Daseni
Daseni Principality | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10th century?–1832 | |||||||||||||
| Status | Vassal of the Bahdinan (1700s-1832) | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Sheikhan | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Kurmanji Kurdish | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Yazidism | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
• Established | 10th century? | ||||||||||||
• Dasin conquerored by Soran | 1832 | ||||||||||||
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Dasini (Arabic: الداسنية al-Dāsinīyya; Kurdish: داسنی Dasnî) or Daseni, Dasiniyya, Tasini, Dasiki is a Kurdish Yazidi tribe[1] and ethnonym of Yazidis. The tribe resided near Mosul, Duhok, Sheikhan, Sinjar and all the way to the west bank of Greater Zab river.[2][3][4][5]
The Daseni Principality (Kurdish: میرگەها داسنیا Mīrgaha Dāsiniyyā), also known as Shaykhan principality or Sheikhan principality, was centered in Sheikhan. Ruled from 900s-1832, When it was conquered by the Soran Emirate.[3]
Name
[edit]The Yazidis call themselves Dāsin, Dasnī, Dasenī, plurally as Dawāsīn, duāsin, dawāšim, the origin of the name probably comes from an old Nestorian diocese. yazidis are called Dasnāyē or Dasnîyê in Syriac.[2] the name of Dâsin (plur. Dawâsin) is derived from old Iranic language *daêvaysna which means "Daeva worshippers".[6]
Sharafkhan Bidlisi called them as Akrad-e Yezidi and Korde-ye radde-ye Yezidi, which means "Yazidi Kurds".[1]
Origins
[edit]According to 14th century historian, Ibn Fadlallah, the Daseni tribe were a branch of Bokhti Kurdish tribe.[7]
Territory
[edit]The Daseni territory included the northern and eastern Foothills of Mosul. It included Sheikhan, lalish, Dohuk-e Dasinya, Kalak-e Dasinya, Simel and Sinjar.[8][9][10] In 16th century, The Daseni territory stretched to erbil and Kirkuk in southeast.[3][4][9]
There was also present of Daseni tribe in Homs Governorate, Syria. They were called Akrad Al-Daseniya "Daseni Kurds", who still spoke Kurdish for generations.[11]
History
[edit]early history
[edit]In 906, the Dasinis rebelled against the Hamdanid rule. Dasini are mentioned by yaqut al-hamawi as residing in "Jabal Dâsin". in 14th century, it was recorded by al-'Umari that Akre was resided by Dasinis. in 15th century, The Daseni were Attacked by Bahdinan Emirate.[12]
early conflict with Soran
[edit]Under the reign of Sultan Suleyman in 1534, the Daseni Mir, Hussein Begi Daseni was given the control over the domain of the Soran Emirate that included Erbil and Kirkuk. Hussein Beg's father, Hassan Beg, had allied himself with the victorious Ottomans after the Battle of Chaldiran and was famed for his diplomatic and political expertise. His son, Hussein Beg, succeeded him after his death in 1534. Despite the persecution and the brutal rule over the Muslims of Soran, the Yezidis were able to maintain a large political, military power under the short-lived, but prosperous leadership of Hussein Beg and enjoy a rare period of peace and freedom from persecution. The Muslims of Soran opposed Hussein Beg's rule, and attempted to overthrow the Dasini rulers several times, their initial attempts were unsuccessful and were repelled, until the neighbouring Kurdish Ardalan dynasty formed an alliance against Hussein Beg, and captured Erbil while Hussein Beg was absent and on a visit to Sheikhan, or Istanbul according to other sources. Hussein Beg's attempts to retake the city were unsuccessful due to the local support enjoyed by the Muslim rulers and resulted in the death of 500 Yezidi warriors. After the defeat, Hussein Beg was summoned back to Istanbul and executed.[4]
Vassals of Bahdinan principality
[edit]Throughout the 18th century, Daseni Emirate were subjects to the Kurdish Muslim Emirate Bahdinan, a semi-autonomous fiefdom which guarded the Ottoman frontiers in the east. Yezidi mirs of Sheikhan were also involved in several rebellions against Amadiya principality; in 1770-1771, Bedagh Beg, who was Mir of Sheikhan at the time, joined a rebellion against the Prince of Amadiya, Ismail Pasha. Bedagh Beg eventually got captured and fined, and 16 years later, his son and successor, Jolo Beg, was involved in another rebellion, but had to later retreat. In 1789-1790, Jolo still maintained the title of Mir and was involved in battles against the Tayy Arabs, who were raiding Sheikhan, but in the following year, Jolo and his brother were executed by Ismail Pasha, who appointed a Khanjar Beg as the Mir in their stead. However, after quarrels with Khanjar, the Mir position was returned to the old Dynasty and Khanjar was replaced by Jolo Beg's son, Hasan Beg.[13]
according to the French orientalist, Roger Lescot, the Ottomans launched 15 campaigns against the Yezidis of Shingal and Sheikhan in the 18th century alone. One expedition against the Yezidis of Shingal was led by the Governor of Baghdad, Ali Pasha, who forced many families into converting to Islam. Another expedition in 1809 was led by the new Governor of Baghdad, Sulayman Pasha, who burnt down Yezidi farms and beheaded Yezidi chieftains. The 18th-19th centuries saw a further decline of the Yazidi influence, power and population. With the ending of the semi-autonomous Kurdish principalities and the series of Ottoman Tanzimat reforms from the mid-19th century onward made the Yezidi-populated regions more prone to localized political instabilities.[3][14]
Mizuri-Daseni conflict
[edit]By the early 19th century, Yezidis were involved in a long feud with the neighbouring Sunni Kurdish tribe of Mizuri who with one of their clerics had issued in a fatwa in 1724 that Yezidis were infidels and apostates and that killing them was a religious duty. Yezidi women and the Yezidi property were to be considered spoils of war. In another encounter in 1802, the Alghushiyya branch of Mizuris raided the Yezidi village of Ghabara in western Sheikhan, killed nearly a hundred people and occupied Lalish for eight months. Furthermore, during this period, conflict erupted between the tribe of Mizuri and the principality of Bahdinan, which resulted in a clash in 1804. The Mizuris stormed into the city of Amadiya and captured the family of the Bahdinan prince, Qubad Pasha, and imprisoned him together with his brother, after which they plundered the city and remained in there until at the request of Ahmed Pasha, another Bahdinan prince who ruled Akre, the Yazidis of the Dina tribe came to the aid and the Mizuris were expelled from Amadiya, restoring order in the city.[15][3]
Ahmed Pasha sought to put an end to inter-tribal feuds and reconcile his neighbours. Thus, the Yezidi leader Ali Beg, sent a word the Mizuri chieftain Ali Agha al-Balatayi, expressing the desire for peace and friendship and offering him to act as a kirîv (sponsor) for the circumcision of his son. However, another prince of Bahdinan, Said Pasha, persuaded Mîr Elî Beg to kill the Mizuri chieftain and rid everyone of him, intending to put another tribal leader in his position. Some sources report that he threatened Mîr Elî Beg that he would kill his entire family if he refused to do this. Ali Agha al-Balatayi responded favourably to Mîr Elî Beg's invitation and a few days later, arrived with a small escort at the town of Baadre, where the residence of the Yezidi princely family is located. It is unknown whether he took a small escort out of disdain for the Yezidi leader, or for the purpose of demonstrating his trust in his host. Upon his arrival, Ali Beg had him and his son, Sinjan Agha, treacherously murdered. This murder which was condemned by the Yazidi clergy and Yazidi chieftains, as it went against Yazidi canons and tribal customs. It also led to a great degree of anger among the Mizuris and provoking them into gathering for great raid against the town of Baadre. In anticipation of the attack, thousands of Yezidi warriors stationed themselves in Baadre. The raid was called off due to fear of Bahdinan forces assembling against the Mizuris when the Pasha of Amadiya, who was also the Prince of Bahdinan and was suspected of having conspired in the Mizuri chieftain's assassination, announced his opposition to the raid.[16][15]
Thereby, Mulla Yahya al-Mizuri, a cousin or nephew to the Mizuri chieftain and a respected religious dignitary, unsuccessfully attempted to plead for rectification from the Bahdinan princes Ahmed Pasha and his brother, Said Pasha, who declined to sanction punitive action against Yezidis and blamed Ali Agha for naively accepting Ali Beg's offer and venturing into his enemy's own country without adequate escort, furthermore, they also killed the son of Mulla Yahya. As a result, he turned to the Soran ruler, Muhammad Kor. During that time, Muhammad Kor had become the most powerful and independent ruler in Kurdistan. He had begun minting his own coins and declared independence from the Ottoman Empire. Meanwhile the Ottomans were preoccupied with the rebellion of Muhammad Ali Pasha in Egypt, who had declared independence from the Ottoman Empire, Muhammad Pasha had annexed several neighboring Kurdish principalities to his domains and also intended to seize the Bahdinan emirate and Yazidi lands. In 1815, for the sake of power, he executed his two uncles, Timur Khan and Wahbi Beg, along with their sons, to rid himself of contenders for the rulership. Knowing this, Mulla Yahya persuaded him into sending a punitive force to punish the Yezidis. Accounts regarding the manner in which he persuaded Muhammad Pasha vary from him visiting and seeking the aid of the wali of Baghdad, who upon hearing the Mullah's grievances sent a letter to Muhammad Pasha and urged him to punish Yezidis for their misdeeds, to the Mullah directly visiting Muhammad Pasha, with whom he was on very friendly terms.
Soran conquest and Fall of Dasen Emirate
[edit]Muhammad Kor prepared an army of 40,000 to 50,000 against the Yezidis, he divided his force into two groups, one led by his brother, Rasul, and the other one led by himself. These forces marched in March 1832, crossing the Great Zab River and first entering and killing many inhabitants of the Yezidi village, Kallak-a Dasinyya, which was situated near Erbil and was the border between Daseni and Soran Emirate until the 19th century. These forces proceeded to march and capture other Yezidi villages. After arriving in Sheikhan, Muhammad Pasha's forces seized the village of Khatara and marched onwards to Alqosh, where they were confronted by a joint force of Yezidis and the Bahdinan who were led by Yusuf Abdo, a Bahdinan leader from Amadiya, and Baba Hurmuz, who was the head of the Christian monastery in Alqosh. These joint forces then left their positions and relocated to the town of Baadre. Ali Beg wished to negotiate, but Muhammad Kor, influenced by the clerics Mulla Yahya al-Mizuri and Muhammad Khati, rejected any chance of reconciliation. Yezidis of Sheikhan were defeated and subject to devastating massacres where slaughter of both the elderly and young, rape and slavery were some of the tactics. Yezidi property, including gold and silver was plundered and looted, and numerous towns and villages previously inhabited by the Yezidis were demographically islamized. Afterwards, Muhammad Pasha sent a large force to Shingal where he was met with the resistance of the Yezidis under the leadership of Ali Beg's wife. After numerous defeats, Muhammad Pasha's forces eventually succeeded in capturing the district. The Yezidis who survived the massacres took refuge in distant areas including but not limited to Tur Abdin, Mount Judi and the less-affected Shingal region. After controlling most of the Yezidi territory, the Pasha's forces enslaved and took home around 10,000 Yezidi captives, mostly females and children together with Ali Beg, to Rawanduz, the capital of the Emirate. Upon the arriving in the capital, the prisoners were asked to convert to Islam, many of them, including Ali Beg and his entourage, rejected the request and thus were taken and executed at Gali Ali Beg, which is until today named after Ali Beg. Christian communities lying in the path of Muhammad Kor's army were also victim to the massacres, the town of Alqosh was sacked, large number of its inhabitants were put to the sword and the Rabban Hormizd monastery was plundered and its monks, together with the Abbot, Gabriel Dambo, were put to death. A large amount of the ancient manuscripts were destroyed or lost. The monastery of Sheikh Matta suffered the same fate.[3][16]
Relation with neighboring people
[edit]relation with Christians
[edit]Sheikh Adi II seized Christian monetary of Mar-yuhanan and isho' sabran in 1219 and massacred all the monks in it. The Mir of Daseni had allegedly declared "that if the Christians would put the sign of the cross on their foreheads, they would raise it over their heads."[17][18] in 1222, the Daseni Emir sacked and destroyed the Christian village of bashbitah. Making the surviving Christian population flee to bartelah.[19]
Muslims under Daseni rule
[edit]According to Evliya Chalabi, any Muslim who cursed Satan, Yazid or black Dog risked instant execution. The same penalty was imposed for striking a black dog or stepping on an onion.[20]
List of Daseni rulers
[edit]- Hasan-Begi Daseni (?-1534)[4]
- Hussein-Begi Daseni (1534); during his brief reign he was granted to the territory of Soran (Erbil and Kirkuk) by Sulaiman the magnificent, his reign is considered the golden age for the emirate.[4]
- Ali-Begi Daseni (1809-1832); last ruler and chief of Dasenis, executed by Mir Muhammad-Kor of Soran.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Bocheńska, Joanna (2018). Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket. Springer. p. 264. ISBN 978-3-319-93088-6.
- ^ a b M. Th. Houtsma, 1993, E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936: Volume 8 - Page 1164, Brill
- ^ a b c d e f g Ali, Majid Hassan (1 November 2019). "Genocidal Campaigns during the Ottoman Era: The Firmān of Mīr-i-Kura against the Yazidi Religious Minority in 1832–1834". Genocide Studies International. 13 (1): 77–91. doi:10.3138/gsi.13.1.05. ISSN 2291-1847. S2CID 208688229.
- ^ a b c d e Ghalib, Sabah Abdullah (13 October 2011). The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Empire 1800-1850 (PhD thesis). pp. 52–53. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021.
- ^ Grant, Asahel (1841). The Nestorians Or, the Lost Tribes. Containing Evidence of Their Identity, an Account of Their Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies (etc.). John Murray. p. 320.
- ^ Colpe, Carsten (2003). Iranier - Aramäer - Hebräer - Hellenen: iranische Religionen und ihre Westbeziehungen ; Einzelstudien und Versuch einer Zusammenschau (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 672. ISBN 978-3-16-147800-0.
- ^ Guest, John S. (2012). Survival Among The Kurds. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-136-15736-3.
- ^ Zaken, M. (2007-01-01), "Chapter Three. Dohuk", Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan, Brill, pp. 79–96, ISBN 978-90-474-2212-9, retrieved 2024-05-31
- ^ a b Guest, John S. (2012-11-12). Survival Among The Kurds. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-15736-3.
- ^ Allison, Christine (2001). The Yezidi Oral Tradition in Iraqi Kurdistan. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-136-74655-0.
- ^ Suliman, Mohammad (2022-01-01). "Yazidis in Syria: Decades of Denial of Existence and Discrimination". Syrians for Truth and Justice: 39.
- ^ James, B. “Le « territoire tribal des Kurdes » et l’Aire Iraqienne (Xe-XIIIe Siècles): Esquisse des Recompositions Spatiales.” Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la Méditerranée 117-118 (2007).101-126.
- ^ Guest, John S. (2012). Survival Among The Kurds. Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-136-15729-5.
- ^ Allison, Christine (2017-01-25), "The Yazidis", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254, ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8, retrieved 2024-05-31
- ^ a b "Официальный сайт Духовного совета езидов в Грузии". www.yezidi.ge. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
- ^ a b Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. pp. 56–62. ISBN 978-0-8156-3093-7.
- ^ Guest, John S. (2012-11-12). Survival Among The Kurds. Routledge. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-136-15736-3.
- ^ Açikyildiz, Birgül (2014-12-23). The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-85772-061-0.
- ^ Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913. Peeters Publishers. p. 202. ISBN 978-90-429-0876-5.
- ^ Guest, John S. (2012-11-12). Survival Among The Kurds. Routledge. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-1-136-15736-3.