Adam Johann von Krusenstern
Adam Johann von Krusenstern | |
---|---|
Other name(s) | Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern |
Born | Haggud, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire (now Estonia) | 10 October 1770
Died | 12 August 1846 Gilsenhof, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire (now Estonia) | (aged 75)
Allegiance | Russia |
Service | Imperial Russian Navy |
Rank | Admiral |
Commands | Nadezhda |
Awards | Order of St. George 4th class (1802) Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1837) Pour le Mérite (civil class) |
Adam Johann von[1] Krusenstern (Russian: Ива́н Фёдорович Крузенште́рн, romanized: Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern; 10 October 1770 – 12 August 1846) was a Russian admiral and explorer of Swedish descent, who led the first Russian circumnavigation of the Earth in 1803–1806.[2]
Life
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
Krusenstern was born in Hagudi (Haggud), Harrien County, Estonia (then part of the Russian Empire) to a noble family. His patrilineal ancestors descended from the Swedish noble family von Krusenstierna , and had remained in Estonia after Sweden ceded the country to the Russian Empire in 1721. In 1787, Krusenstern joined the Russian Imperial Navy, and served in the war against Sweden. Subsequently, he served in the British Royal Navy between 1793 and 1799, visiting America, India and China.[3]
After publishing a paper pointing out the advantages of direct communication by sea between Russia and China by passing Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America and the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of South Africa, he was appointed by Tsar Alexander I to make a voyage to the Far East coast of Asia to endeavour to carry out the project.[3] Under the patronage of Alexander, Count Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev and the Russian-American Company, Krusenstern led the first Russian circumnavigation of the world. The chief object of this undertaking was the development of the fur trade with Russian America (Alaska).[4] Other goals of the two-ship expedition were to establish trade with China and Japan, facilitate trade in South America, and examine the coast of California in western North America for a possible colony.
The two ships, Nadezhda ('Hope', formerly the British merchant Leander) under the command of Krusenstern, and Neva (formerly the British merchant Thames) under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Yuri F. Lisianski, set sail from Kronstadt in August 1803, rounded Cape Horn of South America, reached the northern Pacific Ocean, and returned via the Cape of Good Hope at South Africa. Krusenstern arrived back at Kronstadt in August 1806.[3] Both seafarers made maps and detailed recordings of their voyages.
Upon his return, Krusenstern wrote a detailed report, "Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1803, 1804, 1805 und 1806 auf Befehl Seiner Kaiserlichen Majestät Alexanders des Ersten auf den Schiffen Nadeschda und Newa" ("Journey around the World in the Years 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806 at the Command of his Imperial Majesty Alexander I in the Ships Nadezhda and Neva") published in Saint Petersburg in 1810. It was published in 1811–1812 in Berlin; this was followed by an English translation, published in London in 1813 and subsequently by French, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Italian translations. His scientific work, which includes an atlas of the Pacific, was published in 1827 in Saint Petersburg.[5]
The geographical discoveries of Krusenstern made his voyage important for the progress of geographical science.[4] His work won him an honorary membership in the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1816 and to the American Philosophical Society[6] in 1824.
As director of the Russian naval school Krusenstern did much useful work. He was also a member of the scientific committee of the marine department, and his contrivance for counteracting the influence of the iron in vessels on the compass was adopted in the navy.[3] Krusenstern became an admiral of Russian Navy in 1841[7] and he was awarded the Pour le Mérite (civil class) in 1842. He died in 1846 in Kiltsi manor, an Estonian manor he had purchased in 1816, and was buried in Tallinn Cathedral.
Legacy and family
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
A son was born to Krusenstern in 1809: Paul Theodor, who lived until 1881. He explored the Arctic Ocean and Kara Sea, most notably in 1862, when he was shipwrecked.[8]
The Russian training tall ship Kruzenshtern is named after him. To commemorate the 200th anniversary of Krusenstern's circumnavigation, the ship retraced his route around the globe in 2005–2006.
Another ship named after him is the 1964-built Russian icebreaker Ivan Kruzenstern that was renamed after him in 1966.[9] An Aeroflot Airbus A320 is named after him.[citation needed]
Mount Kruzenshtern, the highest mountain in Novaya Zemlya, as well as crater Krusenstern on the Moon are named after him. There is Krusenstern Island in the Bering Strait, as well as a small group of islands in the Kara Sea, southwest of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago, called Krusenstern Islands. Cape Krusenstern in Northwest Alaska is the site of Cape Krusenstern National Monument (1978), one of the most important archaeological sites in the state.
In Russia (as well as in other Russophone places), a fictional steamship Admiral Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern from the popular Prostokvashino animated film series is well-known, often as part of a catchphrase "Admiral I. F. Kruzenshtern, a man and a steamship", "pirated" from the title of a requiem poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky, To Comrade Nette, a Steamsip and a Man. As a third-level linguistic derivation, there is a Russophone Israel klezmer-rock band, Kruzenshtern & Parohod ("Krusenstern and Steamship").
Another legacy is that the Cook Islands in the South Pacific bear that name thanks to von Krusenstern. Previously known as the Hervey (or Harvey) Islands (or Group), he changed their name in 1835 to honour Captain Cook. More accurately, he changed the name of those which comprised the Southern Group and it was subsequently applied to all 15 islands when the New Zealand Parliament passed "The Cook Islands and other Islands Government Act" in 1901. He recorded the new name in his Atlas de l'Océan Pacifique published at St. Petersburg between 1824 and 1835.[10]
Bibliography
[edit]- Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1803, 1804, 1805 und 1806 auf Befehl Seiner Kaiserl (1811)
- Voyage Round the World in the Years 1803, 1804, 1805 & 1806 translated by Richard Belgrave Hoppner (1813)
- A Voyage Round the World, in the Years 1803, 4, 5, & 6 translated by Yuri Lisyansky (1814)
See also
[edit]- Otto von Kotzebue
- Empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations
- European and American voyages of scientific exploration
- List of Baltic German explorers
References
[edit]- ^ In German personal names, von is a preposition which approximately means 'of' or 'from' and usually denotes some sort of nobility. While von (always lower case) is part of the family name or territorial designation, not a first or middle name, if the noble is referred to by their last name, use Schiller, Clausewitz or Goethe, not von Schiller, etc.
- ^ Adam Johann von Krusenstern (1813). Voyage Round the World., vol. II, translated from German into English by Richard Belgrave Hoppner
- ^ a b c d public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Krusenstern, Adam Ivan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 934. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ a b Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
- ^ Daum, Andreas W. (2019). "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise". In Berghoff, Hartmut (ed.). Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I. Berghahn Books. pp. 79–102.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
- ^ Naufrage du lieutenant Krusenstern dans les glaces de la mer de Kara.
- ^ "Vessel details for: IVAN KRUZENSHTERN (Icebreaker) - IMO 6501496, MMSI 273124000, Call Sign UAMJ Registered in Russia | AIS Marine Traffic". marinetraffic.com. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
- ^ Discoverers of the Cook Islands and the Names they Gave by Aphons M.J. Kloosterman – Cook Islands Library and Museum
Sources
[edit]- "КРУЗЕНШТЕРН ИВАН ФЁДОРОВИЧ • Great Russian Encyclopedia – Electronic version". old.bigenc.ru. 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
External links
[edit]- Family Krusenstern from Adam Johan von Krusenstern
- Ilya Vinkovetsky, Circumnavigation, Empire, Modernity, Race: The Impact of Round-the-World Voyages on Russia's Imperial Consciousness "Meeting of Frontiers" Conference, 2001
- Kiltsi manor (in German: Schloss Ass) at Estonian Manors Portal
- Hagudi manor (in German: Haggud) at Estonian Manors Portal
- Biographic entry from Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish)
- Baltic nobility genealogy handbook Adam Johann von Krusenstern's family (in German)
- 1770 births
- 1846 deaths
- People from Rapla Parish
- People from the Governorate of Estonia
- Baltic-German people from the Russian Empire
- Estonian explorers
- Imperial Russian Navy admirals
- Russian explorers of the Pacific
- Russian polar explorers
- 19th-century explorers from the Russian Empire
- Circumnavigators of the globe
- Demidov Prize laureates
- Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
- Foreign members of the Royal Society
- Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
- Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
- Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
- Burials at St Mary's Cathedral, Tallinn
- 18th-century Estonian people
- 19th-century Estonian people
- Founding members of the Russian Geographical Society