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Chainlink (blockchain oracle)

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Chainlink
Denominations
PluralChainlink
CodeLINK
Development
Original author(s)Sergey Nazarov, Steve Ellis, Ari Juels[1][2]
White paperchain.link/whitepaper
Code repositorygithub.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink
Written inSolidity, Go
Operating systemBlockchain-agnostic
Source modelOpen source
LicenseMIT License
Ledger
Supply limit1,000,000,000
Website
Websitechainlinklabs.com

Chainlink is a decentralized blockchain oracle network. Chainlink's token is on Ethereum.[3][4] The network is intended to be used to facilitate the transfer of tamper-proof data from off-chain sources to on-chain smart contracts.[5]

History

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Chainlink was created in 2017 by Sergey Nazarov and Steve Ellis,[6] who co-authored a white paper introducing the Chainlink protocol and network with Cornell University professor Ari Juels the same year.[1] Chainlink acts as a "bridge" between a blockchain and off-chain environments.[7] The network, which services smart contracts, was formally launched in 2019.[6]

In 2018, Chainlink integrated Town Crier, a trusted execution environment-based blockchain oracle that Juels also worked on. Town Crier connects the Ethereum blockchain with web sources that use HTTPS.[8]

In 2020, Chainlink integrated DECO, a Cornell project co-created by Juels. DECO is described by its authors as a protocol that uses zero-knowledge proofs to allow users to prove information is true to a blockchain oracle without revealing sensitive information, such as birth dates.[9] Chainlink published a second white paper in April 2021. That paper, Chainlink 2.0: Next Steps in the Evolution of Decentralized Oracle Networks, detailed a vision for expanding the role and capabilities of decentralized oracle networks to include hybrid smart contracts, which utilize on-chain code and off-chain services provided by oracle networks.[10]

Technology

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A visual representation of Chainlink's "smart bond architecture"

Chainlink's decentralized oracle network is an open-source technology infrastructure that allows any blockchain to securely connect to off-chain data and computation resources. The network nodes fetch, validate, and deliver data from multiple sources onto blockchains to execute smart contracts.[11]

In addition to the transfer of external information to a blockchain, Chainlink can also be used for several different off-chain computation functions, including a verifiable random function (VRF) and data feeds. The data feeds have been used to bring election data on-chain.[12]

Chainlink's VRF can be used for random number generation which can be used in decentralized gaming. ZDNet reported the verifiability of the random number generation ensures the in-game results are tamper-proof.[13]

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Node operators are compensated with the network's native cryptocurrency, LINK.[11] Chainlink's LINK token is an ERC677 token, an extension of ERC-20. All LINK tokens have been premined and largely withheld by the central issuer. A fraction of the pre-mined token supply was offered for sale to retail buyers in a controversial and legally murky[clarification needed] initial coin offering (ICO)[citation needed]. Tokens act as data payloads, feeding the required data from off-chain sources to smart contracts, which then act accordingly in response to the data provided by the token.[14] According to Chainlink, the trade value derived from these tokens is used to pay node operators for retrieving data from smart contracts, and also for deposits placed by node operators as required by contract creators. Tokens can be stored in any ERC-20 wallet, as the ERC677 token retains all the functionality of an ERC-20 token.[15][16]

References

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  1. ^ a b Ellis, Steven; Juels, Ari; Nazarov, Sergey (4 September 2017). "ChainLink A Decentralized Oracle Network". chain.link. Archived from the original (paper) on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  2. ^ Caldarelli, Giulio (November 2020). "Understanding the Blockchain Oracle Problem: A Call for Action". Information. 11 (11). Verona, Italy: MDPI: 509. doi:10.3390/info11110509.
  3. ^ Breidenbach, Lorenz; Chacin, Christian; Chan, Benedict; Coventry, Alex; Ellis, Steven; Juels, Ari; Koushanfar, Farinaz; Miller, Andrew; Magauran, Brendan; Moroz, Daniel; Nazarov, Sergey; Topliceanu, Alexandru; Tramèr, Florian; Zhang, Fan (15 April 2021) [2017]. "Chainlink 2.0. The Next Steps in the Evolution of Decentralized Oracle Networks 9 Economics and Cryptoeconomics Staking" (paper). chain.link. University of Bern, Cornell Tech, University of California, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Duke University. research.chain.link. pp. 2, 78. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  4. ^ Anadiotis, George. "Chainlink launches Mainnet to get data in and out of Ethereum smart contracts". ZDNet. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  5. ^ Nikbakht, Ehsan; Baker, H Kent; Smith, Sean Stein (9 March 2021). The Emerald Handbook of Blockchain for Business. Emerald Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781839821981. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b Anadiotis, George (May 30, 2019). "Chainlink launches Mainnet to get data in and out of Ethereum smart contracts". ZDNet. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  7. ^ Arrowsmith, Ranica (December 1, 2020). "Tech, accelerated; 2020 was a hothouse for technology, speeding up the already rapid pace of development and adoption". Accounting Today. No. 34. p. 30.
  8. ^ Orcutt, Mike (November 19, 2018). "Blockchain smart contracts are finally good for something in the real world". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  9. ^ Brett, Charles (September 4, 2020). "Chainlink acquires DECO from Cornell". Enterprise Times. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  10. ^ Anadiotis, George (April 15, 2021). "Chainlink 2.0 brings off-chain compute to blockchain oracles, promotes adoption of hybrid smart contracts". ZDNet. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  11. ^ a b Anadiotis, George (May 30, 2019). "Chainlink launches Mainnet to get data in and out of Ethereum smart contracts". ZDNet. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  12. ^ Castillo, Michael del (November 3, 2020). "How To Track Official Election Results On Ethereum And EOS". Forbes. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  13. ^ Brown, Eileen (November 10, 2020). "Chainlink VRF makes blockchain games more trustworthy by using verifiable on-chain source of randomness". ZDNet. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  14. ^ Prathap, Madana. "Looking beyond Bitcoin and Ethereum — Here's a list of top 15 altcoins you should keep an eye on". Business Insider India.
  15. ^ "FAQ | Chainlink Documentation". docs.chain.link. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  16. ^ Financial Cryptography and Data Security. FC 2021 International Workshops. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 16 September 2021. ISBN 9783662639580.
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