sugar Factory Inactive Kulon Progo Regency
Official home of Sewooegaloor sugar sactory employees
Jenar Sugar Factory Inactive Purworejo Regency
Rembun Sugar Factory Inactive Kebumen Regency
Aerial view of Remboen sugar mill
Klampok Sugar Factory Inactive Banjarnegara Regency
Packing room in Klampok sugar factory, the first electric one, east of Banjoemas, KITLV 29091
Bojong Sugar Factory Disabled Purbalingga Regency
The bridge over the Klawing river, also the railway bridge of the Bodjong sugar factory
Kalirejo Sugar Factory Inactive Banyumas Regency
Kalibagor Sugar Factory Inactive Converted to garment factory
he steam tram with locomotive is ready for sugar transport at the Kalibagor sugar company.
Purwokerto Sugar Factory Inactive
Suikerfabriek Poerwokerto near Banyumas
Pakis Sugar Factory New Active Pati Regency
Trangkil Sugar Factory Active
Train yard of Trangkil sugar mill
Langse Sugar Factory Inactive
Tanjung Mojo Sugar Factory Inactive Kudus Regency
Tandjong-Modjo sugar mill (also called Ngablak) in Tandjoengmodjo near Koedoes
Rendeng Sugar Factory Active
Rendeng sugar mill train depot
Besito Sugar Factory Inactive
Mayong Sugar Factory Inactive Jepara Regency
Pecangaan Sugar Factory Inactive
Banyuputih Sugar Factory Inactive
Kaliwungu Sugar Factory Inactive Kendal Regency
The Kaliwoengoe sugar mill west of Semarang in 1905
Gemuh Sugar Factory Inactive
Train of the Semarang-Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij (SCS) amid the reed gardens of the Gemoeh sugar factory near Kendal
Cepiring Sugar Factory Inctive
Administrators' House at Tjepiring Sugar Factory
Puguh Sugar Factory Inactive
Kalimati Sugar Factory Inactive Batang Regency
Klidang Sugar Factory Inactive
Wonopringgo Sugar Factory Inactive Pekalongan Regency
Mountains of limestone for the Wonopringgo sugar factory southwest of Pekalongan
Tirto Sugar Factory Inactive
Tirto Sugar Mill
Sragi Sugar Factory Active
A steam locomotive previously owned by the Sragie Sugar Factory has now changed ownership in England.
Comal Baru Sugar Factory Inactive Pemalang Regency
Tjomal Baroe Sugar Mill, taken from train
Comal Sugar Factory Inactive
View of the sugar factory buildings. Part of the photo album of the Tjomal sugar mill in the period ca. 1900-1919.
Petarukan Sugar Factory Inactive
Train yard of the tram line of the Petaroekan sugar factory near Pemalang
Banjardawa Sugar Factory Inactive
Sugar Mill of Bandjardawa at 1888
Sumberharjo Sugar Factory Inactive
Water collection at Tjipero from the Ramboet irrigation area of the Soemberhardjo sugar mill near Pemalang
Balapulang Sugar Factory Inactive Tegal Regency
The railway emplacement of the Balapoelang sugar factory. A lorry is a small non-powered rail vehicle intended for freight transport on industrial or agricultural (narrow) railway lines
Dukuhwringin Sugar Factory Inactive
Pangkah Sugar Factory Inactive
Pangka Sugar refinery Java 19th c.
Kemantran Sugar Factory Inactive
Steam Train at Kemantran Sugar Mill
Pagongan Sugar Factory Inactive
Aerial view of Pagongan Sugar Mill in Tagal
Adiwerna Sugar Factory Inactive
Sugar dryer manufactured in 1932 for the Adiwerna Sugar Factory, south of Tegal
Kemanglen Sugar Factory Inactive
Kemanglen Sugar Factory in 1870-1875, Lithography based on a painting by Abraham Salm.
Maribaya Sugar Factory Inactive
Kedjambon Sugar Factory Inactive Tegal City
A note stating that Tan Kok Kiem was the owner of the Kedjambon Sugar Factory was listed in the book "Regerings-almanac for Nederlandsch-Indië, 1875."
Jatibarang Sugar Factory Inactive Brebes Regency In the process of being revitalized to become the Steam Locomotive Museum
Administrateurshuis van de Suikeronderneming Djatibarang Tegal
Banjaratma Sugar Factory Disabled Becoming a rest area
Bandjaratma Sugar Mill
Lemahabang Sugar Factory Inactive
Ketanggungan Barat Sugar Factory (Kersana Sugar Factory) Inactive
Afkoelingsinstallatie van suikerfabriek Ketanggoengan-West ten zuidwesten van Brebes, KITLV 18216
New Losari Sugar Factory Inactive Cirebon Regency
Tersana Baroe Sugar Factory Active
Nieuw Tersana sugar mill
Luwung Gajah Sugar Factory Inactive
Pesaleman water pumping station with temporary aqueduct at the Loewoeng-Gadjah sugar factory southeast of Cirebon
Jatipiring Sugar Factory Inactive
Karangsuwung Sugar Factory Inactive
Karang Soewoeng Sugar Mill in 1927
Sindanglaut Sugar Factory Inactive
Aerial view of Sindanglaoet sugar mill
Surawinangun Sugar Factory Inactive
The 'Soerawinangoen' sugar factory near Plumbon
Gempol Sugar Factory Inactive
Semarang-Cheribon Train, in the background the Gempol sugar factory.
Arjawinangun Sugar Factory Inactive
Parungjaya Sugar Factory Inactive Majalengka Regency
Paroengdjaja sugar factory northeast of Madjalengka
Jatiwangi Sugar Factory Inactive
Sugar company Djatiwangi near Indramayu
Kadipaten Sugar Factory Inactive
Aerial view of Kadhipaten sugar factory, north of Majalengka

Kalimantan & Lesser Sunda Islands

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Name of sugar factory Status District / City Description
Pelaihari Sugar Factory Disabled Tanah Laut Regency Converted to palm oil factory
PT. Muria Sumba Manis Active East Sumba Regency

Sulawesi

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Name of sugar factory Status District/City Description
Bone Sugar Factory Active Bone Regency
Camming Sugar Factory (Arasoe) Active
Takalar Sugar Factory Active Takalar Regency
Bombana Sugar Factory Active Bombana Regency
PG Gorontalo Active Gorontalo District

Sumatra

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Name of sugar factory Status District / City Description
Cinta Manis Sugar Factory Active Ogan Ilir Regency
PT. Gunung Madu Plantations Active Central Lampung Regency
PT. Pemuka Sakti Manis Indah Active Way Kanan Regency
PT. Sugar Group Companies Active Tulang Bawang Regency
PT Sumber Muatiara Indah Perdana Active Dumai City
Tjot Girek Sugar Factory Inactive North Aceh District

Netherlands

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New Zealand

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Northern Mariana Islands

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Puerto Rico

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Serbia

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United Kingdom

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United States

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bain, Lee. "Mill Memorabilia Project Report: Babinda Sugar Mill 1915 - 2011" (PDF). Babinda Information Centre. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  2. ^ Rogers, Eliza (19 December 2014). "Bundaberg Sugar invests in more energy efficient irrigators". ABC News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  3. ^ "CSR Refinery (former) (entry 600261)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  4. ^ "Sugar mill tells a sweet success story". Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, New York). June 4, 1995. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via newspaper.com.
  5. ^ "200 Years of Swire: Taikoo Sugar Refinery – Special Collections, SOAS Library". SOAS University of London. June 10, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
  6. ^ "Højbygaard Sukkerfabrik". jernbanen.dk (in Danish).
  7. ^ "Fiji Sugar Corporation Offers Redundancy Packages to Penang Mill Employees". Fiji Sun. May 8, 2019.
  8. ^ "View of Chelsea Sugar Refinery, Birkenhead". kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz.
  9. ^ "LEY NUM. 154 DE 10 DE AGOSTO DE 2002" (in Spanish). Lex Juris.
  10. ^ Pollitt, Michael (January 13, 2012). "The year the sugar industry arrived in Norfolk". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved September 30, 2021. Archived February 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park". Florida State Parks. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  12. ^ "Inferno: Dust Explosion at Imperial Sugar - Safety Videos - Multimedia". CSB. October 6, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
  13. ^ Pat Camel & Associates, Inc. (September 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Rosalie Plantation Sugar Mill". National Park Service. Retrieved September 30, 2021. With accompanying 13 photos from 1975