Draft:Jihad literacy
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Last edited by NHCLS (talk | contribs) 1 second ago. (Update) |
Jihad literacy refers to a series of textbooks created by the United States to encourage Islamism and anti-Soviet attitudes in Afghan schoolchildren during the Soviet-Afghan War. Published by the University of Nebraska Omaha, the textbooks were smuggled into the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and distributed by the United States Agency for International Development, with the assistance of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Inter-Services Intelligence.[1]
Background
[edit]The Soviet-Afghan War was a war fought from 1979 to 1989 where the communist-ruled Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and its ally, the Soviet Union, fought against insurgents known as the Afghan mujahideen. Although the mujahideen comprised a number of different groups with different ideologies, most were conservative Islamists, such as Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen and the Tehran Eight. Throughout the war, the mujahideen received significant financial and equipement support from the United States, via the Central Intelligence Agency's Operation Cyclone.
Programme
[edit]The American government spent over $50 million on the programme between 1986 and 1992.[2] Textbooks were produced in both the Dari and Pashto languages.
One of the textbooks was titled "The Alphabet of Jihad Literacy." Sentences within the textbooks included "Our religion is Islam. Muhammad is our leader. All the Russians and infidels are our enemy," as well as "No one can invade our country. Only Muslim Afghans can rule over this country," and "My uncle has a gun. He does jihad with the gun."[3]
Following the United States invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and the establishment of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan, the textbooks were removed from circulation and new, non-violent American-sponsored textbooks were produced.[4] However, as of 2013, the textbooks were still in use in some areas of Afghanistan controlled by the Taliban insurgency.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (8 December 2014). "The Taliban indoctrinates kids with jihadist textbooks paid for by the U.S." Washington Post. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Kemenetz, Anya (6 December 2014). "Q&A: J Is For Jihad". NPR. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Crilly, Rob (7 December 2014). "'Infidels are our enemy': Afghan fighters cherish old American schoolbooks". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Stephens, Joe (22 March 2002). "From U.S., the ABC's of Jihad". Washington Post. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (27 July 2016). "ISIS is rewriting textbooks to push its violent ideology. The U.S. once did something similar in Afghanistan". Washington Post. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Attal, Nangyalai (3 February 2024). "'Jihad literacy': the legacy of US-sponsored textbooks for Afghan children". Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Burde, Dana (21 October 2014). "Jihad Literacy". Schools for Conflict or for Peace in Afghanistan. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Davis, Craig (1 April 2002). ""A" Is for Allah, "J" Is for Jihad". World Policy Journal. Retrieved 3 December 2024.