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List of most massive star clusters

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Mayall II, currently considered to be among the most massive star clusters.

Below are lists of the most massive known star clusters in solar masses (M☉) and sorted in descending order.

Methods for mass estimation

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Globular cluster

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Globular cluster masses can be determined by observing the proper motion of nearby stars influenced by the cluster[1][2] or by estimating the cluster's relaxation time.[3]

Open clusters

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The masses of open star clusters can be estimated by measuring the falloff of radial and tangential velocities of surrounding stars at a particular distance.[4]

List

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Globular clusters

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List of most massive globular clusters
Cluster name Mass (M☉);
(Sun = 1×100) 		Galaxy Notes
B037-V327 1.08+0.17
−0.049×107[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Mayall II ≳1×107[6] Andromeda Galaxy
B082-G144 6.42+0.16
−0.38×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B023-G078 6.22+0.03
−0.05×106[7] 		Andromeda Galaxy Potentially contains an intermediate-mass black hole of 9.1+2.6
−2.8×104 M☉.[7]
B127-G185 5.31+0.28
−0.40×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B151-G205 4.36+0.16
−0.20×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
G001-MII 4.24+0.99
−0.58×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B225-G280 4.20+0.32
−0.35×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
ω Centauri (3.94±0.02)×106[8] Milky Way Most massive star cluster in the Milky Way.[8]
B129 3.12+0.11
−0.13×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B088-G150 2.86+0.33
−0.14×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B163-G217 2.72+0.11
−0.092×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B042-G104 2.62+0.30
−0.15×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B338-G076 2.49+0.28
−0.46×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B158-G213 2.28+0.25
−0.15×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B103-G165 2.02+0.13
−0.17×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B193-G244 1.96+0.086
−0.065×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B063-G124 1.93+0.27
−0.25×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B019-G072 1.89+0.26
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B171-G222 1.84+0.16
−0.083×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B039-G101 1.81+0.23
−0.16×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B306-G029 1.67+0.21
−0.11×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B218-G272 1.64+0.27
−0.18×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B124-NB10 1.60+0.52
−0.55×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
MITA140 1.57+0.14
−0.15×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B091D-D058 1.54+0.094
−0.11×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B020-G073 1.51+0.21
−0.16×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B116-G178 1.45+0.16
−0.073×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B182-G233 1.41+0.20
−0.24×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 54 (1.41±0.002)×106[3] Milky Way
B094-G156 1.38+0.10
−0.11×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B174-G226 1.36+0.15
−0.19×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B147-G199 1.34+0.038
−0.041×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B055-G116 1.32+0.073
−0.085×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B006-G058 1.31+0.10
−0.049×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B178-G229 1.28+0.20
−0.21×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B206-G257 1.27+0.21
−0.29×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B068-G130 1.26+0.13
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B311-G033 1.24+0.074
−0.14×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B034-G096 1.23+0.21
−0.092×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B012-G064 1.23+0.088
−0.14×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6441 (1.23±0.001)×106[3] Milky Way
B110-G172 1.22+0.17
−0.12×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B005-G052 1.16+0.22
−0.094×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B051-G114 1.15+0.19
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B086-G148 1.14+0.071
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B472-D064 1.12+0.14
−0.12×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B312-G035 1.12+0.18
−0.18×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B017-G070 1.11+0.14
−0.12×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B240-G302 1.11+0.17
−0.15×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B072 1.08+0.13
−0.083×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B112-G174 1.08+0.078
−0.057×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B405-G351 1.08+0.20
−0.18×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B373-G305 1.07+0.22
−0.10×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B058-G119 1.06+0.13
−0.17×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6388 (1.06±0.001)×106[3] Milky Way
B224-G279 1.05+0.11
−0.085×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B096-G158 1.04+0.067
−0.061×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B185-G235 1.03+0.11
−0.070×106[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 2419 (9.81±1.42)×105[3] None[9]
B179-G230 9.78+1.33
−1.43×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 2808 9.73+0.04
−0.04×106[10] 		Milky Way
Messier 3 9.57×105[11] Milky Way
B143-G198 9.55+0.31
−0.36×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B027-G087 9.54+1.35
−1.08×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
MGC1 9.54+1.35
−1.08×105[5] 		None[9]
EXT8 9.40+0.34
−0.31×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B204-G254 9.22+0.48
−0.71×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B205-G256 9.16+1.74
−1.57×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B045-G108 9.06+1.29
−0.60×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B135-G192 9.04+0.93
−0.80×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B061-G122 8.98+1.26
−0.75×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B131-G189 8.85+2.93
−1.32×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B383-G318 8.80+1.13
−0.90×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B381-G315 8.69+1.34
−0.66×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B212-G263 8.62+0.81
−0.68×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B107-G169 8.59+1.04
−1.32×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 5 8.57×105[11] Milky Way
B183-G234 8.24+0.88
−0.82×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B384-G319 8.21+0.41
−0.60×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6440 8.11×105[11] Milky Way
B232-G286 8.01+0.91
−0.39×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B122-G181 7.88+1.34
−0.72×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B073-G134 7.80+0.53
−0.64×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 5824 (7.79±0.42)×105[3] Milky Way
Messier 13 7.75×105[11] Milky Way
B386-G322 7.74+2.31
−1.69×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 14 (7.74±0.61)×105[3] Milky Way
B106-G168 7.54+0.54
−0.52×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B313-G036 7.41+1.34
−1.01×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 5286 7.13×105[11] Milky Way
B030-G091 7.10+0.32
−0.39×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
ξ Tucanae (47 Tucanae) 7.10×105[12] Milky Way
Messier 62 (7.07±0.05)×105[3] Milky Way
PA53 6.93+1.47
−0.81×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B153 6.86+5.45
−0.79×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 19 (6.80±0.59)×105[3] Milky Way
Liller 1 (6.66±1.17)×105[3] Milky Way
B109-G170 6.63+0.71
−0.62×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B514-MCGC4 6.52+0.76
−0.58×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B080-G141 6.50+1.00
−0.74×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B148-G200 6.49+1.14
−0.96×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 22 6.44×105[11] Milky Way
B370-G300 6.40+0.56
−0.81×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
PA16 6.27+0.32
−0.29×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 2 6.27+0.09
−0.09×105[10] 		Milky Way
B379-G312 6.25+0.69
−0.47×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 15 6.14+0.07
−0.07×105[10] 		Milky Way
NGC 5986 5.99×105[11] Milky Way
B038-G098 5.98+0.72
−0.30×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B078-G140 5.94+0.93
−0.50×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B044-G107 5.93+0.86
−0.61×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B029-G090 5.92+1.57
−0.66×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
G002-MIII 5.90+0.47
−0.30×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 75 (5.86±1.24)×105[3] Milky Way
B180-G231 5.83+1.01
−0.68×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B260 5.76+1.37
−0.63×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B344-G127 5.74+0.76
−0.87×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6541 5.72×105[11] Milky Way
Terzan 5 (5.66±0.71)×105[3] Milky Way
NGC 6139 5.66×105[11] Milky Way
B233-G287 5.51+0.79
−1.23×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6284 (5.51±1.13)×105[3] Milky Way
NGC 1851 5.51×105[11] Milky Way
Messier 28 5.51×105[11] Milky Way
B403-G348 5.45+0.82
−0.45×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B098 5.38+0.25
−0.30×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 6539 5.36×105[11] Milky Way
NGC 6539 5.36×105[11] Milky Way
B257-V219 5.35+1.17
−0.58×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
B001-G039 5.34+0.85
−0.48×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 53 5.3+0.1
−0.1×105[10] 		Milky Way
NGC 6517 5.26×105[11] Milky Way
B001-G039 5.04+0.39
−0.35×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
PA46 5.02+0.53
−0.36×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy
Messier 80 5.02×105[11] Milky Way
B130-G188 5.01+0.42
−0.56×105[5] 		Andromeda Galaxy

Open clusters

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List of most massive open clusters
Cluster name Mass (M☉);
(Sun = 1) 		Galaxy Notes
NGC 1569-B (4.4±1.1)×105[13] NGC 1569
NGC 1569-A (3.3±0.5)×105[14] NGC 1569
RMC 136 8.7×104[15] Large Magellanic Cloud Contains the most massive known star R136a1 at 196+34
−27 M☉.[16]
NGC 346 5×104[17] Small Magellanic Cloud
Ara Cluster (Westerlund 1) 4.4 – 5.7 × 104[18] Milky Way
Stephenson 2 (RSGC2) 4×104[19] Milky Way
RSGC1 (3±1)×104[19] Milky Way
RSGC3 (3±1)×104[19] Milky Way
NGC 3603 (1.9±0.6)×104[20] Milky Way


See also

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References

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  2. ^ Ninkovich, S. (March 1984). "Mass determination for globular clusters on the basis of proper motions". Astrofizika. 20: 150–153. Bibcode:1984Afz....20..283N. ISSN 0571-7132. S2CID 231118121.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Baumgardt, H.; Hilke, M. (August 2018). "A catalogue of masses, structural parameters, and velocity dispersion profiles of 112 Milky Way globular clusters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 478 (2): 1520–1557. arXiv:1804.08359. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.478.1520B. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1057. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119464219.
  4. ^ Ikhsan, M. I.; Arifyanto, M. I.; Aprilia; Hakim, M. I.; Soegiartini (May 2019). "Mass determination of open clusters using kinematics data". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1231 (1): 012027. Bibcode:2019JPhCS1231a2027I. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1231/1/012027. ISSN 1742-6596. S2CID 198433702.
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  9. ^ a b Conroy, Charlie; Loeb, Abraham; Spergel, David (2010). "Evidence Against Dark Matter Halos Surrounding the Globular Clusters MGC1 and NGC 2419". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 72. arXiv:1010.5783. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...72C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/72. S2CID 119270550.
  10. ^ a b c d Dickson, N.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Baumgardt, H.; Gieles, M.; Smith, P. J. (July 2023). "Multimass modelling of Milky Way globular clusters – I. Implications on their stellar initial mass function above 1 M☉". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 522 (4): 5320–5339. arXiv:2303.01637. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.522.5320D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1254. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 257353462.
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  14. ^ Hunter, Deidre A.; O'Connell, Robert W.; Gallagher, J. S.; Smecker-Hane, Tammy A. (November 2000). "The Star Clusters in the Starburst Irregular Galaxy NGC 1569". The Astronomical Journal. 120 (5): 2383–2401. arXiv:astro-ph/0009280. Bibcode:2000AJ....120.2383H. doi:10.1086/316810. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 6445978.
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  17. ^ "Spiralling Stars Provide a Window into the Early Universe". ESA/Hubble. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  18. ^ Andersen, M.; Gennaro, M.; Brandner, W.; Stolte, A.; de Marchi, G.; Meyer, M. R.; Zinnecker, H. (24 May 2017). "Very low-mass stellar content of the young supermassive Galactic star cluster Westerlund 1". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 602: 16. arXiv:1602.05918. Bibcode:2017A&A...602A..22A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322863. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119249249.
  19. ^ a b c Humphreys, Roberta M.; Helmel, Greta; Jones, Terry J.; Gordon, Michael S. (August 2020). "Exploring the Mass Loss Histories of the Red Supergiants". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 145. arXiv:2008.01108. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..145H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abab15. S2CID 220961677.
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