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Ontario Highway 403

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Highway 403 marker
Highway 403
  • Chedoke Expressway
  • Alexander Graham Bell Parkway
Map
Highway 403 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
Length125.2 km[1] (77.8 mi)
History
  • Proposed 1950s
  • Opened December 1, 1963[2]
  • Completed August 15, 1997[3]
Major junctions
West end Highway 401 near Woodstock
Major intersections
East end Highway 401 in Mississauga
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceOntario
RegionsOxford, Brant, Halton, Peel
Major citiesWoodstock, Brantford, Hamilton, Burlington, Oakville, Mississauga
Highway system
← Highway 402→ Highway 404

King's Highway 403 (pronounced "four-oh-three"), or simply Highway 403, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that travels between Woodstock and Mississauga, branching off from and reuniting with Highway 401 at both ends and travelling south of it through Hamilton (where it is also known as the Chedoke Expressway) and Mississauga. It is concurrent with the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) for 22 km (14 mi) from Burlington to Oakville. The Highway 403 designation was first applied in 1963 to a short stub of freeway branching off the QEW at Burlington, and the entire route was completed on August 15, 1997, when the section from Brantford to the then-still independent Town of Ancaster was opened to traffic. The section of Highway 403 between Woodstock and Burlington was formally dedicated as the Alexander Graham Bell Parkway on April 27, 2016, in honour of Alexander Graham Bell.

The majority of Highway 403 is surrounded by suburban land use, except west of Hamilton, where it passes through agricultural land; Brantford is the only urban area through this section. In Hamilton, Highway 403 descends the Niagara Escarpment, then wraps around the northern side of Hamilton Harbour to encounter the QEW. From there, co-signed with the QEW, it travels straight through Burlington and Oakville, departing from the QEW to the north at the Mississauga–Oakville boundary. The freeway then crosses through the centre of Mississauga in an east–west direction, serving its city centre. Turning north, Highway 403 splits up into a collector-express system, with the express lanes defaulting to Highway 401 east of that interchange, while the collector lanes thereafter continues north as Highway 410 to Brampton.

Route description

[edit]

Woodstock to Burlington

[edit]

Highway 403 begins at a junction with Highway 401 on the outskirts of Woodstock. The eastbound lanes split from eastbound Highway 401, whereas the westbound lanes merge into westbound Highway 401.[4] It travels along the back lot lines of the second concession south of former Highway 2.[5] This first section of the highway is also the least travelled portion, with approximately 20,900 vehicles using it on an average day in 2016.[1] The highway passes beneath Oxford County Road 55 (formerly Highway 53) and curves southeast. After crossing into the third concession, it curves back to the east. The highway travels straight for several kilometres, meeting with the southern leg of Highway 24, which travels south to Simcoe.[4]

The highway crosses the Grand River to the south of Paris, then passes over former Highway 2 as it enters Brantford. As it passes through Brantford, the highway angles southeast and passes beneath the northern leg of Highway 24 and then the Wayne Gretzky Parkway. The route exits the small city to the east and curves northeast shortly thereafter.[4] It travels between Jerseyville Road and former Highway 2 to Ancaster, jogging to avoid cutting through Dunmark Lake. As the freeway enters Ancaster, it once again crosses former Highway 2 and dips through the southern side of the town.[4] Since July 12, 2024, the speed limit on the 26 km (16 mi) stretch between the west end of the highway and Brantford and the 14.5 km (9.0 mi) stretch between Brantford and Hamilton is 110 km/h (68 mph).[6]

Highway 403 and former Highway 2 / 53 south of Jerseyville

East of Ancaster, the freeway passes through a short greenbelt, with Hamilton Golf and Country Club lying to the north. A divided segment of Highway 6 meets the freeway and continues concurrently with it through Hamilton; to the south, Highway 6 travels to Hamilton International Airport, Caledonia, and Jarvis at Highway 3.[4] Continuing east, Highway 403 and Highway 6 curve north into Hamilton and meet the Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway before abruptly turning to the east and descending the Niagara Escarpment. Scenic views of Hamilton, its harbour, port and Lower Princess Falls are along this steep descent. At the bottom of the escarpment the highway travels through a narrow, heavily developed corridor alongside former Highway 8. It passes beneath multiple bridges in a depressed trench, eventually curving north at a sharp corner and passing beneath more bridges.[4] This section features a reduced speed limit of 90 km/h (56 mph) as opposed to 100 km/h (62 mph).[7] The highway returns to ground level alongside the Chedoke Creek, a now-channelized river from which the freeway may take its name.[8]

As the freeway continues north, it crosses an isthmus between Hamilton Harbour and Cootes Paradise alongside several roads which it has served to replace. It circles around the northern shore of Hamilton Harbour and returns to an eastward orientation.[5] The concurrency with Highway 6 ends at an interchange where Highway 403 continues east and Highway 6 departs north towards Guelph. The freeway continues straight for several kilometres, passing by the Burlington Transmission Station, until it approaches the Freeman Interchange where the opposing carriageways split apart to accommodate the left-hand exit/entry of the flyover ramps marking the western terminus of Highway 407, then it merges with Queen Elizabeth Way.[4]

Burlington to Mississauga

[edit]
Highway 403's collector-express system, just south of the interchange with Highways 401 and 410 in Mississauga.
Highway 403 and the Queen Elizabeth Way converge at the Freeman Interchange in Burlington. Highway 407 ETR also begins at this junction.

Highway 403 travels concurrently with the QEW for 22.6 km (14.0 mi) between the Freeman Interchange and Oakville, a straight section surrounded almost entirely by commercial units and warehouses.[1][5] At the Ford Assembly Plant near the Halton–Peel regional boundary, Highway 403 branches off from the QEW as it crosses Ford Drive (Halton Regional Road 13), with the eastbound lanes diving under the QEW and Upper Middle Road before reuniting with the westbound carriageway. After running north–south for 5 km (3.1 mi) along the western edge of Mississauga, Highway 403 meets with Highway 407 again at a combination interchange where the two freeways curve 90 degrees to avoid crossing each other. Approaching this junction Highway 403 westbound traffic defaults onto Highway 407 so motorists have to continue on Highway 403 via a semi-directional flyover that arcs from the west to the south. This north–south segment of Highway 403 was originally planned as a temporary routing to be bypassed by a new direct Oakville-Burlington link; but in 1995 this routing became permanently part of Highway 403 when the proposed link instead became part of Highway 407.[9]

Highway 407 continues to the north and west, while Highway 403 turns east to follow alongside a hydro corridor through the centre of Mississauga.[4] A portion of the Mississauga Transitway express bus service utilizes the freeway's right shoulders between Erin Mills Parkway and Mavis Road.[10] Between Highway 407 and Highway 401, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes are present in the left shoulder lanes for vehicles with at least one passenger.[11] Sandwiched between residential subdivisions on both sides, the freeway soon thereafter crosses the Credit River.[5] On the other side of the river, between the interchanges with Mavis Road and Hurontario Street (formerly Highway 10), Highway 403 skirts to the north of downtown Mississauga, as well as the Square One Shopping Centre.[5]

After a split with Eastgate Parkway where exiting drivers can access Eglinton Avenue or Cawthra Road at a signalized intersection, Highway 403 abruptly curves to the north. As the curve straightens and approaches the Parlo interchange with Eglinton Avenue, Cawthra Road's northbound lane converges with the onramps from Eglinton to form the eastbound collector lanes, soon joined by the eastbound express-to-collector transfer that also marks the start of another HOV lane. For the westbound collector-express system of Highway 403, after an offramp to Eglinton Avenue there is collector-to-express transfer; thereafter the collector lanes including the onramps from Eglinton split off and continues south as Cawthra Road, with a signalized intersection for Eastgate Parkway or Highway 403 westbound. [5] The portion of the highway between Hurontario Street and Eglinton Avenue is the busiest along the route, with approximately 180,000 vehicles travelling it on an average day in 2016.[1]

After crossing Matheson Boulevard, the freeway's central HOV lanes terminate and merge with the express lanes. The freeway then approaches a sprawling interchange, with the express lanes curving east and defaulting to Highway 401's express lanes east of that junction, while the collector lanes (including its HOV lane) pass under several sets of flyovers and thereafter continues north as Highway 410 to Brampton. The freeway's collector lanes also have connecting ramps to both directions of Highway 401's collector lanes.[4]

History

[edit]
Highway 403 at the Wilson Street (former Highway 2) interchange in Ancaster

Though one of the first divided highways conceived for Ontario,[12] Highway 403 is one of the most recently completed freeways in the province; the multiple segments of the route did not become continuous until 2002.[13] Planning for the route was underway by 1958, as a portion of QEW was realigned from its original alignment of Middle Road to the Freeman Diversion which also included three-legged junction for the future Highway 403.[14][15] Sections of Highway 403 through Hamilton opened between December 1963 and September 1969.[16] An isolated section known as the Brantford Bypass was opened in October 1966,[2] and would remain unconnected to other freeways for over 20 years.[17] Plans for a third segment through Mississauga were contemplated throughout the 1960s,[18][19] but were not finalized until late 1977, after which construction began.[20] Portions opened at both ends in 1980 and 1981,[21][22] while the central gap, crossing the Credit River, was completed in December 1982.[23]

Construction to bridge the gaps in Highway 403 between Ancaster and Woodstock was carried out over three major phases. The first phase was a short extension of the Brantford Bypass beginning in 1975, however motorists would have to continue on Highway 2/53 to reach Highway 401.[24] Later, work began to connect that extension with Highway 401 near Woodstock, which opened in 1988.[25] An existing portion of Highway 2 served as the connector between the Woodstock-Brantford and Ancaster-Hamilton segments, until the last phase between Ancaster and Brantford finally opened in 1997.[3] The final discontinuity, between Burlington and Oakville, was signed as a concurrency with the QEW in 2002.[13] Originally, Highway 403 was to be extended westward from Oakville to connect directly with the Burlington-Brantford segment, bypassing the north–south routing of Highway 403 along the Mississauga-Oakville boundary that would then be re-designated as part of the proposed Highway 407. Budget shortfalls in 1995 resulted in a change of plans, so Highway 403 retained the existing north–south segment in Oakville, while the vacant corridor for Highway 403 from Oakville to Burlington has since been occupied by the westmost segment of Highway 407 ETR that opened in 2001[26]

Predecessors

[edit]
Highway 2 near Woodstock was widened into a divided four lane highway by 1936 and is one of the precursors to Highway 403.

The corridor that connects London and Hamilton has always been considered important to Ontario. In late October 1793, Captain Smith and 100 Queen's Rangers returned from carving The Governor's Road (Dundas Street) 32 km (20 mi) through the thick forests between Dundas and the present location of Paris. John Graves Simcoe was tasked with defending Upper Canada from the United States following the American Revolution and with opening the virgin territory to settlement. After establishing a "temporary" capital at York, Simcoe ordered an inland route constructed between Cootes Paradise at the tip of Lake Ontario and his proposed capital of London. By the spring of 1794, the road was extended as far as La Tranche, now the Thames River. Today, most of this route forms part of former Highway 2 and former Highway 5.[27]

The paving of the divided four-lane Middle Road, with gentle curves, a grass median, and grade-separated interchanges, would set the stage for the freeway concept. It was the first intercity freeway in North America when it opened in June 1939.[28] Thomas McQuesten, the new minister of the Department of Highways and the man most responsible for the Middle Road, decided to apply the concept to sections of Highway 2 plagued with congestion. A portion east of Woodstock was rebuilt in this fashion, but World War II would put an end to McQuesten's ambitions, at least temporarily.[12]

Initial construction

[edit]
Highway 403 in Hamilton at the bottom of the Niagara Escarpment

The end of the Korean War in 1953 heralded the resumption of freeway construction in Ontario; the advances in machinery more than made up for lost time.[12] The construction of Highway 401 across the province took first priority. However, the opening of the section of Highway 401 from Highway 4 near London to Highway 2 east of Woodstock on May 31, 1957 would complete part of the route required between London and Hamilton.[29]

By 1958, planning on the Chedoke Expressway, or Controlled Access Highway 403, was well underway,[14] though plans for a four-lane freeway between Woodstock and Hamilton existed as early as 1954.[30] The opening of the Freeman Diversion alignment of the QEW in August 1958 provided a connection point for the future Chedoke Expressway,[15] and construction began the same day that the Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway opened: October 31, 1958.[31] Highway 403 between Longwood Road (Highway 2) and the QEW was opened to traffic on December 1, 1963 at a length of 9.0 km (5.6 mi).[2] Work was already underway on the next section of the route that would extend it to Aberdeen Avenue.[32] That section opened on July 9, 1965, extending the freeway by 3.7 km (2.3 mi).[2]

Meanwhile, to the west, work had begun on a bypass of Brantford. The new freeway passed north of the city between Paris Road in the west and the junction of Highway 2 and Highway 53 in the east, a distance of 10.3 km (6.4 mi); it opened October 31, 1966.[2] A portion of the Brantford Bypass was itself bypassed in 1997 when the final section of Highway 403 was completed and is known as Garden Avenue.[33] However, the Brantford Bypass would remain an isolated section of Highway 403 for over 20 years.[17]

In Hamilton, work was underway on an extension of the Chedoke Expressway to Mohawk Road, crossing the Niagara Escarpment. This tedious project, which required extensive rock blasting, was soon accompanied by construction from Mohawk Road to Highway 2 near Ancaster. Both projects were completed together and originally scheduled to be opened with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on August 22, 1969.[34] However, local residents complained the new section lacked any barriers preventing children from wandering onto the highway, postponing the ceremony until August 27 as temporary snow fencing was erected. This proved inadequate, and protests grew more vocal over the following week. Several petitions were presented to Deputy Highway Minister H. Howden on August 26, and the ceremonies were cancelled.[35] Over the following week, Minister of Highways George Gomme met with residents and reached a compromise whereby a 24-hour patrol was established to watch for children until a proper fence could be constructed. The route was opened on September 3, without any ceremony.[36] This completed the Hamilton section of Highway 403.[16]

Mississauga

[edit]
Highway 403 and QEW interchange in Oakville prior to reconstruction that commenced in 2016; the Ford Motor Assembly Plant is visible in the distance

Planning for the segment of Highway 403 through Mississauga dates to the late 1950s when the Hamilton Expressway appeared on the Metropolitan Toronto's regional transportation plan. It was to be a continuation of the Richview Expressway, which was ultimately never built, continuing from Toronto to Hamilton.[18] The plan featured the expressway's eastern terminus at the Highway 401 and Highway 427 interchange. As Toronto's anti-expressway movement gained momentum, provincial plans shifted the Hamilton Expressway to the west near Etobicoke Creek. In 1962, the right-of-way alongside the hydro corridor between Burlington and Etobicoke Creek was protected after traffic studies indicated the need for a future freeway.[19] On May 25, 1965, the Department of Highways unveiled the Toronto Region Western Section Highway Planning Study. The plan designated Highway 403 north from Burlington and then parallel with the QEW to Highway 401 near Highway 27.[37]

By the time construction was actually underway, plans had been completely modified to connect the overburdened QEW at Oakville with Highway 401 at the new Highway 410 interchange.[38] This interchange was a better connection point for Highway 403, but would also require the widening of Highway 401 from six lanes to twelve. Plans were submitted and approved in December 1977 by Mississauga city council, and construction began.[20]

The new freeway opened in sections during the early 1980s. The first section between Cawthra Road and Highway 401 was opened August 18, 1980.[21] This was followed by a short section from Highway 5 (Dundas Street) south to the QEW at Ford Drive, which opened in mid-1981, with a further extension to Erin Mills Parkway opening on November 17th of that year.[22] The final section to be opened took the longest to complete, involving construction of two bridges over the Credit River valley; it opened on December 2, 1982. The cost of the entire 22 km (13.7 mi) Mississauga segment was $87 million. As opened the Missauga segment was six lanes wide between Cawthra Road and Winston Churchill Boulevard, and thereafter four lanes wide to the QEW in Oakville, with a grass media and overhead signage but no illumination except at interchanges.[23]

Around the same period, the Ministry of Transportation began to study upgrading Highway 401 to a collector–express system between Renforth Drive and Highway 403, and along Highway 403 between Highway 401 and Highway 10 (Hurontario Street).[39] This took place between late 1982 and the summer of 1985; the existing outermost ramps from Highway 403 to Highway 401 eastbound were re-designated to serve collector traffic, as a pair of flyover ramps were added inside the interchange to serve motorists in the express lanes. After these inner flyover ramps were completed, then the outermost ramp from Highway 401 westbound to Highway 403 westbound was closed so a new flyover could be inserted to cross the future Highway 401 express lanes. [40][41]

The right-of-way originally intended for Highway 403 between Cawthra Road and Etobicoke Creek was eventually used for a controlled-access arterial extension called Eastgate Parkway, which was planned beginning in 1982.[39][42] The extension was built between 1988 and 1994, incorporating a portion of Fieldgate Drive at the eastern end.[43] The first section, between Cawthra Road and Dixie Road, opened in early 1991.[44] This was followed several years later by the section from Dixie Road to Eglinton Avenue that opened in late 1994.[45]

In 1990 construction was underway on the planned but not-yet-built parts of the Highway 401-403-410 interchange, alongside the widening of Highway 410 into a full freeway, and the further expansion of Highway 401's collector-express system. At the time traffic from both freeways was forced onto eastbound Highway 401. Two semi-directional flyover ramps were built, for the Highway 401 eastbound to Highway 410 northbound movement, and the Highway 410 southbound to Highway 401 eastbound movement, the latter which replaced an existing loop ramp.[46][47] The removal of that loop ramp, as well as completion of the new flyovers in the interchange, would free up space for connections between Highway 403 and Highway 410 whose construction started in December 1991.[48] The 2.2 km (1.4 mi) link opened on November 2, 1992 at a cost of $7.3 million.[49]

Bridging the gaps

[edit]
Highway 403 eastbound at the Grand River bridge near Brantford. The stretch between Woodstock and Hamilton was rehabilitated in 2011, which included installing central guardrails and paved shoulders.

In 1975, construction began on a westward extension of the Brantford Bypass, from Highway 2 (Paris Road) to Rest Acres Road, which would become Highway 24. This work consisted of the twin bridges over the Grand River and an interchange at Rest Acres Road. The Canadian National Railway underpass west of Highway 2 was built by the railway.[24] By the beginning of 1978, this work was completed.[50] Work resumed west of Highway 24 in early 1982 to connect with Highway 401 near Woodstock to relieve the high traffic volumes along Highway 2.[51] This included interchanges at Brant County Road 25 and Highway 53.[41] A section from Highway 24 to County Road 25 was opened in November 1984,[25] followed by the section west of there to Highway 53 one year later.[52] Construction of the gap between Highway 53 and Highway 401 began in late 1985,[53] followed by the overpass crossing Highway 401 for the westbound lanes, which began in 1987 with the westbound carriageway of Highway 401 temporarily diverted to speed up construction of the cast-in-place post-tensioned flyover. [17] Transportation minister Ed Fulton ceremoniously opened the new freeway connection on September 26, 1988, completing the Woodstock to Brantford link.[25]

Highway 403 was briefly left with three discontinuous sections: Woodstock–Brantford, Ancaster–Burlington, and Oakville–Mississauga. Between Brantford and Ancaster, traffic was defaulted onto Highway 2, a four-lane road with numerous private driveways and at-grade intersections. On March 24, 1987, Chris Ward, MPP for Wentworth North announced that construction of the missing link between Brantford and Ancaster would begin in 1989.[54] Construction began in mid-1990. It included interchanges at Garden Avenue, Highway 52 and Highway 2.[55] A continuous construction program was carried out over the next seven years, with the link opening on August 15, 1997.[3] Highway 2, which was the only parallel route before the completion of Highway 403, was subsequently downloaded to regional jurisdiction.[56]

The eastern terminus of Highway 403 in Mississauga, feeding into the collector and express lanes of Highway 401

Controversy

[edit]

Though some officials considered Highway 403 to be a perfect example of a freeway construction process, it was not built without its share of controversy.[19] In addition to the previously mentioned issues that occurred in 1969, portions of the freeway through Mississauga were built alongside established communities, leading to angry homeowners' associations pressuring the province for noise mitigation measures and compensation.[19][57]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Mississauga section of Highway 403 was the site of more than two dozen fatal accidents over a five-year period, one of the highest rates in North America at the time, despite being up to modern road standards. This led Peel Regional Police and the media to nickname it the "Death Highway."[58][59] In particular, the stretch from Mavis Road to Erin Mills Parkway has been the site of numerous accidents. In this section, Highway 403 features a downward slope as motorists head eastbound towards the Mavis Road interchange; drivers complain of having to slam on the brakes when traffic comes to a standstill, leading to rear-end collisions. There is also glare from the sun that causes vision problems throughout the day.[60]

Recent construction

[edit]

With the expanded capacity of the Burlington Skyway, and the unanticipated traffic volumes on Highway 403, the Freeman Interchange was now faced with a capacity problem. To resolve this, the renamed Ministry of Transportation began planning for the missing link of Highway 403 between Burlington and Mississauga that would run parallel to the QEW;[61] this right-of-way would be sold to the 407 ETR consortium in 1995 and built as part of that route.[62] Work began in August 1991 to reconfigure the directional T interchange to modern standards which included realigning the QEW carriageways as mainline traffic, and adding a fourth leg for the future Burlington-Mississauga link, although this necessitated replacing the directional ramp with a lower-capacity loop ramp for the movement from Toronto-bound QEW to the Brantford-bound Highway 403 (as some traffic was expected to be diverted away from the Burlington Skyway to the under-construction Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway and planned Red Creek Expressway). The reconfigured Freeman Interchange was partially opened on October 23, 1993 to serve the existing QEW and Highway 403 segments; the first sod for what would open as Highway 407 was turned that day.[63] The completed ramps (the first to be built were cast-in-place post-tensioned bridges to cross Highway 403 westbound, followed in 2000 by precast girder bridges to pass over the North Service Road[64][65]) connecting to the future Burlington-Mississauga freeway sat unused until that segment finally opened on July 30, 2001, as part of Highway 407 ETR.[66]

The Hamilton-Brantford and Mississauga sections of Highway 403 were eventually planned to be linked up via an east–west extension that would run parallel to the QEW, as the current north–south routing of Highway 403 along the Mississauga-Oakville boundary to end at the QEW was intended to be temporary and eventually assumed by the proposed Highway 407. When originally opened in 1981, the Highway 403 westbound carriageway initially followed a ninety degree turn from west to south near Ninth Line, however in 1989 this was replaced by the first phase of an interchange between Highway 403 and Highway 407, while the Highway 403 westbound carriageway was shifted to a semi-directional flyover. The northern leg (to Highway 401 just west of Mississauga) and western leg of that junction would be completed later; the partially-completed interchange included a temporary east–west connector (known internally by MTO as Highway 7197) to Trafalgar Road (Halton Regional Road 3). [67][68] However, the Bob Rae government altered these plans in 1995 due to budgetary constraints.[26] It was also announced the Mississauga section of Highway 403 would be renumbered as Highway 410,[69] although this was not done. Instead, Highway 403 was signed concurrently along the Queen Elizabeth Way in 2002, remedying the discontinuity.[13] On September 4, 1998, Highway 407 opened between Highway 401 and Highway 403, and by the middle of 2001 access was added to the Burlington–Oakville segment of Highway 407 previously intended to be part of Highway 403.[70]

The Highway 401-403-410 interchange looking east in 1987. Before 1990, Highway 403 was not connected with Highway 410, as the latter existed as a super two north of Highway 401, plus the Highway 401 express lanes had not yet been extended to just west of Highway 410.
The interchange in 2013, looking north
The interchange in 2024, with missing connections completed

In early 2001, high-mast lighting was added to the unlit Mississauga section between Highway 407 and Eastgate Parkway.[71] The lighting masts are placed between the westbound carriageway and hydro corridor, rather than in the median like most other provincial freeways. In 2003, the right shoulders between Erin Mills Parkway and Mavis Road were widened for GO Transit and Mississauga Transit to run express bus service.[10] These projects preceded the widening of Highway 403 between Highway 407 and Highway 401/410, through which a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane was added in each direction; the project started on September 29, 2003 [72] and was completed and opened on December 13, 2005.[73][74] The HOV lanes and the dividing Ontario Tall Wall concrete barrier were constructed using the existing right-of-way provided by the grass median.[75][76] Metrolinx began construction of the Mississauga Transitway West between Winston Churchill Boulevard and Erin Mills Parkway[77] in October 2013, including realignment of hydro towers and new bus-only lanes crossing the existing ramps on the north side of Highway 403's interchange with Winston Churchill Boulevard, which was completed on December 31, 2016.[78]

Land was reserved at the Highway 401/403/410 junction for a loop ramp from Highway 403 eastbound to Highway 401 westbound, and a directional ramp for the opposite movement, however as a prerequisite Highway 401 first had to be widened west of this interchange; previously Highway 401's collector-express system had terminated.[79] The existing overpasses for the Highway 403 to Highway 410 link have sufficient right-of-way to accommodate the addition of a new HOV lane to the Highway 403 eastbound collectors that would tie into the expanded Highway 410 (itself being widened to include HOV lanes), as well as the approach to the loop ramp to Highway 401 westbound. Construction commenced on these ramps by 2017.[80][81] The construction was completed in November 2018, making that interchange full access in all directions.[82]

Highway 403 between Woodstock and Burlington was formally dedicated as the Alexander Graham Bell Parkway on April 27, 2016.[83] At the Desjardins Canal in Hamilton, starting in May 2022 the existing bridge for the eastbound lanes was replaced by a new single span pre-stressed NU girder structure bridge, while for the westbound lanes the 3 span 18 steel girder westbound structure was rehabilitated.[1][2][3]

Improvements were made to the bottlenecked Highway 403/QEW/Ford Drive interchange in Oakville. Since 2017, traffic using the existing loop ramp in the NE corner to access Highway 403/QEW was directed onto a new overpass instead of sharing the existing overpass with westbound Highway 403 traffic. The existing bridges carrying QEW traffic across Ford Drive and the eastbound ramp to Highway 403 were demolished and replaced by new wider structures which can accommodate future HOV lanes and high-mast lighting.[84][85] At the present Highway 403 only connects to the QEW west of the interchange, but a new set of flyover ramps are being proposed from Highway 403 to the QEW east of that junction using the existing right-of-way which would allow for a direct freeway connection from Milton to south Mississauga.[86]

A skyline of tall buildings viewed from an overpass of a freeway
Highway 403 looking west, while passing north of Downtown Mississauga, as seen atop the Hurontario Street overpass. Construction of the flyover for the Hurontario LRT is underway.

The 2017 initial design of the Hurontario LRT line had it occupying the centre median of Hurontario Street including the existing bridge crossing Highway 403. At the southern approach to the bridge, there would be a junction for an LRT branch to the Mississauga City Centre, and the junction would have crossed the southbound traffic lanes of Hurontario Street and a Highway 403 exit ramp at grade.[87] However studies showed that this initial LRT route would seriously impact vehicular traffic at the Highway 403-Hurontario interchange.[88] A revised 2021 route proposes that the LRT cross Highway 403 on its own elevated guideway to the west of Hurontario Street overpass.[89]

There are preliminary proposals for adding HOV lanes to Highway 403 within Burlington, alongside a proposal to modify the Freeman Interchange.[90]

Exit list

[edit]

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 403, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.[1] 

DivisionLocationkm[1]miExitDestinationsNotes
OxfordWoodstock0.00.0— Highway 401 west – LondonHighway 403 western terminus; eastbound entrance from Highway 401 east; westbound exit to Highway 401 west; Highway 401 exit 235
Norwich5.43.46 County Road 55 – Eastwood, CathcartFormerly Highway 53
Brant15.39.516 County Road 25 – Burford, Princeton
26.716.627  Highway 24 south / County Highway 24 north (Rest Acres Road) – Simcoe, ParisWestern end of Highway 24 concurrency
Brantford30.218.830 County Road 27 (Oak Park Road)
33.120.633 County Highway 2 (Paris Road)Formerly Highway 2
35.722.236  Highway 24 north (King George Road) – CambridgeEastern end of Highway 24 concurrency; to Brantford General Hospital
38.323.838Wayne Gretzky Parkway
40.725.341Garden Avenue – Cainsville
Hamilton55.234.355 City Road 52 (Trinity Road) – Copetown
58.536.458Wilson StreetFormerly Highway 2
60.337.560 City Road 16 (Fiddler's Green Road)Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
61.438.261  Highway 6 south – Caledonia, Port DoverWestern end of Highway 6 concurrency; to John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
Garner RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance; formerly Highway 53
64.340.064Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway
Rousseaux StreetRousseaux Street was formerly a part of Mohawk Road; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
69.142.969BAberdeen AvenueEastbound signed as exit 69
69A City Road 8 west (Main Street)Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
70.543.870 City Road 8 east (Main Street)Formerly Highway 2 / Highway 8; entrance ramps via King Street (City Road 8 west); eastbound access to City Road 8 west via Dundurn Street
Crosses Hamilton Harbour (Desjardins Canal)
72.845.273York BoulevardWestbound to southbound exit and northbound to eastbound entrance; formerly Highway 2 west / Highway 6 south
Hamilton–Halton boundaryHamilton–Burlington boundary74.246.174 Highway 6 north – GuelphEastern end of Highway 6 concurrency
HaltonBurlington77.548.278Waterdown RoadOriginally designed only with an eastbound exit and westbound entrance; full interchange opened on November 1, 2010[91]
80.6–
81.7		50.1–
50.8		80 407 ETR eastEastbound exit and westbound entrance; Highway 407 exit 1
—Plains Road, Fairview StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance; Toronto-bound exit and Fort Erie-bound entrance from Queen Elizabeth Way; westbound exit and eastbound entrance from 407 ETR
Exit numbers follow Queen Elizabeth Way
100  Queen Elizabeth Way – Niagara, Fort ErieWestern end of Queen Elizabeth Way concurrency; to Joseph Brant Hospital
82.551.3101 Regional Road 18 (Brant Street)No Toronto-bound exit and Fort Erie-bound entrance from Queen Elizabeth Way
84.452.4102 Regional Road 1 (Guelph Line)
86.453.7105Walkers Line
88.555.0107 Regional Road 20 (Appleby Line)
Burlington–Oakville boundary90.556.2109 Regional Road 21 (Burloak Drive)
Oakville92.157.2110Service RoadAccess removed in 2008 to accommodate widening of the QEW
92.557.5111 Regional Road 25 (Bronte Road) – MiltonFormerly Highway 25
94.658.8113 3rd LineTo Oakville-Trafalgar Memorial Hospital
97.760.7116 Regional Road 17 (Dorval Drive)
117Kerr StreetWestbound exit only
98.861.4118 Regional Road 3 (Trafalgar Road)
101.262.9119Royal Windsor DriveEastbound exit and westbound entrance; formerly Highway 122
102.3–
104.9		63.6–
65.2		123 Regional Road 13 (Ford Drive)Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; full access from Queen Elizabeth Way
 Queen Elizabeth Way – Toronto (Downtown)Eastern end of Queen Elizabeth Way concurrency; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
Highway 403 exit numbers resume
104  Regional Road 38 (Upper Middle Drive) to Regional Road 13 (Ford Drive)Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
Halton–Peel boundaryOakville–Mississauga boundary106.366.1106 Regional Road 5 (Dundas Street)Formerly Highway 5
109.468.0109 407 ETRHighway 407 exit 24; westbound signed as exits 109A (west) and 109B (east)
PeelMississauga111.469.2111 Regional Road 19 (Winston Churchill Boulevard)
112.469.8112  Regional Road 1 (Erin Mills Parkway)To Credit Valley Hospital
117.673.1117Mavis Road, Centre View Drive
119.774.4119 Hurontario StreetTo Mississauga Hospital; formerly Highway 10
120.875.1121 Regional Road 17 (Cawthra Road)
Eastgate Parkway
122.476.1122Eglinton AvenueEastbound exit is via exit 121
Western end of collector–express system
123.9–
125.2		77.0–
77.8		—  Highway 401 – London, Toronto
 Highway 410 north – Brampton		Exit to westbound Highway 401 opened in 2018; eastern terminus of Highway 403; continues north as Highway 410; Highway 401 exit 344; to Toronto Pearson International Airport; only eastbound exit to Highway 401 east and westbound entrance from Highway 401 west via express lanes
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
The escarpment is heavily treed, but behind the highway, which rises from the left to the right, large limestone rock outcroppings stand several metres tall.
Highway 403 descends the Niagara Escarpment in Hamilton

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2010). "Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts". Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e Ontario Department of Highways 1970, p. 11
  3. ^ a b c "Highway 403 Extension Opens Friday". Toronto Star. August 15, 1997. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i MapArt (2010). Ontario Back Road Atlas (Map). Peter Heiler Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Highway 403: Length and Route" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved December 10, 2011.[dead link‍]
  6. ^ Braiser, Dakota; Blazina, Tanya (April 24, 2024). "Ontario Raising Highway Speed Limits" (Press Release). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  7. ^ "Highway 27 Interchange Fully in Service". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. December 4, 1971. p. 5.
  8. ^ Hughes, Rick (September 11, 1999). "Hwy. 403 Hill Used to Argue Both Sides of Red Hill Case". The Spectator. Hamilton, Ontario. p. A8.
  9. ^ Boyle, Theresa (April 1, 1995). "Rae Announces 407 Extension". Toronto Star. p. A12. Rae also announced yesterday that the province will ask for private-sector proposals to design and construct the Burlington–Oakville link of Highway 403 as part of Highway 407.
  10. ^ a b "Backgrounder on Mississauga's BRT". City of Mississauga. March 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  11. ^ Staff (June 26, 2006). "OPP Cracks Down on HOV Lane Abusers". CityNews.ca. Rogers Communications. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  12. ^ a b c Shragge, John G. (2007). "Highway 401: The Story". Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  13. ^ a b c "Signs of the Times". Milestones. 2 (1). Ontario Good Roads Association: 26, 31. February 2002. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  14. ^ a b Annual Report for the Fiscal Year (Report). Ontario Department of Highways. March 31, 1958. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  15. ^ a b Ontario Department of Highways 1970, p. 10
  16. ^ a b A.T.C. McNab (1969). "Ontario". Proceedings of The... Convention. Canadian Good Roads Association: 64.
  17. ^ a b c Transportation Capital Branch (1988–1989). "Provincial Highways Construction Projects". Northern Transportation, Construction Projects. Ministry of Transportation: IX. ISSN 0714-1149.
  18. ^ a b Toronto transportation plan, 1959
  19. ^ a b c d Ward, Brace (January 4, 1981). "403: A Trouble-Free Way". Toronto Star. p. A16. It was designated in 1962, when traffic studies showed that additional "freeway capacity" would be required to handle traffic volumes between Hamilton and Toronto.
  20. ^ a b Calleja, Frank (November 8, 1979). "Doubts Raised About Route of New 403". Toronto Star. p. A19. ProQuest 1373285177 (subscription required).
  21. ^ a b "New Highway Opens". Toronto Daily Star. August 18, 1980. p. A13. A new 3.6-kilometre stretch of Highway 403 was to be opened to traffic this morning, as part of a plan to divert traffic from the Queen Elizabeth Way through Mississauga. The new section will run from Highway 401 southbound to the Eglinton-Cawthra Rd. interchange.
  22. ^ a b Dexter, Brian (November 17, 1981). "Highway 403 Section Open to Traffic Today". Toronto Star. p. A18. It runs west from Erin Mills Parkway north of Burnhamthorpe Road, to Highway 5 in Oakville, where a spur to the Queen Elizabeth Way at Ford Drive has been used by traffic for several months.
  23. ^ a b "$87 Million Highway 403 Complete As Last Leg Opens". Toronto Star. December 2, 1982. p. A18.
  24. ^ a b Construction Program. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1976–1977. p. XII.
  25. ^ a b c Ed Fulton (September 26, 1988). "Remarks... At the Opening of Highway 403 (Between Highways 53 and 401)" (Press release). Woodstock, Ontario: Ministry of Transportation.
  26. ^ a b Boyle, Theresa (April 1, 1995). "Rae Announces 407 Extension". Toronto Star. p. A12. Rae also announced yesterday that the province will ask for private-sector proposals to design and construct the Burlington–Oakville link of Highway 403 as part of Highway 407.
  27. ^ Shragge & Bagnato 1984, p. 11
  28. ^ Stamp 1987, p. 12
  29. ^ Ministry of Transportation and Communications pp. 8–9
  30. ^ Canadian Press (July 9, 1954). "4-Lane Road Start Seen". The Ottawa Citizen. p. 2. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  31. ^ "Skyway is Crowded Moment it Opens, Tolls Start Nov. 10". Toronto Star. October 31, 1958. p. 25.
  32. ^ Robins, C.P. (1962). Ontario Road Map (Map). Ontario Department of Highways. § R35–S35.
  33. ^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (April 1, 1989). "Provincial Highways Distance Table". Provincial Highways Distance Table: King's Secondary Highways and Tertiary Roads. Government of Ontario: 95–96. ISSN 0825-5350.
  34. ^ Information Section (August 21, 1969). "Highway 403 Opening on Wednesday August 27th" (Press release). Department of Highways.
  35. ^ "Residents Win Round Two in Battle of the 403". The Hamilton Spectator. August 27, 1969.
  36. ^ Information Section (September 2, 1969). "Highway 403, Opening" (Press release). Department of Highways.
  37. ^ "$700 Million Freeways West of Metro". Globe and Mail. Toronto. May 26, 1966. pp. 1, 25. The program calls for construction of a 23-mile section of Highway 403, from Burlington to the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway, west of Highway 27; a 12-mile freeway from Belfield Drive in Etobicoke, running northwesterly around Brampton to Georgetown; and a five-mile freeway from Richview Road in Etobicoke to Woodbridge.
  38. ^ Coleman, Thomas (July 12, 1975). "Drivers Will Wait Years Before Relief from QEW Jams". Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. 5.
  39. ^ a b "Ontario Government Notice". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. February 17, 1982. p. Classifieds 4. The Ministry of Transportation and Communications has undertaken a Preliminary Design Study to examine the upgrading of Highway 401 from Renforth Drive to Second Line West and Highway 403 from Highway 401 to Highway 10. The Preliminary Design Study has also examined the construction of the Highway 403 Extension, from Cawthra Rd. to Dixie Rd. In the mid 1970s some preliminary planning was completed for an express-collectors system on Highway 401 and 403 within Mississauga.
  40. ^ Transportation Capital Branch (1983–1984). "Provincial Highways Construction Projects". Northern Transportation, Construction Projects. Ministry of Transportation and Communications: XI. ISSN 0714-1149.
  41. ^ a b Transportation Capital Branch (1985–1986). "Provincial Highways Construction Projects". Northern Transportation, Construction Projects. Ministry of Transportation and Communications: IX. ISSN 0714-1149.
  42. ^ Meyers, C. (1986). 403 Arterial Extension. City of Mississauga Planning Department.
  43. ^ Funston, Mike (May 20, 1986). "Highway Extension May Ensure More Development, Report Says". Toronto Star. p. 6.
  44. ^ Funston, Mike (January 10, 1991). "Opening Extension of 403 Can Improve Traffic Flow". Toronto Star. p. 3.
  45. ^ Potter, Warren (October 27, 1994). "Eastgate Extension Boon to Motorists". Toronto Star. p. MS3.
  46. ^ Howell, Peter (August 28, 1990). "Police Fear New Ramps Will Worsen 401 Tie-ups". News. Toronto Star. p. A2.
  47. ^ Transportation Capital Branch (1991–1992). "Provincial Highways Construction Projects". Northern Transportation, Construction Projects. Ministry of Transportation and Communications: 9. ISSN 0714-1149.
  48. ^ Mitchell, Bob (December 5, 1991). "Work Starts on 403–410 Link". Toronto Star. p. MA2.
  49. ^ Mitchell, Bob (October 31, 1992). "403–410 Highway Link Ready, Seen As 'Boon' To Motorists". Toronto Star. p. A24. ProQuest 436704376 (subscription required).
  50. ^ Cartography Section (1978–1979). Ontario Road Map (Map). Ministry of Transportation and Communications. South-central Ontario inset.
  51. ^ Highway Program Development Branch (1982–1983). Provincial Highways Construction Projects. Ministry of Transportation and Communications. p. XII.
  52. ^ Transportation Capital Branch (1986–1987). "Provincial Highways Construction Projects". Northern Transportation, Construction Projects. Ministry of Transportation and Communications: IX. ISSN 0714-1149.
  53. ^ Transportation Capital Branch (1987–1988). "Provincial Highways Construction Projects". Northern Transportation, Construction Projects. Ministry of Transportation and Communications: IX. ISSN 0714-1149.
  54. ^ "Highway 403 Link to Begin 2 Years Early". Toronto Star. March 25, 1987. p. A14.
  55. ^ Transportation Capital Branch (1991–1992). "Provincial Highways Construction Projects". Northern Transportation, Construction Projects. Ministry of Transportation: 7. ISSN 0714-1149.
  56. ^ Geomatics Office (1999). Ontario Road Map (Map). Ministry of Transportation. § R24.
  57. ^ Rickwood, Peter (August 14, 1979). "Mississauga to Study Highway Noise". Toronto Star. p. A12.
  58. ^ "Police, Jury Call for Steps to End Carnage on the 403". Toronto Star. January 9, 1993. p. A04.
  59. ^ "Drivers Showing Short Tempers on Busy Highways". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. August 3, 1993. p. A10. The 19-kilometre section of Highway 403 between Highways 401 and 5 is known as the Death Highway because it has one of the highest death rates of any highway in North America. There have been 27 fatal accidents on the section since 1987.
  60. ^ Rosella, Louie (July 17, 2007). "Highway 403 Stretch Dubbed Infamous Crash 'Hotspot'". Mississauga News. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  61. ^ Provincial Highways Construction Projects (Report). Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1991–1992. p. 8. ISSN 0714-1149.
  62. ^ Boyle, Theresa (April 1, 1995). "Rae Announces 407 Extension". News. The Toronto Star. p. A12. Rae also announced yesterday that the province will ask for private-sector proposals to design and construct the Burlington–Oakville link of Highway 403 as part of Highway 407.
  63. ^ Tait, Eleanor (October 23, 1993). "Sod Broken On QEW and Hwy. 403 Link". News. The Hamilton Spectator. p. T8.
  64. ^ "How Things Work: What Makes a Good Bridge? – Local News". July 8, 2022.
  65. ^ "Ontario Highway 11 Photographs - Page 10 - History of Ontario's Kings Highways".
  66. ^ Settlement of Claim of Richard Prendiville (PDF) (Report). Ontario Superior Court of Justice. December 12, 2001. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  67. ^ "Ontario Highway 403 History - the King's Highways of Ontario".
  68. ^ Cartography Section (1990–1991). Ontario Road Map (Map). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. § K8. Retrieved November 20, 2021 – via Archives of Ontario.
  69. ^ Mitchell, Bob (April 6, 1995). "Rae Announces 407 Extension". Toronto Star. p. BR03.
  70. ^ Settlement of Claim of Richard Prendiville (PDF) (Report). Ontario Superior Court of Justice. December 12, 2001. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  71. ^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (January 30, 2001). "Ontario Government Continues to Improve Road User Safety on Highway 403" (Press release). Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  72. ^ "Construction on Highway 403 in Mississauga". September 29, 2003.
  73. ^ Brennan, Richard (December 13, 2006). "Carpool Lanes Praised". Toronto Star. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  74. ^ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (December 5, 2005). "First-Ever High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes Mean Less Congestion, Better Transit". CNW Group. Archived from the original on August 29, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  75. ^ Cameron, Grant (September 15, 2004). "$63.6M Earmarked for HOV Lanes". Daily Commercial News. Reed Construction Data. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  76. ^ "Mississauga Transitway Project". GO Transit. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014. To accommodate increased demand, improve your experience and our operations, GO Transit will be constructing a new GO Bus Station at Winston Churchill Boulevard. Construction of the new station started in 2013. The station is expected to be operational in 2016.
  77. ^ Robert Mackenzie (December 12, 2013). "Construction starts on west section of Mississauga Transitway". Transit Toronto. Retrieved November 30, 2014. Metrolinx is building the west segment between Winston Churchill and Erin Mills.
  78. ^ "Mississauga Transitway West" (PDF). Mississauga Transitway Project: Project Status. Metrolinx. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014. In October 2013, Metrolinx started construction on the Mississauga Transitway West (Winston Churchill Boulevard to Erin Mills Parkway).
  79. ^ "Highway 401 Widening".
  80. ^ Highway 401 Improvements From Highway 410/403 Interchange to East of the Credit River Transportation Environmental Study Report (PDF). Vol. 1. Aecom. August 2005. p. iii. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  81. ^ "Upgrades to Highway 401/403/410 Interchange in Ontario Will Enhance Functionality and Extend Service Life". Associated Engineering and Associated Environmental. April 30, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  82. ^ "Highway 410 Widening". Aecon Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  83. ^ Marion, Michael-Allan (April 27, 2016). "Take A Drive Along Alexander Graham Bell Parkway". Brantford Expositor. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  84. ^ http://www.botconstruction.ca/projects/recent_projects.html Archived March 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Projects – Bot Construction Group
  85. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  86. ^ Central Region (June 2003). Transportation Environmental Study Report: Highway 403 and Queen Elizabeth Way from Trafalgar Road to Winston Churchill Boulevard (PDF). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  87. ^ "Transit stops are given name changes on the Hurontario and Finch West LRT Lines". Metrolinx. April 12, 2019. Archived from the original on May 10, 2019.
  88. ^ "Hurontario LRT engineers innovative 'Hwy. 403 flyover'". April 24, 2019.
  89. ^ "'Push box' and elevated guideways in store for Hurontario Light Rail Transit project". Metrolinx. April 25, 2022. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021.
  90. ^ "QEW and Highway 403 Freeman Interchange: Preliminary Design Study and Class Environmental Assessment" (PDF). qew403freeman.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  91. ^ Fragomeni, Carmela (November 4, 2010). "New Burlington-Highway Interchange Open". The Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved November 5, 2010.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Shragge, John & Bagnato, Sharon (1984). From Footpaths to Freeways. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Historical Committee. ISBN 0-7743-9388-2.
  • Stamp, Robert M. (1987). The Queen Elizabeth Way, Canada's First Superhighway. Boston Mills Press. ISBN 0-919783-84-8.
  • AADT Traffic Volumes 1955–1969 and Traffic Collision Data 1967–1969. Ontario Department of Highways. 1970.
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