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Fethi Okyar

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Fethi Okyar
2nd Prime Minister of Turkey
In office
22 November 1924 – 3 March 1925
PresidentMustafa Kemal Atatürk
Preceded byİsmet İnönü
Succeeded byİsmet İnönü
4th Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly
In office
14 August 1923 – 27 October 1923
Preceded byRauf Orbay
Succeeded byİsmet İnönü (As Prime Minister of Turkey)
3rd Speaker of the Grand National Assembly
In office
1 November 1923 – 22 November 1924
PresidentMustafa Kemal Atatürk
Prime Ministerİsmet İnönü
Preceded byMustafa Kemal Atatürk
Succeeded byKâzım Özalp
Member of the Grand National Assembly
In office
8 February 1935 – 7 May 1943
ConstituencyBolu (1935, 1939, 1943)
In office
28 June 1923 – 25 April 1931
ConstituencyIstanbul (1923)
Gümüşhane (1927)
Minister of Justice
In office
26 May 1939 – 12 March 1941
Presidentİsmet İnönü
Prime MinisterRefik Saydam
Preceded byTevfik Fikret Sılay
Succeeded byHasan Menemencioğlu
Minister of National Defense
In office
22 November 1924 – 3 March 1925
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byKâzım Fikri
Succeeded byMehmet Recep
Minister of the Interior of the Government of the Grand National Assembly
In office
5 November 1922 – 27 October 1923
Preceded byİsmail Safa Özler
Succeeded byAhmet Ferit Tek
In office
10 October 1921 – 9 July 1922
Preceded byRefet Bele
Succeeded byİsmail Safa
Minister of the Interior (Ottoman Empire)
In office
14 October 1918 – 8 November 1918
First MinisterAhmet İzzet
Preceded byMehmet Talaat (acting)
Succeeded byMustafa Arif
Personal details
Born
Ali Fethi

(1880-04-29)29 April 1880
Prilep, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (modern North Macedonia)
Died7 May 1943(1943-05-07) (aged 63)
Istanbul, Turkey
Political partyRepublican People's Party (1930–1943)
Liberal Republican Party (1930)
Republican People's Party (1923–1930)
Ottoman Liberal People's Party (1918–1919)
Union and Progress Party (1913–1918)
Military service
AllegianceOttoman Empire
Branch/serviceOttoman Army
Years of service1898–1923
RankLieutenant General
Battles/wars
Macedonian Struggle
Italo-Turkish War
Balkan Wars

Ali Fethi Okyar (29 April 1880 – 7 May 1943) was a Turkish diplomat and politician, who also served as a military officer and diplomat during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire. He was also the second Prime Minister of Turkey (1924–1925) and the second Speaker of the Turkish Parliament after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Early life

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Ali Fethi (Okyar after 1934) was born in the Ottoman town of Prilep in Manastir Vilayet (present-day North Macedonia) to an Albanian family.[1][2][3] Some sources also claim that he was of Circassian descent.[4] His father was İsmail Hakkı Bey, a civil servant in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs who died when Ali Fethi was young. His uncle Müderris İbrahim Ethem Efendi, who was the Governor of Manastır at the time, helped to complete his education.[5]

He attended the Monastir Military High School, where he was a friend of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), helping him with French and introducing him to French political thought.[6] Politics began to interest him during this period, as he began reading Namık Kemal's works. Fethi entered the Military Academy with Kemal in 1898.[7] There he befriended with figures like Ali Fuat (Cebesoy), Şevket, Cafer Tayyar (Eğilmez), Kara Vasıf, and Mürsel. He went further into dangerous literature, reading books smuggled into to the country by Committee of Union and Progress.[8] He had the opportunity to read the works of Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Mirebeau, and Robespierre. Tevfik Fikret's works were also among those read. With the impressions these works left on his own worlds; he joined in the discussions he had with his friends about exile, oppression, and freedom. After graduating from the Harbiye with the rank of "Infantry Lieutenant" in 1900, he continued his education in the War Institute, graduating top of his class in 1903.[9][10][11]

Career in the Ottoman Empire

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In 1904, Fethi began his duty as a staff captain in the Third Army in Salonika in the 13th Cavalry Regiment. During his internship training he came face to face with Bulgarian, Serbian, and Greek chetas and committee units. He was promoted to the rank of Kolağası in 1906. On 30 April 1906 he was appointed as an assistant course supervisor at the Edirne War School, despite his wishes. He was soon appointed to Third Army's Mahçova (Metsovo) Greek Border Zone Command in August 1906. On 1 March 1907 he was appointed to the Salonika Eastern Railway Line Inspectorate.

While on the staff of the Third Army Marshal İbrahim Pasha, he played an important role in the clashes with Greek committee bands, which became more active after the Reval meeting between King Edward VII and Tsar Nicholas II, and in Strebne.[where?] Upon the suggestion of Rumelia Inspector Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha, he was appointed as the commander of the Salonika Gendarmerie Officer's School on 21 March 1908 and promoted to the rank of "Major".

Revolutionary career

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In 1907, he was indicted into the Committee of Union and Progress by one of the members of the General Staff, Major İsmail Hakkı. Hakkı advised him to go to Manastir (Bitola) and asked him to meet İsmail Enver Bey, where he was initiated with Enver's guidance. He returned to Kesriye (Kastoria) opened a CUP cell there. He quickly became an important member, becoming a member of the Salonika central committee with İsmail Canbulat, Mithat Şükrü, Topçu Rasim, and Hamdi. During this period of military service, he also worked to induct new members for the CUP. When Mustafa Kemal was assigned to the Third Army in Selanik in October 1907, Fethi made sure to induct him into the committee, and also for Mustafa İsmet (İnönü). As membership in the committee increased, new branches cells were formed, many of which were administered by him. After Paris and Salonika became the two centers of the CUP, it was Fethi that handled communication between Salonika and other branches.[12]

Following the Reval meetings between King Edward VII and Tsar Nicholas II, on June 25, 1908, Ali Fethi Bey and the leading figures of the CUP gathered at the house of Manyasizade Refik Bey, the chief of the Salonika branch, to discuss a response. These events initiated the beginning of the Young Turk Revolution. It was decided that the Unionists should rise in revolt and that if necessary, the incoming Hamidian agents, principally Şemsi Pasha, must be killed. On 3 July, 1908, a group of 150 people, including Reşneli Ahmed Niyazi began an uprising from which many Rumelian cities joined in revolution. After demonstrations in places like Salonika, Serres, İştip, Priştina in support of the constitution Ali Fethi and the leading Unionists again gathered at Manyasizade Refik's house. Atıf Kamçıl advocated for ​​assassinating Şemsi Pasha and personally executed the plan. Şemsi was shot dead by Lieutenant Atıf at the entrence of the Manastır Post Office on 7 July.[13] On the night of 22–23 July, another Unionist meeting was held at Manyasizade Refik's house. It was decided per Mehmet Talât's suggestion that they should prepare a declaration of constitutional monarchy. Talât asked Fethi to write the declaration himself, and this proposal was also accepted in another vote. While the meeting continued, Ali Fethi wrote the declaration in another room.[14][15]

He was appointed the Paris Military Attaché by the Minister of War Mahmut Şevket Pasha on 12 January 1909, but took up his post in March, serving until 1911. During his duty he returned to Salonika to participate in the Action Army. Returning from Istanbul, he accompanied Abdul Hamid II to his house arrest in Salonika, serving as a guard at the Villa Allatini for more than three months.

During his second period as attaché to Paris, between 12–18 September 1910 Fethi observed the Picardie maneuvers that France carried out as a response to the maneuvers that Germany carried out in the Rhine region. He followed the maneuvers with Mustafa Kemal and Hüseyin Selahattin Bey.[16] He spent most of his time between 1910–1911 writing reports on the maneuvers and informing the capital and the General Staff.[17] During the Malissori uprising on 25 June 1911 his request to join the Shkodra War Staff was granted, which he served for a three months.

Tripolitanian war

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On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire for Tripolitania. Due to the Ottoman government's belief that the issue would be resolved through diplomatic means, the CUP leaders decided to take matters into their own hands. Ten Unionists including Ali Fethi, Mustafa Kemal, Eşref Kuşçubaşı, and Süleyman Askerî gathered at Enver's house. After the meeting, it was decided they would organize a resistance. Ali Fethi went by way of Paris with Ambassador Rıfat's assistance. He also asked for help from SFIO leaders Jean Jaures and Pierre Loti, and the two of them wrote articles criticizing the Italian occupation.[18] Fethi first reached the port of Sfax in French Tunisia with five military medical doctors and a boatman from Marseille, and arrived in Tripoli on 12 October 1911. He was appointed chief of staff of the 42nd Division, commanded by Colonel Neşet Pasha, and took to organizing local militia groups against the Italians.[19]

During his activities around Tripoli, on 3 November he reported to the division command that Italian soldiers were abusing the civilian population, and he requested that this situation be protested by the European states. Fethi played an important role in the Battle of Ain Zara, but outnumbered and outgunned, the Italians took the oasis. However the Italians couldn't advance beyond Ain Zara into December and January, they lost control over Sedra, failed to take Homs and retreated back to Ain ​​Zara. Responding to the stalemate in Libya, Italy invaded the Dodecanese between April 23 and May 17.

In April 1912, he was elected deputy of Monastir in that year's general election for the Chamber of Deputies. After the closure of the Chamber, he returned to Tripoli. However by the start of the First Balkan War, Ali Fethi and other officers had to return to the capital.[20]

Balkan Wars

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Fethi was given command over the Dardanelles Strait Staff on 25 November 1912. When the London Conference was unsuccessfully dispersed on 29 January 1913, the Bulgarian armies resumed their offensive on the Çatalca line, surrounded Edirne, and advanced on the Gallipoli peninsula; squeezing the Bolayır Corps into a narrow line, where Fethi and Kemal fought alongside each other. Battle plans were drawn up for an operation to relieve Edirne, which included an amphibious landing at the Bolayır line and Şarköy. The aim was to surround the Bulgarians between the two lines. However due to the complexity of the operation and last minute criticisms the two forces failed to link up and land on time. The Tenth Corps commanded by Hurşit Pasha and Staff Officer Enver Pasha, landed successfully, but Bolayır Corps commanded by Fahri Pasha and Staff Officer Ali Fethi (Mustafa Kemal Director of the Operations Department) suffered many casualties upon landing in Şarköy.[21] Despite all the losses, Enver Pasha insisted on attacking Şarköy again, despite Fahri Pasha, Ali Fethi and Mustafa Kemal's opposition. The commanders of the two corps blamed each other for the defeat. As a result of the defeat, Ali Fethi and Mustafa Kemal attempted to submit their resignations, but they were not accepted. The Bulgarians captured Edirne on March 26, and the city was lost with the Treaty of London on May 30 1913.[22]

In July 1913, the Second Balkan War broke out over Bulgaria and Serbia's disagreements over captured territory, and the Ottoman Empire soon entered the war to retake lost Rumelian territory. Fethi's Bolayır Corps participated in the operations to retake Edirne from Bulgaria, but Enver Pasha's troops retook the city first. Fethi resigned from military service immediately after returning from the war on September 14, 1913.[23]

Last days of the Ottoman Empire

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He was elected as the secretary general of the CUP in an abortive attempt to liberalize the party, but quickly resigned and sent to Sofia on a diplomatic exile. There he kept up with Mustafa Kemal, who was also in Sofia as a military attaché.

In the 1920s

On 8 December 1917 he was elected as a deputy of Istanbul in a by-election and left his ambassadorial post.

After the fall of the CUP government, he became the Minister of the Interior in the Ahmet İzzet Pasha government, per Mustafa Kemal's suggestion. He was accused of letting the CUP leaders escape the country, which caused the resignation of Ahmet İzzet Pasha's cabinet. With the fall of the CUP, Ali Fethi founded the Ottoman Liberal People's Party, which largely consisted of liberal Unionists. He published the newspaper Minber together with Mustafa Kemal between 1 November and 21 December 1918, as an organ of the party. The party was banned on 5 May 1919 for being a continuation of the CUP, and a few days later, on 10 March 1919 he was arrested for being a member of a secret Unionist organization, and was exiled to Malta on 2 June 1919. He was released in a prisoner exchange on 30 May 1921.

He joined the First Grand National Assembly as an Istanbul Deputy on 15 August 1921. He served as the Minister of Internal Affairs between 10 October, 1921 and 4 October, 1922. He was re-elected in the 1923 election. He served as the Chairman of the Executive Board (Prime Minister of the Ankara government) and Minister of Internal Affairs from August 14, 1923 until the declaration of the Republic. The political events that led to the resignation of the Fethi Bey cabinet led to the declaration of the Republic of Turkey with a constitutional amendment on October 29, 1923.

During the Republic

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Atatürk, Okyar, and his daughter Nermin (Kırdar), 13 August 1930

Immediately after the declaration of the Republic, he was elected as the President of the Grand National Assembly on 1 November 1923, and reelected the next year. However, in November 1924, a group of deputies led by Kazım Karabekir and Ali Fuat Pashas the Progressive Republican Party as an opposition party, and on 22 November, 1924, Ali Fethi was appointed Prime Minister, replacing İsmet. Fethi's reconciliatory politics were intended to be more tolerable than İsmet Pasha's hardliner stance. However, three months later, Fethi's strategy failed when the Sheikh Said Rebellion broke out in the East. On 2 March, 1925, Fethi and his government resigned, and İsmet Pasha became Prime Minister again.[24] The same day, the Law for the Establishment of Peace [Takrir-i Sükûn Kanunu] silenced opposition nationwide. The Progressive Party was closed, and Fethi Bey requested to be appointed as ambassador to Paris.[24]

Okyar and leaders of the Liberal Republican Party. Adnan Menderes (left) would become prime minister in 1950

Atatürk long attempted to liberalize Turkey's political system and establish an opposition party. On 9 August 1930, per his instruction, Fethi resigned from the ambassadorship and returned to Turkey, founding the Liberal Republican Party [Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası] and became the party's chairman.[25] He was allowed to re-enter the parliament as deputy of Gümüşhane. However it quickly became clear that the opposition party was attracting reactionaries and Islamists after the İzmir Meeting, so he dissolved his own party on 17 November, heeding Atatürk's request. He went abroad again.

In 1933, he contracted heart failure. Learning of his friend's illness, Atatürk assigned his aide Salih Bozok as his companion and arranged for Fethi Bey to receive treatment in Vienna. He was appointed to as Ambassador to London on 31 March 1934, where he played an important role in the rapprochement between Turkey and the United Kingdom before World War II; he was among the architects of the Montreux Convention. He received the surname "Okyar". Shortly after Atatürk's death, in accordance with President İsmet İnönü's policy of reconciliation with his former enemies, he returned to the country and was rehabilitated, being appointed as Deputy of Bolu on 4 January 1939, winning reelection the same year. He became the Minister of Justice in the 2nd Refik Saydam Cabinet and continued this duty until 12 March 1941. He died in Istanbul on 7 May 1943. His grave is in Zincirlikuyu cemetery.

Personal life

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He was married to Galibe Hanım (1899–1981). British intelligence reports described the couple as “the Turkish Greta Garbo and her ambassador husband with a Tatar’s looks.” They had two kids, a son Osman (1917–2002) and a daughter Nermin (1919–1999).[26] The Okyars were close friends of Atatürk and Latife,[27] despite the president repeatedly exiling the Okyars.

Ali Fethi Okyar
Galibe Okyar

References

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  1. ^ Stevenson, Charles (2014). A Box of Sand. The Italo-Ottoman War 1911-1912. Tattered Flag. p. 110. ISBN 9780957689275.
  2. ^ Karpat, Kemal (2001). The politicization of Islam: reconstructing identity, state, faith, and community in the late Ottoman state. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190285760.
  3. ^ Gingeras, Ryan (2019). Eternal Dawn: Turkey in the Age of Atatürk. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-19-879121-8.
  4. ^ Arslanbenzer, Hakan (3 July 2020). "Fethi Okyar: Commissioned liberal, faithful Kemalist". dailysabah. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  5. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 4–5.
  6. ^ Avci, Müşerref. "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's Knowledge of Foreign Language and the Works He Brought into Turkish". Kırıkkale University.
  7. ^ Göçmen, Muammer (2007). "OkyarFcR, Ali Fethi (1880-1943)". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 33. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. pp. 342–343. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  8. ^ Okyar 1980, p. 5.
  9. ^ Okyar 1980, p. 1.
  10. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 6–7.
  11. ^ Halıcı, Şaduman. "Ali Fethi Okyar (1880-1943)". Atatürk Ansiklopedisi.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 31–34.
  13. ^ Okyar 1980, p. 8–16.
  14. ^ Okyar 1980, p. 18.
  15. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 36–37.
  16. ^ Okyar 2017, p. 159–160.
  17. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 7–11.
  18. ^ Okyar 2016, p. 20.
  19. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 12–15.
  20. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 16–19.
  21. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 23–26.
  22. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 27–28.
  23. ^ Balkaya 2005, p. 29.
  24. ^ a b Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 235–236. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  25. ^ Weiker, Walter F. (1991). Heper, Metin; Landau, Jacob M. (eds.). Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey. I.B. Tauris. p. 84. ISBN 1-85043300-3.
  26. ^ Okyar, Ali Fethi (1 July 2022). "My Grandfather and Me". The Lausanne Project.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ^ "ÜNLÜNÜN KÖŞKÜ ÜNSÜZÜN YUVASI – ALİ FETHİ OKYARLARIN EVİNDE". Hayat Evi. 28 August 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Bibliography

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  • Balkaya, İhsan Sabri (2005). Ali Fethi Okyar (29 April-7 May 1943) (in Turkish) (I. ed.). Ankara: Turkish History Association. ISBN 9751617162.
  • Çay, Abdulhaluk Mehmet (2009). Başlangıçtan Bugüne Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümetleri (PDF) (in Turkish). Künüçen, Hale. Ankara: Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Culture Portal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  • Güneş, İhsan (August 2012). Özmel Akın, Nur; Güven, Pınar (eds.). Meşrutiyet'ten Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye'de Hükümetler: Programları ve Meclisteki Yankıları (1908-1923) (in Turkish) (I. ed.). Istanbul: Turkey İş Bank Cultural Publications. ISBN 9786053606512.
  • Okyar, Ali Fethi; Şarman, Kamsu (December 2016). Yalçın, Emre (ed.). Büyük Günlerin Adamı: Fethi Okyar'ın Hayatından Kareler (I. ed.). Istanbul: Turkey İş Bank Cultural Publications. ISBN 9786053329091.
  • Okyar, Fethi; Kutay, Cemal (1980). Üç Devir'de Bir Adam (I. ed.). Istanbul: Tercüman Yayınları.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ali Fethi Okyar.
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Turkey
14 August 1923 – 23 October 1923 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey
1 November 1923 – 22 November 1924 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Turkey
22 November 1924 – 3 March 1925 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of National Defense
22 November 1924 – 3 March 1925 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Justice
27 May 1939 – 13 March 1941 		Succeeded by
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