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Ama Ata Aidoo

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Ama Ata Aidoo
BornChristina Ama Ata Aidoo
(1942-03-23)23 March 1942
Abeadzi Kyiakor, Gold Coast (now Ghana)
Died31 May 2023(2023-05-31) (aged 81)[a]
Accra, Ghana
Occupation
  • Author
  • playwright
  • professor
EducationWesley Girls' High School
Alma materUniversity of Ghana
Genre
  • Drama
  • fiction
  • poetry
Subject
Notable works
Notable awardsCommonwealth Writers' Prize
1992

Ama Ata Aidoo (23 March 1942 – 31 May 2023)[1] was a Ghanaian author, poet, playwright, politician, and academic.[2][3] She was Secretary for Education in Ghana from 1982 to 1983 under Jerry Rawlings's PNDC administration. Her first play, The Dilemma of a Ghost, was published in 1965, making Aidoo the first published female African dramatist.[4] As a novelist, she won the Commonwealth Writers' Prize in 1992 with the novel Changes. In 2000, she established the Mbaasem Foundation in Accra to promote and support the work of African women writers.[5]

Early life

[edit]

Christina Ama Ata Aidoo was born on 23 March 1942 [6] in Abeadzi Kyiakor, near Saltpond, in the Central Region of Ghana. She was initially called Christiana Ama Aidoo.[7] Some sources ([8] including Megan Behrent, Brown University, and Africa Who's Who) have stated that she was born on 31 March.[9][10] She had a twin brother, Kwame Ata.[11][12]

Aidoo was raised in a Fante royal household, the daughter of Nana Yaw Fama, chief of Abeadzi Kyiakor, and Maame Abasema.[13] Her grandfather was murdered by neocolonialists,[14][15] which brought her father's attention to the importance of educating the children and families of the village on the history and events of the era. This led him to open up the first school in their village and influenced Aidoo to attend Wesley Girls' High School, where she first decided she wanted to be a writer.[16]

Education

[edit]

From 1957, Aidoo attended Wesley Girls' Senior High School in Cape Coast.[17][18] After high school, she enrolled in 1961 at the University of Ghana, Legon, where she obtained the degree of Bachelor of Arts in English and wrote her first play, The Dilemma of a Ghost, in 1964.[2] The play was published by Longman the following year, making Aidoo the first published female African dramatist.[4]

Career

[edit]

After graduating, Aidoo held a fellowship in creative writing at Stanford University in California[2] before returning to Ghana in 1969 to teach English at the University of Ghana.[19] She served as a research fellow at the Institute of African Studies there and as a lecturer in English at the University of Cape Coast, where she eventually rose to the position of professor.[20]

Aidoo was appointed Minister of Education under the Provisional National Defence Council in 1982. She resigned after 18 months, realizing that she would be unable to achieve her aim of making education in Ghana freely accessible to all.[21] She has portrayed the role of African women in contemporary society. She has opined that the idea of nationalism has been deployed by recent leaders as a means of keeping people oppressed.[22] She criticized those literate Africans who profess to love their country but are seduced by the benefits of the developed world.[23] She believed in a distinct African identity, which she viewed from a female perspective.[24] She held strong Pan-Africanist views on the necessity of unity among African countries and was outspoken about the centuries of exploitation of the Africa's resources and peoples.[25][26]

In 1983, she moved to live in Zimbabwe, where she continued her work in education, including as a curriculum developer for the Zimbabwe Ministry of Education, as well as writing.[27] While in Harare, she published a collection of poems in 1985, Someone Talking to Sometime, and wrote a children's book entitled The Eagle and the Chickens and Other Stories (1986).[28]

In London, England, in 1986, she delivered the Walter Rodney Visions of Africa lecture organized by the support group of Bogle-L'Ouverture publishing house.[29]

Aidoo received a Fulbright Scholarship award in 1988, was writer-in-residence at the University of Richmond, Virginia in 1989,[27] and taught various English courses at Hamilton College in Clinton New York in the early mid-1990s.

In 1991, she and African-American poet Jayne Cortez established and co-chaired the Organization of Women Writers of Africa (OWWA),[30] and board members of OWWA have included J. E. Franklin, Cheryll Y. Greene, Rashidah Ismaili, Louise Meriwether, Maya Angelou, Rosamond S. King, Margaret Busby, Gabrielle Civil, Alexis De Veaux, LaTasha N. Diggs, Zetta Elliott, Donette Francis, Paula Giddings, Renée Larrier, Tess Onwueme, Coumba Touré, Maryse Condé, Nancy Morejón, and Sapphire.[31]

From 2004 to 2011, Aidoo was a visiting professor in the Africana Studies Department at Brown University.[32]

She chaired the Ghana Association of Writers Book Festival from its inception in 2011.[33][34]

Aidoo was a patron of the Etisalat Prize for Literature (alongside Dele Olojede, Ellah Wakatama Allfrey, Margaret Busby, Sarah Ladipo Manyika, and Zakes Mda), created in 2013 as a platform for African writers of debut novels of fiction.[35][36]

Writings

[edit]

Aidoo's plays include The Dilemma of a Ghost, produced at Legon in 1964 (first published in 1965) and Pittsburgh in 1988, and Anowa, published in 1971 and produced at the Gate Theatre in London in 1991.[27][37]

Her works of fiction particularly deal with the tension between Western and African worldviews. Her first novel, Our Sister Killjoy, was published in 1977 and remains one of her most popular works. It is notable for portraying a dissenting perspective on sexuality in Africa, and especially LGBT in Africa. Whereas one popular idea on the continent is that homosexuality is alien to Africa and an intrusion of ideas of Western culture into a pure, inherently heterosexual "African" culture, Aidoo portrays the main character of Killjoy as indulging in lesbian fantasies of her own, and maintaining sympathetic relationships with lesbian characters.[38]

Many of Aidoo's other protagonists are also women who defy the stereotypical women's roles of their time, as in her play Anowa. Her novel Changes: A Love Story won the 1992 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best Book (Africa).[39] She was also an accomplished poet—her collection Someone Talking to Sometime won the Nelson Mandela Prize for Poetry in 1987[40]—and the author of several children's books.

Aidoo contributed the piece "To be a woman" to the 1984 anthology Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, edited by Robin Morgan.[41] Her story "Two Sisters" appears in the 1992 anthology Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby.[42]

In 2000, Aidoo founded the Mbaasem Foundation, a non-governmental organization based in Ghana with a mission "to support the development and sustainability of African women writers and their artistic output",[5] which she ran together with her daughter Kinna Likimani[43] and a board of management.[44]

Aidoo was editor of the anthology African Love Stories (Ayebia, 2006),[45] a collection of 21 stories by writers including Chika Unigwe, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Doreen Baingana, Nawal El Saadawi, Helen Oyeyemi, Leila Aboulela, Molara Ogundipe, Monica Arac de Nyeko, Sarah Ladipo Manyika, Sefi Atta, Sindiwe Magona, and Véronique Tadjo.[46][47] In 2012, Aidoo published Diplomatic Pounds & Other Stories, a compilation of short stories.[48]

Death

[edit]

Aidoo died on 31 May 2023 in Accra.[49][50][51][52][53] Praising her as "an outstanding writer, advocate for women's cause, the cause of Africans and the progressive people around the world", President Nana Akufo-Addo announced that she would be given a state funeral,[54][55] with rites held from 13 July to 16 July,[56][57][58] On 13 July, her funeral took place in the forecourt of the State House,[59] followed by lying-in-state at her home town of Abeadze Kyiakor on 15 July, and a thanksgiving church service and burial on Sunday, 16 July.[60][61]

Honours and recognition

[edit]

Aidoo received several awards, including winning the Mbari Club prize in 1962 for her short story "No Sweetness Here",[27] and the 1992 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best Book (Africa) for her novel Changes.[62]

In 2012, the volume Essays in honour of Ama Ata Aidoo at 70 was published, edited by Anne V. Adams, with contributors including Atukwei Okai, Margaret Busby, Maryse Condé, Micere Mugo, Toyin Falola, Biodun Jeyifo, Kofi Anyidoho, Naana Jane Opoku-Agyemang, Naana Banyiwa Horne, Nana Wilson-Tagoe, Carole Boyce Davies, Emmanuel Akyeampong, James Gibbs, Vincent O. Odamtten, Jane Bryce, Esi Sutherland-Addy, Femi Osofisan, Kwesi Yankah, Abena Busia, Yaba Badoe, Ivor Agyeman-Duah, Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi, Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, Kinna Likimani, and others.[63][64][65]

Aidoo was the subject of a 2014 documentary film, The Art of Ama Ata Aidoo, made by Yaba Badoe.[66][67][68]

The Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize, awarded by the Women's Caucus of the African Studies Association for an outstanding book published by a woman that prioritizes African women's experiences, is named in honour of Ama Ata Aidoo and of Margaret C. Snyder, who was the founding director of UNIFEM.[69]

In 2016, Aidoo's plays The Dilemma of a Ghost and Anowa were included as African Drama selections in the Cambridge International Examinations.[70]

Launched in March 2017, the Ama Ata Aidoo Centre for Creative Writing (Aidoo Centre), under the auspices of the Kojo Yankah School of Communications Studies at the African University College of Communications (AUCC) in Adabraka, Accra, was named in her honour[71]—the first centre of its kind in West Africa, with Nii Ayikwei Parkes as its director.[72][73]

Selected works

[edit]
  • The Dilemma of a Ghost (play), Accra: Longman, 1965. New York: Macmillan, 1971.[16][74][75][76]
  • Anowa (play based on a Ghanaian legend), London: Longman, 1970. New York: Humanities Press, 1970.[77]
  • No Sweetness Here: A Collection of Short Stories, London: Longman, 1970. New York: Doubleday.[78][79]
  • Our Sister Killjoy: or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint (novel), Longman, 1977.[16][80]
  • Someone Talking to Sometime (poetry collection), Harare: College Press, 1986.[79][81]
  • The Eagle and the Chickens and Other Stories (for children), Enugu: Tana Press, 1986.[79]
  • Birds and Other Poems, Harare: College Press, 1987.[81]
  • An Angry Letter in January (poems), Coventry: Dangaroo Press, 1992, ISSN 0106-5734[82]
  • Changes: A Love Story (novel), London: The Women's Press, 1991. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1993.[16][83]
  • The Girl Who Can and Other Stories, Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers, ISBN 978-0435910136; Heinemann African Writers Series, 1997.
  • Diplomatic Pounds & Other Stories, Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2012, ISBN 978-0956240194.

As editor

[edit]

Her background

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Many sources erroneously give 1942 as her date of birth.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danquah, Nana-Ama (2 June 2023). "We are here: In memory of Ghanaian writer Ama Ata Aidoo". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "Ama Ata Aidoo | Ghanaian writer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  3. ^ Hugon, Anne (31 August 2021). "Aidoo, Ama Ata". African History. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.469. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  4. ^ a b Banyiwa Horne, Naana (2001). "Aidoo, Ama Ata". Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing. Routledge.
  5. ^ a b "Welcome to Mbaasem". Mbaasem Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  6. ^ "Late Prof. Ama Ata Aidoo to be honoured with state-assisted burial". Modern Ghana. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  7. ^ Kamata, Suzanne (26 November 2021). "A Profile of Ama Ata Aidoo". Literary Mama. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  8. ^ "Ama Ata Aidoo: Ghana's famous author and feminist dies". BBC News. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  9. ^ Behrent, Megan. "Ama Ata Aidoo: Biographical Introduction". www.postcolonialweb.org. Archived from the original on 22 May 2003. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  10. ^ Uwechue, Raph (1996). Africa Who's Who. London: Africa Books Limited. pp. 80–81. ISBN 9780798303446.
  11. ^ Odamtten, Vincent Okpoti (26 April 2000). "'For Her Own (Works') Quality' The Poetry of Ama Ata Aidoo". Matatu. 21–22 (1): 209–216. doi:10.1163/18757421-90000320.
  12. ^ Okoampa-Ahoofe, Kwame Jr (6 September 2016). "Prof. Ama Ata Aidoo's action is about principles, not sheer human foibles". GhanaWeb. Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  13. ^ "AMA ATA AIDOO (1942–)" Archived 2 June 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Postcolonial African Writers, Routledge, 1998.
  14. ^ Diamond, Marie Josephine (2011). Encyclopedia of World Writers, 1800 to the Present. New York: Facts On File Library of World Literature. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8160-8204-9. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
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  20. ^ Jagne, Siga Fatima; Pushpa Naidu Parekh, eds. (1998). "Ama Ata Aidoo (1942–)". Postcolonial African Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 9781136593970. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  21. ^ "Ama Ata Aidoo" Archived 4 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine, BBC World Service.
  22. ^ Livingston, Robert Eric, "Using the Master's Tools: Resistance and the Literature of the African and South Asian Diasporas (review)", Research in African Literatures (Indiana University Press), Volume 33, Number 4, Winter 2002, pp. 219–221. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/ral.2002.0111.
  23. ^ Needham, Anuradha Dingwaney; Aidoo, Ama Ata (1995). "An Interview with Ama Ata Aidoo". The Massachusetts Review. 36 (1): 123–133. ISSN 0025-4878. JSTOR 25090585.
  24. ^ "African Success: Biography of Ama Ata AIDOO". African Success. 17 July 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
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  27. ^ a b c d "Aidoo, (Christina) Ama Ata 1942–". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  28. ^ Murphy, Brian (9 June 2023). "Ama Ata Aidoo, Ghanaian writer who was voice of African women, dies at 81". Washington Post.
  29. ^ "Friends of Bogle" Archived 8 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, (London Metropolitan Archives), Aim 25, Archives in London and the M25 area.
  30. ^ Ruffin, Kimberly N. (2010). Black on Earth: African American Ecoliterary Traditions. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press. p. 151. ISBN 9780820337531. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  31. ^ "OWWA’s First 20 Years" Archived March 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Organization of Women Writers of Africa, Inc.
  32. ^ "Brown bids farewell to playwright Ama Ata Aidoo". Brown University. 21 January 2011. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2023 – via YouTube.
  33. ^ Gyan-Apenteng, Nana Kwasi (5 June 2023). "Obituary: Professor Ama Ata Aidoo". Graphic Online. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  34. ^ "Ghana Association of Writers eulogises Ama Ata Aidoo". yfmghana.com. 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  35. ^ Agbedeh, Terh (26 June 2013). "Sustainability of literary prizes, as new one debuts". National Mirror. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. ^ "2015 Etisalat Prize for Literature Longlist Revealed". African Literary Magazines. The Single Story Foundation. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  37. ^ "Programme for Anowa". tradingfacesonline.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  38. ^ Epprecht, Marc (2006). "Ama Ata Aidoo". In Gerstner, David A. (ed.). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 9780415306515. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  39. ^ Shaffi, Sarah (2 June 2023). "Author Ama Ata Aidoo, 'an inspiration to feminists everywhere', dies aged 81". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  40. ^ Ama Ata Aidoo biography Archived 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Heinemann/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  41. ^ "Table of Contents: Sisterhood is global". Catalog.vsc.edu. Anchor Press/Doubleday. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  42. ^ Aidoo, Ama Ata, "Two Sisters", in Margaret Busby (ed.), Daughters of Africa, London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, pp. 532–542.
  43. ^ " Ghana international Book fair – Kinna Likimani" Archived 11 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, YouTube, 2010.
  44. ^ "Management and Board" Archived 25 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Mbaasem Foundation.
  45. ^ "Yaba Badoe's African Love Story, 'The Rival'" Archived 2 June 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Buried in Print, 16 November 2011.
  46. ^ "African Love Stories, edited by Ama Ata Aidoo". Kinna Reads. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  47. ^ "Book Review: African Love Stories". Bookshy. February 2012. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  48. ^ "Diplomatic Pounds & Other Stories" Archived 8 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine, via Google Books.
  49. ^ "Renowned Ghanaian writer Prof. Ama Ata Aidoo is dead". GhanaWeb. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  50. ^ "Ghanaian writer Prof Ama Ata Aidoo is dead". Graphic Online. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  51. ^ "Ama Ata Aidoo: Ghana's famous author and feminist dies". BBC News. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  52. ^ Kubi, Vincent (31 May 2023). "Celebrated Playwright Prof Ama Ata Aidoo Is Dead". Daily Guide Network. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  53. ^ Yeboah-Afari, Ajoa (5 June 2023). "Remembering Professor Ama Ata Aidoo, our 'Auntie Ama'". GhanaWeb. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  54. ^ Dapatem, Donald Ato (14 June 2023). "Prof Ama Ata Aidoo to be given state burial". Graphic Online. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  55. ^ "Ghana: President Akufo-Addo Condoles With Family Of Ama Ata Aidoo …Renowned Author Gets State-Assisted Funeral". African Business. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  56. ^ "State-assisted funeral arrangements for Ama Ata Aidoo slated for July 13–16". GhanaWeb. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  57. ^ "Ama Ata Aidoo Goes Home In July". Daily Guide Network. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  58. ^ Annang, Evans (15 June 2023). "Ama Ata Aidoo will get a state assisted funeral – Akufo-Addo". pulse.com.gh. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  59. ^ "State funeral for Prof Ama Ata Aidoo on July 13". News Ghana. 3 July 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  60. ^ Ekuful, Cliff (14 July 2023). "A literary giant has fallen …President says as he mourns Ama Ata Aidoo". Ghanaian Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  61. ^ Ahiable, Gloria Kafui (13 July 2023). "The World Will Miss Ama Ata Aidoo – Akufo-Addo". The Ghana Report. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  62. ^ Verge, Violetta Jojo (2015). The Re-Presentation of Africa and the African in Anglophone West African Literature: Buchi Emecheta and Ama Ata Aidoo (PDF). San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  63. ^ Adams, Anne V., ed. (2012). Essays in Honour of Ama Ata Aidoo at 70 : A Reader in African Cultural Studies. Ayebia. ISBN 9780956930705. OCLC 793497349. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  64. ^ "Ama Ata Aidoo At 70 – New African Magazine". newafricanmagazine.com. March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  65. ^ "Essays in Honour of Ama Ata Aidoo at 70: A Reader in African Cultural Studies | Table of Contents". Barnes & Noble. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
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  68. ^ Chambas, Shakira, and Sionne Neely, "The Art of AMA ATA AIDOO: Documentary Film Launch" Archived 12 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine, African Women's Development Fund, 26 September 2014.
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  71. ^ "AUCC Launches Ama Ata Aidoo Centre for Creative Writing" Archived 26 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Modern Ghana, 15 March 2017.
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Further reading

[edit]
Library resources about
Ama Ata Aidoo
By Ama Ata Aidoo
  • Adams, Anne V. (editor), Essays in Honour of Ama Ata Aidoo at 70: A Reader in African Cultural Studies, Banbury, Oxfordshire, UK: Ayebia Clake Publishing, 2012, ISBN 9780956930705.
  • Allen, Nafeesah, "Negotiating with the Diaspora: an Interview with Ama Ata Aidoo", Scholar & Feminist Online, 2009.
  • Azodo, Ada Uzoamaka and G. Wilentz, Emerging Perspectives on Ama Ata Aidoo, Africa Research & Publications, 1999.
  • Deandrea, Pietro, Fertile Crossings: Metamorphoses of Genre in Anglophone West African Literature. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, 2002, pp. 16–22, isbn 9789042014787.
  • Frías, María, "An Interview with Ama Ata Aidoo: 'I Learnt my First Feminist Lessons in Africa'", Revista Alicantina de Estudis Ingleses, No. 16, November 2003, pp. 317–335.
  • George, Rosemary Marangoly, and Helen Scott, "A New Tail to an Old Tale": An Interview with Ama Ata Aidoo", Novel: A Forum on Fiction, Vol. 26, No. 3, African Literature Issue (Spring 1993), pp. 297–308. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1345838.
  • Misra, Aditya, "Death in Surprise: Gender and Power Dynamics in Ama Ata Aidoo's Anowa". Journal of Drama Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2012, pp. 81–91.
  • Odamtten, Vincent O., The Art of Ama Ata Aidoo: Polylectics and Reading Against Neocolonialism. University Press of Florida, 1994.
  • Pujolràs-Noguer, Esther, An African (Auto)biography. Ama Ata Aidoo's Literary Quest: Strangeness, Nation and Tradition, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012.
[edit]
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