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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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American Association for the Advancement of Science
AbbreviationAAAS
Pronunciation
  • Triple-A S
FoundedSeptember 20, 1848 (176 years ago) (1848-09-20)
FocusScience education and outreach
Location
Members120,000+
Websitewww.aaas.org Edit this at Wikidata
Formerly called
Association of American Geologists and Naturalists
Washington, D.C., office of the AAAS.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an USA-based international nonprofit with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.[1] AAAS was the first permanent organization established to promote science and engineering nationally and to represent the interests of American researchers from across all scientific fields.[1] It is the world's largest general scientific society, with over 120,000 members,[2] and is the publisher of the well-known scientific journal Science.

History

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Creation

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The American Association for the Advancement of Science was created on September 20, 1848, at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was a reformation of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists with the broadened mission to be the first permanent organization to promote science and engineering nationally and to represent the interests of American researchers from across all scientific fields[3][4] The society chose William Charles Redfield as their first president[5] because he had proposed the most comprehensive plans for the organization. According to the first constitution which was agreed to at the September 20 meeting, the goal of the society was to promote scientific dialogue in order to allow for greater scientific collaboration.[6] By doing so, the association aimed to use resources to conduct science with increased efficiency and allow for scientific progress at a greater rate.[7] The association also sought to increase the resources available to the scientific community through active advocacy of science. There were only 78 members when the AAAS was formed.[8] As a member of the new scientific body, Matthew Fontaine Maury, USN was one of those who attended the first 1848 meeting.[9]

At a meeting held on Friday afternoon, September 22, 1848, Redfield presided, and Matthew Fontaine Maury gave a full scientific report on his Wind and Current Charts. Maury stated that hundreds of ship navigators were now sending abstract logs of their voyages to the United States Naval Observatory. He added, "Never before was such a corps of observers known."[8] But, he pointed out to his fellow scientists, his critical need was for more "simultaneous observations". "The work," Maury stated, "is not exclusively for the benefit of any nation or age". The minutes of the AAAS meeting reveal that because of the universality of this "view on the subject, it was suggested whether the states of Christendom might not be induced to cooperate with their Navies in the undertaking; at least so far as to cause abstracts of their log-books and sea journals to be furnished to Matthew F. Maury, USN, at the Naval Observatory at Washington."[citation needed]

William Barton Rogers, professor at the University of Virginia and later founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, offered a resolution: "Resolved that a Committee of five be appointed to address a memorial to the Secretary of the Navy, requesting his further aid in procuring for Matthew Maury the use of the observations of European and other foreign navigators, for the extension and perfecting of his charts of winds and currents." The resolution was adopted and, in addition to Rogers, the following members of the association were appointed to the committee: Professor Joseph Henry of Washington; Professor Benjamin Peirce of Cambridge, Massachusetts; Professor James H. Coffin of Easton, Pennsylvania, and Professor Stephen Alexander of Princeton, New Jersey.[10] This was scientific cooperation, and Maury went back to Washington with great hopes for the future.

In 1850, the first female members were accepted: astronomer Maria Mitchell and entomologist Margaretta Morris. Science educator Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps was elected in 1859.

Early growth and post-Civil War dormancy

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By 1860, membership increased to over 2,000. Although the AAAS became dormant during the American Civil War (their August 1861 meeting in Nashville, Tennessee, was postponed indefinitely after the outbreak of the first major engagement of the war at Bull Run), the association recovered after the end of the hostilities.[11]

In 1866, Frederick Barnard presided over the first meeting of the resurrected AAAS at a meeting in New York City. Following the revival of the AAAS, the group had considerable growth. The AAAS permitted all people, regardless of scientific credentials, to join. The AAAS did, however, institute a policy of granting the title of "Fellow of the AAAS" to well-respected scientists within the organization.

At the same time, the recovered AAAS faced competition from several newly established learned societies, such as National Academy of Sciences (founded in 1863), the American Chemical Society (1876), Archaeological Institute of America (1879), Modern Language Association (1883), American Historical Association(1884), Geological Society of America (1888), National Geographic Society (1888), American Physical Society (1899), which drew away some of AAAS members. Also, the reputation of the AAAS was somewhat tarnished, because its 3rd president Alexander Dallas Bache used the Society as a lobbying tool for his agency, the US Coast Survey. Several prominent scientists lost interest in the AAAS, and the society's influence declined.[12]

Twentieth century

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The next turning point in the AAS history was the partnership with journal Science, which became the society's official publication in 1900,[13] and provided the AAAS with some revenue through subscription and advertising. The AAAS become the sole owner of Science in 1946. The post-World War II big science, driven by major scientific and technical breakthroughs (such as space flight, nuclear power and the discovery of DNA) brought in an increased public interest in science in the USA, and thus growing sales of the journal, which were further multiplied by shrewd businesses decisions by its editors Dael Wolfle (1954-1970) and William D. Carey (1974-1985).[14] Another important event for the society was the establishment of its Congressional Fellowship program[15] in 1973, which was kick-started by a US$10,000 donation from William T. Golden.[16]

Advocacy

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Alan I. Leshner, AAAS CEO from 2001 until 2015, published many op-ed articles discussing how many people integrate science and religion in their lives. He has opposed the insertion of non-scientific content, such as creationism or intelligent design, into the scientific curriculum of schools.[17][18][19][20]

In December 2006, the AAAS adopted an official statement on climate change, in which they stated, "The scientific evidence is clear: global climate change caused by human activities is occurring now, and it is a growing threat to society....The pace of change and the evidence of harm have increased markedly over the last five years. The time to control greenhouse gas emissions is now."[21]

In February 2007, the AAAS used satellite images to document human rights abuses in Burma.[22] The next year, AAAS launched the Center for Science Diplomacy to advance both science and the broader relationships among partner countries, by promoting science diplomacy and international scientific cooperation.[23]

In 2012, AAAS published op-eds,[24] held events on Capitol Hill and released analyses of the U.S. federal research-and-development budget, to warn that a budget sequestration would have severe consequences for scientific progress.[25][26]

Sciences

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AAAS covers various areas[27] of sciences and engineering. It has 24 sections, each with a committee and its chair.[28] These committees are also entrusted with the annual evaluation and selection of Fellows. The sections are:

Governance

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AAAS officers and senior officials in 1947. Left to right, standing: Sinnott, Baitsell, Payne, Lark-Horovitz, Miles, Stakman, sitting: Carlson, Mather, Moulton, Shapley.

The most recent Constitution of the AAAS, enacted on January 1, 1973, establishes that the governance of the AAAS is accomplished through four entities: a President, a group of administrative officers, a Council, and a board of directors.

Presidents

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Main article: President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Individuals elected to the presidency of the AAAS hold a three-year term in a unique way. The first year is spent as president-elect, the second as president and the third as chairperson of the board of directors. In accordance with the convention followed by the AAAS, presidents are referenced by the year in which they left office.

Geraldine Richmond is the president of AAAS for 2015–16; Phillip Sharp is the board chair; and Barbara A. Schaal is the president-elect.[29] Each took office on the last day of the 2015 AAAS Annual Meeting in February 2015.[30][31] On the last day of the 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting, February 15, 2016,[32] Richmond will become the chair, Schaal will become the president, and a new president-elect will take office.

Past presidents of AAAS have included some of the most important scientific figures of their time. Among them: explorer and geologist John Wesley Powell (1888); astronomer and physicist Edward Charles Pickering (1912); anthropologist Margaret Mead (1975); and biologist Stephen Jay Gould (2000).

Notable presidents of the AAAS, 1848–2005

Administrative officers

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There are three classifications of high-level administrative officials that execute the basic, daily functions of the AAAS. These are the executive officer, the treasurer and then each of the AAAS's section secretaries. The current CEO of AAAS and executive publisher of Science magazine is Sudip Parikh.[33] The current Editor in Chief of Science magazine is Holden Thorp.[34]

Sections of the AAAS

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The AAAS has 24 "sections" with each section being responsible for a particular concern of the AAAS. There are sections for agriculture, anthropology, astronomy, atmospheric science, biological science, chemistry, dentistry, education, engineering, general interest in science and engineering, geology and geography, the history and philosophy of science, technology, computer science, linguistics, mathematics, medical science, neuroscience, pharmaceutical science, physics, psychology, science and human rights, social and political science, the social impact of science and engineering, and statistics.[35]

Affiliates

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AAAS affiliates include 262 societies and academies of science, serving more than 10 million members, from the Acoustical Society of America to the Wildlife Society, as well as non-mainstream groups like the Parapsychological Association.[36]

The Council

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The council is composed of the members of the Board of Directors, the retiring section chairmen, elected delegates and affiliated foreign council members. Among the elected delegates there are always at least two members from the National Academy of Sciences and one from each region of the country. The President of the AAAS serves as the Chairperson of the council. Members serve the council for a term of three years.

The council meets annually to discuss matters of importance to the AAAS. They have the power to review all activities of the Association, elect new fellows, adopt resolutions, propose amendments to the Association's constitution and bylaws, create new scientific sections, and organize and aid local chapters of the AAAS. The Council recently[when?] has new additions to it from different sections which include many youngsters as well. John Kerry of Chicago is the youngest American in the council and Akhil Ennamsetty of India is the youngest foreign council member.

Board of directors

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The board of directors is composed of a chairperson, the president, and the president-elect along with eight elected directors, the executive officer of the association and up to two additional directors appointed by elected officers. Members serve a four-year term except for directors appointed by elected officers, who serve three-year terms.

The current chairman is Gerald Fink, Margaret and Herman Sokol Professor at Whitehead Institute, MIT. Fink will serve in the post until the end of the 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting,[37] 15 February 2016.[38] (The chairperson is always the immediate past-president of AAAS.)

The board of directors has a variety of powers and responsibilities. It is charged with the administration of all association funds, publication of a budget, appointment of administrators, proposition of amendments, and determining the time and place of meetings of the national association. The board may also speak publicly on behalf of the association. The board must also regularly correspond with the council to discuss their actions.

AAAS Fellows

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Main article: Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

The AAAS council elects every year, its members who are distinguished scientifically,[39] to the grade of fellow (FAAAS). Election to AAAS is an honor bestowed by their peers and elected fellows are presented with a certificate and rosette pin. To limit the effects and tolerance of sexual harassment in the sciences, starting 15 October 2018, a Fellow's status can be revoked "in cases of proven scientific misconduct, serious breaches of professional ethics, or when the Fellow in the view of the AAAS otherwise no longer merits the status of Fellow."[40]

Meetings

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Formal meetings of the AAAS are numbered consecutively, starting with the first meeting in 1848. Meetings were not held 1861–1865 during the American Civil War, and also 1942–1943 during World War II. Since 1946, one meeting has occurred annually, now customarily in February.

Awards and Policy Fellowships

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Each year, the AAAS gives out a number of honorary awards, most of which focus on science communication, journalism, and outreach – sometimes in partnership with other organizations. The awards recognize "scientists, journalists, and public servants for significant contributions to science and to the public's understanding of science".[41] The awards are presented each year at the association's annual meeting.

In addition to the aforementioned Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science program, AAAS offers a similarly-sounding but completely unrelated AAAS Policy Fellowship Programs, which provide Ph.D. scientists and M.S. engineers with opportunities to serve in the federal government. These policy fellows spend one or two years working for the executive (130 positions), legislative (5 positions) or judicial (1 position) branches. [42][43]

Currently active awards include

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  • Award for Science and Diplomacy
  • Early Career Award for Public Engagement with Science
  • The Eppendorf & Science Prize for Neurobiology
  • Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Children's Science News
  • Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Magazine
  • Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Newspapers (< 100,000 daily circulation)
  • Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Newspapers (> 100,000 daily circulation)
  • Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Online
  • Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Radio
  • Kavli Science Journalism Awards – Television
  • Leadership in Science Education Prize for High School Teachers
  • Marion Milligan Mason Award: Women in the Chemical Sciences
  • Mani L. Bhaumik Award for Public Engagement with Science (previously AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology, established 1987)
  • Mentor Award
  • Mentor Award for Lifetime Achievement
  • Newcomb Cleveland Prize
  • Philip Hauge Abelson Prize
  • Public Engagement with Science Award
  • Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award
  • John McGovern Lecture
  • William D. Carey Lecture
  • Golden Goose Award

Publications

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The society's flagship publication is Science, a weekly interdisciplinary scientific journal. Other peer-reviewed journals published by the AAAS in the "Science family of journals" are Science Signaling, Science Translational Medicine, Science Immunology, Science Robotics and the interdisciplinary Science Advances.[44][45] They also publish the non-peer-reviewed Science & Diplomacy. The society previously published the review journal Science Books & Films (SB&F). AAAS also publishes on behalf of other organizations through the Science Partner Journals (SPJ) program, with a focus on online-only open access journals.[46]

SciLine

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SciLine is a philanthropically funded and editorially independent service for journalists and scientists.[47] Its launch was announced in an October 27, 2017 article in Science[48] by founding director Rick Weiss, former communications chief at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and science reporter at the Washington Post.[49] Its stated mission is to increase the amount and quality of research-backed evidence in news stories by connecting U.S. journalists to scientists and to validated scientific information.[50]

Reporters in the United States can access SciLine's services, which include expert-matching, general media briefings, expert quote sheets, and quick fact sheets. As of July 2021, SciLine had fulfilled approximately 2,000 requests from 650 journalists through its expert-matching service.[51]

SciLine's financial supporters include the Quadrivium Foundation, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, the Rita Allen Foundation, and the Heinz Endowments. AAAS provides in-kind support.[52]

EurekAlert!

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In 1996,[53] AAAS launched the EurekAlert! website, an editorially independent nonprofit news release distribution service[54] covering all areas of science, medicine and technology.[55][56][57] EurekAlert! provides news in English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Japanese,[58][56] and, from 2007, in Chinese.[59]

Working staff journalists and freelancers who meet eligibility guidelines can access the latest studies before publication and obtain embargoed information in compliance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's Regulation Fair Disclosure policy.[60][61] By early 2018, more than 14,000 reporters from more than 90 countries have registered for free access to embargoed materials. More than 5,000 active public information officers from 2,300 universities, academic journals, government agencies, and medical centers are credentialed to provide new releases to reporters and the public through the system.[53][59][54]

In 1998, European science organizations countered Eurekalert! with a press release distribution service AlphaGalileo.[56]

EurekAlert! has fallen under criticism for lack of press release standards[62] and for generating churnalism.[63][64][65][66]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "About AAAS". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  2. ^ "About – AAAS MemberCentral". membercentral.aaas.org. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  3. ^ "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS Origins: 1848–1899". AAAS. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  4. ^ "About AAAS". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  5. ^ Reingold, Nathan (1964). Science in Nineteenth-Century America: A Documentary History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-226-70947-5.
  6. ^ "1856 AAAS Constitution". AAAS Archives & Records Center. August 25, 1856. Archived from the original on June 7, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  7. ^ Egger, Anne E.; Carpi, Anthony (2011). "The How and Why of Scientific Meetings". Visionlearning. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Sep. 20, 2013". The Writer's Almanac. September 20, 2013. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  9. ^ "Lt. Matthew Fontaine Maury". Naval Oceanography Portal. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  10. ^ "Articles of Incorporation of the American Association for the Advancement of Science". AAAS. 1993. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  11. ^ Association for the Advancement of Science, 1848-60. https://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!sichronology&uri=full=3100001~!12366~!0#focus
  12. ^ Teich, A. H. (2002). "AAAS and public policy: Speaking softly and carrying a medium-sized stick" [Short Survey]. Technology in Society, 24(1-2), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-791X(01)00052-5
  13. ^ https://www.aaas.org/archives/aaas-and-science-1900-1940.
  14. ^ Teich, A. H. (2002). "AAAS and public policy: Speaking softly and carrying a medium-sized stick" [Short Survey]. Technology in Society, 24(1-2), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-791X(01)00052-5
  15. ^ https://www.aaas.org/fellowships
  16. ^ Teich, A. H. (2002). "AAAS and public policy: Speaking softly and carrying a medium-sized stick" [Short Survey]. Technology in Society, 24(1-2), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-791X(01)00052-5
  17. ^ "'Academic Freedom' Bill Dangerous Distraction," Alan I. Leshner, The Shreveport Times 28 May 2008
  18. ^ "Anti-science law threatens tech jobs of future," Archived 2009-04-29 at the Wayback Machine Alan I. Leshner, The Times-Picayune 6 May 2008
  19. ^ "Design: Critical Deception?," Alan I. Leshner, Akron Beacon-Journal 11 September 2006
  20. ^ "Science and Public Engagement," Alan I. Leshner, The Chronicle of Higher Education, The Chronicle Review 13 October 2006
  21. ^ AAAS Board Statement on Climate Change www.aaas.org December 2006
  22. ^ "Satellite Images Verify Myanmar Forced Relocations, Mounting Military Presence". ScienceMode. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  23. ^ "AAAS – AAAS News Release – "AAAS Opens New Center for Science Diplomacy to "Promote International Understanding and Prosperity""". www.aaas.org. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  24. ^ "Stalling science threatens every domain of modern life" Archived 2013-04-30 at the Wayback Machine Alan I. Leshner, Bradenton Herald 27 September 2012
  25. ^ Edward W. Lempinen (November 21, 2012). "Sequestration Budget Cuts Would Cripple U.S. Scientific Progress, Experts Warn". AAAS.org.
  26. ^ "Federal and State Research Could Be Crippled by Looming Cuts, Says New AAAS Report" Earl Lane, AAAS 28 September 2012
  27. ^ "Committee on Sections". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  28. ^ "List of AAAS sections".
  29. ^ About AAAS, AAAS.org
  30. ^ AAAS Annual Meeting Archives (dates) Archived 2010-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, AAAS.org
  31. ^ "Gerald R. Fink Chosen To Serve As AAAS President-Elect", AAAS.org
  32. ^ Future AAAS Annual Meetings (dates) Archived 2011-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, AAAS.org
  33. ^ [1], 'Ph.D.–turned–policy insider takes over world's largest science society', Science.org
  34. ^ [2], 'Leadership and Management of Science and AAAS', Science.org
  35. ^ AAAS Sections Archived 2009-06-17 at the Wayback Machine, AAAS.org
  36. ^ list of affiliates starting with the letter P.
  37. ^ Board of Directors, AAAS.org
  38. ^ 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting Archived 2015-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, AAAS.org
  39. ^ "General Process". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  40. ^ "Revocation Process". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  41. ^ "AAAS Awards". AAAS.org. June 19, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  42. ^ https://fellowshipapp.aaas.org/app/main/page/application-overview#Step%204
  43. ^ "Fellowships | American Association for the Advancement of Science".
  44. ^ McNutt, Marcia; Leshner, Alan I. (February 14, 2014). "Science Advances". Science. 343 (6172): 709. Bibcode:2014Sci...343..709M. doi:10.1126/science.1251654. PMID 24523283. S2CID 206555690.
  45. ^ "Science Journals". American Association for the Advancement of Science. August 21, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  46. ^ Journal, Science Partner. "Home". Science Partner Journal. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  47. ^ "SciLine". SciLine. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  48. ^ Weiss, Rick (October 27, 2017). "Nip misinformation in the bud". Science. 358 (6362): 427. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..427W. doi:10.1126/science.aar2683. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29074742. S2CID 206665512.
  49. ^ "Rick Weiss". whitehouse.gov. January 12, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  50. ^ "About". SciLine. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  51. ^ Barron, Alicia (July 15, 2021). "How many good science sources does your newsroom have?". Cronkite News Lab. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  52. ^ Jarvis, Michaela (March 30, 2018). "SciLine scores successes in first five months of operation". Science. 359 (6383): 1479. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1479J. doi:10.1126/science.359.6383.1479-a.
  53. ^ a b Stockton, Nick. "INSIDE EUREKALERT, THE NEWS HUB THAT SHAPES THE SCIENCE YOU READ". Wired.
  54. ^ a b "Association of British Science Writers (ABSW)". www.facebook.com. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  55. ^ "2017 top science news release breaks EurekAlert!'s all-time record". EurekAlert!. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  56. ^ a b c Kiernan, Vincent (2006). Embargoed Science. University of Illinois Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0252030970.
  57. ^ Anagnostelis, Betsy; Cooke, Alison; Welsh, Sue (2004). Finding and Using Health and Medical Information on the Internet. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1135477424.
  58. ^ Hornig Priest, Susanna (2010). Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication, Volume 1. SAGE. p. 40. ISBN 9781412959209.
  59. ^ a b "EurekAlert! celebrates 20 years forefront science communication". AAAS.org. AAAS.
  60. ^ Shipman, Matthew (2015). Handbook for Science Public Information Officers. University of Chicago Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780252030970.
  61. ^ Shipman, Matt (September 4, 2013). "Defining a Reporter: EurekAlert! and the Question of Access". Science Communication Breakdown.
  62. ^ "It's time for AAAS and EurekAlert! to crack down on misinformation in PR news releases". HealthNewsReview.org. October 9, 2018. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  63. ^ Yong, Ed (January 11, 2010). "Adapting to the new ecosystem of science journalism". National Geographic Phenomena. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013.
  64. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (January 24, 2012). "From the Writer s Desk: The Dangers of Press Releases". Scientific American Blog Network.
  65. ^ Shipman, Matt (April 16, 2014). "The News Release Is Dead, Long Live the News Release". Science Communication Breakdown.
  66. ^ "Why science reporters were thrown for a loop this week". Christian Science Monitor. September 16, 2016. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
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