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Boehringer Ingelheim

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C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Co. KG
Company typePrivately held Kommanditgesellschaft with an Aktiengesellschaft as general partner
IndustryPharmaceuticals
Founded1885; 139 years ago (1885) in Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
FounderAlbert Boehringer
Headquarters
Ingelheim
,
Germany
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Hubertus von Baumbach, Chairman of the board,
  • Michael Schmelmer, Vice Chairman
  • Carinne Brouillon, board member
  • Shashank Deshpande, board member
  • Paola Casarosa, board member
  • Frank Hübler, board member[1]
ProductsPharmaceuticals and Animal Health
RevenueIncrease €25.6 billion (2023)[2]
OwnerBoehringer, Liebrecht and von Baumbach families
Number of employees
53,565 (2023)[2]
Websiteboehringer-ingelheim.com

C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Co. KG is the parent company of the Boehringer Ingelheim group, which was founded in 1885 by Albert Boehringer (1861–1939) in Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany. As of 2018, Boehringer Ingelheim is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies, and the largest private one. Headquartered in Ingelheim, it operates globally with 146 affiliates and more than 47,700 employees. Unlike most large pharmaceutical companies which are listed, the company is private and fully owned by the Boehringer, Liebrecht and von Baumbach families.[3] The company's key areas of interest are: respiratory diseases, metabolism, immunology, oncology and diseases of the central nervous system. Boehringer Ingelheim is a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). The corporate logo of Boehringer Ingelheim depicts a stylized rendition of the central section of the imperial palace of Charlemagne.[4]

History

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Albert Boehringer, founder of Boehringer Ingelheim, in August 1885


Aerial footage of company's headquarters
Poster for Boeson baking powder, the first patented Boehringer Ingelheim product in year 1895


1885–1999

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  • 1885: Albert Boehringer buys a small tartar factory in Ingelheim am Rhein; work begins on 1 August.[5]
  • 1886: The factory commences production of tartaric acid for use in the food industry (e.g. in baking powder and carbonated beverages).
  • 1893: Albert Boehringer renames the company C. H. Boehringer Sohn (CHBS) after his father, Christoph Heinrich Boehringer.[6]
  • 1893: While experimenting with the production of citric acid, lactic acid is formed. Albert Boehringer develops this process, with the intention of producing lactic acid on a larger scale.
  • 1895: Lactic acid is produced on an industrial scale, and is successful commercially.
  • 1917: Professor Heinrich Otto Wieland, chemist, future Nobel Prize winner and cousin of Albert Boehringer, sets up the company's research department.
  • 1928: Albert Boehringer purchases Dr. Karl Thomae, a company based in Winnenden near Stuttgart.[7]
  • 1946: Dr. Karl Thomae GmbH is re-opened in Biberach an der Riss with a staff of 70 people.
  • 1954: The company hires former Nazi Fritz Fischer after he is released from jail. Fischer was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials. This has never been corroborated or authenticated.[8]

The company supplied the most potent ingredient of Agent Orange.[9]

  • 1955: The Animal Health division is established as the company acquires Pfizer's veterinary programme.
  • 1966: A subsidiary company named Boehringer Ingelheim Hellas was founded and the company started business in Greece. A new factory was built close to Athens at Koropi
  • 1971: The foreign subsidiary, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc is founded in Ridgefield, Connecticut (USA). This site is soon expanded, and becomes the company's North American research centre.
  • 1985: The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) is established in Vienna through a collaboration with Genentech; it opens in 1988.[citation needed]
  • 1986: The biotechnological centre in Biberach begins production of biopharmaceuticals from cell cultures.[10][citation needed]
  • 1998: The merging of Boehringer Ingelheim KG and Dr. Karl Thomae GmbH founds Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG.

2000–2016

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In 2004, the company acquired STEAG microParts GmbH.[11] In December of the same year the company announced the acquisition of the outstanding shares of Boehringer Ingelheim Shionogi Vetmedica.[12]

In June 2008, the company announced its intention to acquire Actimis Pharmaceuticals for $515 million, depending on the performance of Actimis' leading asthma compound AP768.[13]

In 2009, through its US subsidiary, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., acquired a significant portion of the Fort Dodge Animal Health business from Pfizer.[14]

In 2010, BI, through its Boehringer Ingelheim Japan Investment GK subsidiary, acquired all outstanding shares of SSP CO., Ltd, with Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd already holding 60.2% of SSP CO's shares.[15]

In August 2012, the company acquired FX125L and the somatotaxin programme from Funxional Therapeutics for an undisclosed sum.[16]

In May 2015, the company acquired the investigational drug PXS4728A from Pharmaxis’.[17] In July, the company sold its Roxane business to Hikma Pharmaceuticals Plc for $2.65 billion ($1.18 billion in cash and issue 40 million new Hikma shares). The company also agreed to make cash payments of up to $125 million based on performance milestones.[18][19] On the same day the company announced it would partner with Hanmi Pharmaceutical to develop and commercialise HM61713, a third generation treatment for EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer.[20] Boehringer also terminated its collaboration with Vitae Pharmaceuticals on a new BACE program for Alzheimer's.[21]

The company sold the rights to Faldaprevir, a HCV protease inhibitor to Trek Therapeutics.[22]

In July 2016, the company sold the commercialisation rights to BI 655066 (Risankizumab), to AbbVie for $595 million upfront as well as undisclosed milestone payments and royalties. BI 655066 is a drug in late-stage testing for psoriasis, and in earlier testing for Crohn's disease, psoriatic arthritis and asthma.[23] In September of the same year the company announced it would acquire ViraTherapeutics for €210 million ($230 million[24]), a developer of oncolytic virus therapies, dependent on the success of Phase I trials.[25][26]

2016 – Sanofi asset swap

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See also: Sanofi and Merial

In June 2016, the company announced it had struck an asset-swap deal with Sanofi, Boehringer would sell its consumer health division (valuing it at €6.7 billion) and €4.7 billion in cash, whilst acquiring the Merial animal health division (valuing it at €11.4 billion / $12.4 billion). The deal could mean that Boehringer is now one of the animal healthcare global leaders.[27] In September of the same year, Amgen announced it would purchase the rights to Boehringer Ingelheims Phase I bispecific T-cell engager compound (BI 836909, now AMG 420) for use in the treatment of multiple myeloma.[28] As part of the asset swap, Boehringer and Merial sold a number of assets to Ceva Santé Animale - namely some animal health vaccines and pharmaceuticals from the Merial portfolio for swine, bovine and companion animals, as well as some intellectual property, manufacturing processes and R&D activities.[29][30] In October 2016 the company sold its US pet vaccines business and a manufacturing plant for $885 million, to Eli Lilly's Elanco Animal Health division.[31][32]

2018–onwards

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In April 2018, the company announced that it would launch an immuno-oncology partnership with OSE Immunotherapeutics worth up-to-$1.4 billion, focussing on developing OSE's late-preclinical-stage candidate OSE-172, a checkpoint inhibitor antibody designed to treat solid tumors.[33] In the same month Boehringer announced a partnership with Topas Therapeutics and their virus-based vectors.[34] In mid-September the company exercised its option to acquire viral cancer therapy developer, ViraTherapeutics, for €210 million ($245 million).[35]

In March 2019, Boehringer announced it would acquire ICD Therapeutics.[36] In July, subsidiary company Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced it had acquired Amal Therapeutics SA, boostings the business' focus on cancer immunotherapy and vaccine treatments.[37]

In May 2020, the business announced it would acquire Northern Biologics Inc. which focuses on therapeutic antibodies targeting tumours.[38] In June, the business announced it would sell off part of its stake in London-listed Hikma Pharmaceuticals (28 million out of a 40 million share holding) for around $800 million.[39] In July, the company announced it would acquire Global Stem cell Technology (GST), boosting its animal health business.[40] In December, Boehringer announced it would acquire Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen, boosting its immuno-oncology therapy range including Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and cancer vaccines platforms[41] and Swiss-based NBE Therapeutics, adding drug candidates including a treatment being used in early trials against triple-negative breast cancer and lung cancer, for $1.5 billion.[42][43]

In June 2020, Boehringer and G1 Therapeutics announced a co-promotion agreement for trilaciclib (Cosela), a CDK4/6 inhibitor designed to prevent chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression.[44] The agreement targets small cell lung cancer, will initially run for three years, and covers the United States and Puerto Rico.[45]

In September 2021, the company announced it would acquire Abexxa Biologics, boosting its cancer immunotherapy research.[46]

In 2023, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s Madrid Yearly Review ranked Boehringer's number of marks applications filled under the Madrid System as 4th in the world, with 118 trademarks applications submitted during 2023.[47]

Business overview

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Boehringer Ingelheim works in human pharmaceuticals, animal health, and biopharmaceuticals. The group consists of 145 affiliated companies with around 50,000 employees in 2017 in all continents. Research and development facilities were in five sites and 20 production plants in 13 countries. The research and development facilities are located in Biberach (Germany), Ridgefield (Connecticut), Vienna, Kobe, and Milan (closed in 2017). Over 8,000 employees work for Boehringer Ingelheim in research and development.[48]

Operational sites

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Boehringer Ingelheim is a globally operating company, with 146 subsidiaries around the globe. The company's largest site and corporate headquarters is in Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz and Frankfurt, Germany. Their main business regions are Europe, North America and Asia. The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology in Vienna (Austria), founded in 1985, has had Boehringer Ingelheim as its main sponsor since 1993.[49]

Closure of Bedford plant

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In 2011, Ben Venue Laboratories in Bedford, Ohio, a division of Boehringer Ingelheim, voluntarily shut down after a U.S. Food and Drug Administration inspectors' report that found the plant had rusty tools, mold, and a barrel of 'unknown liquid', later found to be urine.[50][51] The company invested US$300,000,000 to upgrade the drug manufacturing plant, and limited production resumed in October 2012.[51] However, on 3 October 2013, Ben Venue announced that it would be ceasing production by the end of 2013 due to being unable to "return to sustainable production."[52]

Collaborative research and partnership with Google Quantum AI

[edit]

Boehringer Ingelheim is involved in publicly funded collaborative research projects with other industrial and academic partners. One example in the area of non-clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox.[53][54] The company is expanding its activities in joint research projects within the framework of the Innovative Medicines Initiative of EFPIA and the European Commission.[55] On January 11, 2021, Boehringer Ingelheim announced a collaborative agreement with Google Quantum AI (Google), focusing on researching and implementing cutting-edge use cases for quantum computing in pharmaceutical research and development (R&D), specifically including molecular dynamics simulations. Boehringer Ingelheim is the first pharmaceutical company worldwide to join forces with Google in quantum computing in a newly established Quantum Lab of Boehringer Ingelheim.[56] Boehringer Ingelheim is also a founding member of the Quantum Technology and Application Consortium (QUTAC).[57]

Products

[edit]

Key lines

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Prescription Medicines:

Consumer Health Care (sold to Sanofi):

Animal Health:

Also in companion animal portfolio: Purevax feline vaccines, Recombitek canine vaccine, Imrab rabies vaccine, NexGard (afoxolaner), NexGard Spectra (afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime), NexGard Combo (esafoxolaner/eprinomectin/praziquantel), Heartgard-30 Plus (ivermectin/pyrantel pamoate), Immiticide (melarsomine), Senvelgo (velagliflozin)

Product pipeline

[edit]

Boehringer Ingelheim's product pipeline targets lung disease, cancer, and hepatitis C.[58]

Drug Name Description Potential Indication Testing Phase
Olodaterol Long-acting beta-agonist Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Approved
Tiotropium Long acting muscarinic antagonist Cystic fibrosis (CF) / asthma. Already approved for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Approved
Nintedanib Triple angiokinase inhibitor, simultaneously blocks VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) / non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) / ovarian cancer Phase III
Afatinib Irreversible ErbB family blocker Breast cancer / head and neck cancer. Already approved for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Phase III
Volasertib PLK1 antagonist Various cancer types Phase III
Deleobuvir (formerly BI 207127) NS5B RNA-dependent polymerase inhibitor Hepatitis C Phase III
Faldaprevir (formerly BI 201335) NS3/4A protease inhibitor Hepatitis C Phase III
Empagliflozin SGLT-2-inhibitor Diabetes mellitus type II Approved[59]
Idarucizumab Humanized antibody fragment (FAB), specific reversal agent to dabigatran Reversal of dabigatran-induced anticoagulation in case of an emergency Phase III

Litigation

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In October 2012 Boehringer Ingelheim settled a "qui tam" (whistleblower) case with the U.S. government for $95 million alleging "off-label" marketing of the drugs Aggrenox, Atrovent, Combivent, and Micardis for uses that weren't approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and were not covered by federal health care programs.[60]

In August 2012, Pradaxa claims filed in the federal court were consolidated in a multi-district litigation in the Southern District of Illinois before Chief Judge David R. Herndon. On 28 May 2014, a $650 million settlement was announced on behalf of approximately 3,900 claimants who were injured by the drug Pradaxa made by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The drug is alleged to cause severe bleeding events and/or hemorrhaging to those who were taking the drug.[61]

In October 2023 Boehringer Ingelheim was ordered to pay a 10 million Euro fine for illegal price fixing that had gone on globally over a period of nearly fifteen years.[62][63][64] Boehringer bears the largest share of an antitrust fine totaling € 13.4 million.[62][65] Anyone affected by its anti-competitive behavior may claim damages, competition regulators stressed.[65]

Ownership and leadership

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As a private company, Boehringer Ingelheim (BI) is not required to disclose detailed financial information publicly; the owners have considered an IPO and ruled it out.[66] In 2006, the Chairman of the Shareholders’ Committee Dr Heribert Johann retired and Christian Boehringer took over the position as chairperson of the board of directors.[67] As of 2018 Christian Boehringer remains in this position.[68] In 2015, then-CFO Hubertus von Baumbach took over the position of Chairman of the Board of Managing Directors, a CEO position, to replace Andreas Barner[69] who had taken the position in 2009.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Board of Managing Directors". boehringer-ingelheim.com. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Annual Report 2023 Highlights" (PDF). Boehringer Ingelheim. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  3. ^ "Billionaire Dynasties". Forbes. 2001-06-21. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  4. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim Logo". Famous Logos. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  5. ^ "1885-1948 boehringer-ingelheim". Boehringer Ingelheim. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  6. ^ "1885-1948". www.boehringer-ingelheim.com. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  7. ^ "Indian group purchases UK based company". Sealing Technology. 2008 (8): 5. August 2008. doi:10.1016/s1350-4789(08)70445-8. ISSN 1350-4789.
  8. ^ "Pradaxa Manufacturer - Boehringer Ingelheim". www.drugrisk.com. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  9. ^ "German president's son Fritz von Weizsäcker stabbed to death in lecture in Berlin | World | The Times". The Times. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  10. ^ "1948-1988". mena.boehringer-ingelheim.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
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  12. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim Announces Acquisition of the Remaining Shares in Boehringer Ingelheim Shionogi Vetmedica (BISV)". Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
  13. ^ "Actimis.com" (PDF). www.actimis.com. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  14. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim to Acquire Some Fort Dodge Equine Products – The Horse". thehorse.com. 3 November 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  15. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim announces its intention to acquire all the outstanding shares in SSP Co., Ltd. ("SSP") through a tender offer". 18 February 2010.
  16. ^ site., Who made this. "Boehringer Ingelheim and Funxional Therapeutics announce acquisition of Funxional's FX125L - Cambridge Enterprise".
  17. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim acquires Pharmaxis' PXS4728A". www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com.
  18. ^ Fourcade, Marthe (28 July 2015). "Hikma to Buy Boehringer Ingelheim's Roxane for $2.65 Billion". Bloomberg.
  19. ^ "Hikma Buys Roxane for $2.65B, Expanding U.S. Generics Presence - GEN News Highlights - GEN". 28 July 2015.
  20. ^ "Boehringer Licenses Hanmi Lung Cancer Drug for Up-to $730M+ - GEN News Highlights - GEN". 28 July 2015.
  21. ^ "Boehringer dumps its Alzheimer's BACE pact with Vitae - FierceBiotech".
  22. ^ "Portfolio - Trek Therapeutics".
  23. ^ Daily, Investor's Business (7 March 2016). "AbbVie Bolsters Immunology Business, Acquires Boehringer Drug - Stock News & Stock Market Analysis - IBD". Investor's Business Daily. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  24. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim Bets 230 Million on Newcomer ViraTherapeuticss Immune Oncology Pipeline". www.biospace.com.
  25. ^ "Boehringer offers €210M to get into Virus-based Immuno-Oncology". 29 September 2016.
  26. ^ "Boehringer nabs up to €210M oncolytic virus option deal with Austrian startup - FierceBiotech". www.fiercebiotech.com.
  27. ^ "Aiming for top dog status, Sanofi and Boehringer swap animal and consumer health units - FiercePharma".
  28. ^ "Amgen Buys Rights to Myeloma BiTE Immunotherapy from Boehringer Ingelheim - GEN News Highlights - GEN". September 2016.
  29. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim announces agreement with Ceva Santé Animale for the sale of certain Merial assets". boehringer-ingelheim.com.
  30. ^ "FTC Requires Divestitures as Condition to Proposed $13.53 Billion Deal between German Pharmaceutical Boehringer Ingelheim and Paris-based Sanofi". 28 December 2016.
  31. ^ "domain-b.com : Eli Lilly to buy Boehringer Ingelheim's US pet vaccines business for $885 mn". www.domain-b.com.
  32. ^ "Elanco Animal Health Enters Agreement to Acquire Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica's U.S. Feline, Canine and Rabies Vaccines Portfolio".
  33. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim, OSE Launch Up-to-$1.4B+ Immuno-Oncology Partnership". www.genengnews.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  34. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim, Topas Launch Antigen-Specific Tolerance Induction Partnership". genengnews.com. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  35. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim to Co-Develop ViraTherapeutics' Oncolytic Virus Platform, Candidate". genengnews.com. 28 September 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
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  38. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim Acquires Northern Biologics' Preclinical Cancer Antibody Pipeline, Expanding Immuno-oncology Portfolio".
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  40. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim acquires GST to strengthen its stem cell capabilities in Animal Health".
  41. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim to Acquire Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen to Strengthen its Next Generation Cancer Immunology Program".
  42. ^ Miller, John. "Boehringer gets into 'guided-missile drugs' with $1.5 billion deal for NBE". U.S. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020.
  43. ^ "Bolstering Cancer Platform, Boehringer Acquires NBE for $1.4B USD".
  44. ^ "G1 Therapeutics and Boehringer Ingelheim Announce Co-Promotion Agreement for Trilaciclib in Small Cell Lung Cancer in the United States and Puerto Rico". CRWE World. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  45. ^ "G1 Therapeutics and Boehringer Ingelheim Collaborate to Co-Promote Trilaciclib for Small Cell Lung Cancer in the US and Puerto Rico". Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  46. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim Acquires Abexxa Biologics to Further Expand its Research Efforts in Cancer Immunology and Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches".
  47. ^ "Madrid Yearly Review 2024" (PDF). p. 22.
  48. ^ Bosak, Chris (2018-04-26). "Boehringer Ingelheim commits $24B to R&D by 2025". NewsTimes. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  49. ^ Staff (15 January 2015). "Boehringer May Sell U.S. Generics Unit". Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Putman Media. Bloomberg.
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  51. ^ a b Thomas, Katie (18 October 2012). "Lapses at Big Drug Factories Add to Shortages and Danger". The New York Times. p. A1.
  52. ^ "Ben Venue Laboratories, Inc to Cease Production" (Press release). Ben Venu Laboratories. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
  53. ^ Mattes, William B. (2008). "Public Consortium Efforts in Toxicogenomics". In Mendrick, Donna L.; Mattes, William B. (eds.). Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 460. pp. 221–238. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_11. ISBN 978-1-58829-638-2. PMID 18449490.
  54. ^ "InnoMed PredTox". Genedata. InnoMed PredTox Members. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  55. ^ Innovative Medicines Initiative. "IMI Call Topics 2008" (PDF). EUROSFAIRE. France: Ministry of Higher Education and Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  56. ^ "Quantum Computing: Boehringer Ingelheim and Google Partner for Pharma R&D". Boehringer Ingelheim. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  57. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim becomes founding member of QUTAC". HPCi Media Limited. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  58. ^ "Pipeline". Boehringer Ingelheim. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  59. ^ "Press Announcements - FDA approves Jardiance to treat type 2 diabetes". Food and Drug Administration.
  60. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim pays $95 million to settle whistleblower case" (Press release). Phillips & Cohen. 25 October 2012.
  61. ^ Thomas, Katie (28 May 2014). "$650 Million to Settle Blood Thinner Lawsuits". The New York Times.
  62. ^ a b Aktuell, S. W. R. (2023-10-19). "Illegale Preisabsprachen: Pharmakonzern Boehringer muss 10 Millionen Euro Strafe zahlen". swr.online (in German). Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  63. ^ red, ORF at/Agenturen (2023-10-19). "Zehn Mio. Euro Strafe für Pharmakonzern Boehringer". news.ORF.at (in German). Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  64. ^ "EU issues first-ever pharmaceutical cartel decision". globalcompetitionreview.com. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  65. ^ a b "Preisabsprache: 10-Millionen-Strafe für Pharmakonzern Boehringer". boerse.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  66. ^ "This Secretive Clan Wants to Beat the World's Biggest Drugmakers". Bloomberg Businesweek. 2017-07-17. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
  67. ^ "Further step in generation change at Boehringer Ingelheim decided". thepigsite.com. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
  68. ^ "Annual Report (2017)" (PDF). Boehringer Ingelheim.
  69. ^ "Boehringer Ingelheim picks family member to lead it through tough times". FiercePharma. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
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