Burgher (Church history)
In the Scottish church of the 18th and 19th centuries, a burgher was a person who upheld the lawfulness of the Burgher Oath.[1][2]
The Burgher Oath was the oath that a town burgess was required to swear on taking office.[3]
The Burghers' position was in opposition to the Seceders and Anti-Burghers.
Background
[edit]The Rescissory Act 1661 stated that all ministers and preachers in Scotland needed to acquire a patron (usually a local laird who would choose which minister would preach in their area). A quarter of the clergy refused to hand over authority to a person outside the church and consequently lost their jobs. They continued to preach independently and illegally, which led to armed rebellion and to The Killing Time in the 1680s. Patronage in Scotland was halted in the 1690s.[4]
A new Patronage Act was legislated in 1711. According to Dale Jorgenson, "The Patronage Act, enacted under the reign of Queen Anne (1702-1714), gave lay patrons the right to present ministers to parishes. This act of patronage was an affront to classic Presbyterianism, and resulted in a division between Burghers who accepted the Burghers' Oath and its consequent patronage, and the Anti-Burghers who would not accept the oath".
Church splits
[edit]The First Secession occurred in 1731 and was triggered by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland giving priority in the appointment of minister to the parish's patron. Dissenting attendees to the General Assembly stated that church ministers should be chosen by church elders. That led to the creation of the Associate Synod in 1742, commonly called the "Secession Church".
The "Secession Church" then split in 1747 into the Burghers and the Anti-Burghers over the lawfulness of the forms of the civil oath then current in Scotland. The contentious clause required the burgess, or oathgiver, to profess that the true religion was the one professed within the realm.
The Burghers continued to meet as the Associate Synod, and the Anti-Burghers created the General Associate Synod.
Both groups later had internal splits, with the Burghers splitting in 1798 into the "Auld Licht" Calvinist group, which held to the Solemn League and Covenant, and the "New Licht", which was more liberal and influential. The Auld Lichts created the Original Associate Synod.
Legacy
[edit]In 1820, many of the Burgher and Anti-Burgher congregations united into one denominations. Some churches did not wish to unite and went on to form a separate church denomination.
In 1842, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland wrote to the newly-crowned Queen Victoria and urged the end of patronage. That did not happen and several ministers went on to form the Free Kirk.[5]
Patronage was finally abolished by Parliament in 1874, after 300 years.
Notable Burghers
[edit]- Robert Balmer ('New Licht' - subsequently Professor of Theology of the United Secession Church)
- John Brown of Haddington (ordained after the 1747 'Breach' and died before the 'Auld Licht'/'New Licht' division), Professor of Theology of the Associate Presbytery
- John Dick, 'New Licht' Professor of Theology of the Associate Presbytery
- Ebenezer Erskine (one of the 1733 seceders) (died before the 'Auld Licht'/'New Licht' division)
- Ralph Erskine (seceded 1737) (died before the 'Auld Licht'/'New Licht' division)
- James Fisher (one of the 1733 seceders) (died before the 'Auld Licht'/'New Licht' division)
- George Lawson (1749-1820), 'New Licht' Professor of Theology of the Associate Presbytery.[6]
- Michael Willis 'Auld Licht' Professor of Theology, son of the next
- William Willis, 'Auld Licht' Professor of Theology, father of the previous
Theological Professors
[edit]Before the 'Auld Licht'/'New Licht' division (1747-1800)
[edit]1. James Fisher (1749-1764)
2. John Swanston (1764-1767)
3. John Brown of Haddington (1768-1787)
4. George Lawson (1787-1800).[6]
New Light (1800-1820)
[edit]1. George Lawson (1787-1800).[6]
2. John Dick (1820)
Old Light (1800-1839)
[edit]1. William Willis (1800-1803)[7]
2. George Hill (1803-1819)
3. William Taylor (appointed interim Professor, 1818) (1819-1833) (died 1836)
4. Michael Willis (1835-1839)
References
[edit]Citations
- ^ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. 1913. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
A member of that party, among the Scotch seceders, which asserted the lawfulness of the burgess oath (in which burgesses profess the true religion professed within the realm"), the opposite party being called antiburghers.
- ^ Jorgenson, Dale A. (1989). Theological and Aesthetic Roots in the Stone-Campbell Movement. Kirksville, Missouri: The Thomas Jefferson University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-943549-04-3.
- ^ Biblical Cyclopedia website
- ^ Scots Archive Search website
- ^ Scots Archive Search website
- ^ a b c Paton, Henry (1892). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 32. pp. 289–290.
- ^ Annals and statistics of the original Secession church: till its disruption and union with the Free church of Scotland in 1852, page 611
Sources
- McKerrow, John (1839). "Controversy Respecting the Burgess-Oath". History of the Secession Church. Edinburgh: William Oliphant and Son. pp. 272–278.
- Scott, David (1886). Annals and statistics of the original Secession church: till its disruption and union with the Free church of Scotland in 1852. Edinburgh : A. Elliot.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.