Jump to content

3G

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 3G cellular networks)
For other uses, see 3G (disambiguation).

A USB modem for 3G plugged into a laptop.
Part of a series on the
Wireless network technologies
Analog
Digital
Mobile telecommunications

3G is the third generation of cellular network technology, representing a significant advancement over 2G, particularly in terms of data transfer speeds and mobile internet capabilities. While 2G networks, including technologies such as GPRS and EDGE, supported limited data services, 3G introduced significantly higher-speed mobile internet, improved voice quality, and enhanced multimedia capabilities.[1] Although 3G enabled faster data speeds compared to 2G, it provided moderate internet speeds suitable for general browsing and multimedia content, but not for high-definition or data-intensive applications. Based on the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 3G supports a range of services, including voice telephony, mobile internet access, video calls, video streaming, and mobile TV.[1]

3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 144 kbit/s.[2][3] Later 3G releases, often referred to as 3.5G (HSPA) and 3.75G (HSPA+), introduced important improvements, enabling 3G networks to offer mobile broadband access with speeds ranging from several Mbit/s up to 42 Mbit/s.[4] These updates improved the reliability and speed of internet browsing, video streaming, and online gaming, enhancing the overall user experience for smartphones and mobile modems (e.g., for laptops) in comparison to earlier 3G technologies.

A new generation of cellular standards has emerged roughly every decade since the introduction of 1G systems in 1979. Each generation is defined by the introduction of new frequency bands, higher data rates, and transmission technologies that are not backward-compatible due to the need for significant changes in network architecture and infrastructure. The first commercial 3G networks were launched in mid-2001.[5][6][7][8] It was later succeeded by 4G technology, which provided even higher data transfer rates and introduced advancements in network performance.

Overview

[edit]

Several telecommunications companies marketed wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service was provided over a 3G wireless network. However, 3G services have largely been supplanted in marketing by 4G and 5G services in most areas of the world. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, Third-generation mobile networks, or 3G, must maintain minimum consistent Internet speeds of 144 Kbps.[3] However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service.[9] Subsequent 3G releases, denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, provided mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s for smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.[10]

3G branded standards:

  • The UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) system, standardized by 3GPP in 2001, was used in Europe, Japan, China (with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communications) 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
    • The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
    • The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and only offered in China.
    • The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
  • The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev. B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

The 3G systems and radio interfaces are based on spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded as 3G and are based on completely different technologies.

The common standards complying with the IMT2000/3G standard are:

  • EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G GSM based transmission methods, which utilizes the same switching nodes, base station sites, and frequencies as GPRS, but includes a new base station and cellphone RF circuits. It is based on the three times as efficient 8PSK modulation scheme as a supplement to the original GMSK modulation scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM infrastructure and cell phones.
    • EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and allows peak data rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just like the original UMTS WCDMA versions and thus formally fulfill the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems. However, in practice, EDGE is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a 2.9G system. EDGE shows slightly better system spectral efficiency than the original UMTS and CDMA2000 systems, but it is difficult to reach much higher peak data rates due to the limited GSM spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz, and it is thus a dead end.
    • EDGE was also a mode in the IS-136 TDMA system, no longer used.
    • Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s upstream but is not commercially used.
  • The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.
    • W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated on the 2,100 MHz band. A few others use the 850, 900, and 1,900 MHz bands.
      • HSPA is an amalgamation of several upgrades to the original W-CDMA standard and offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76 Mbit/s up. HSPA is backward-compatible and uses the same frequencies as W-CDMA.
      • HSPA+, a further revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide theoretical peak data rates up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using a combination of air interface improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO. Technically though, MIMO and DC-HSPA can be used without the "+" enhancements of HSPA+.
  • The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, including CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data (or EVDO), standardized by 3GPP2 (differing from the 3GPP), evolving from the original IS-95 CDMA system, is used especially in North America, China, India, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Europe, and Africa.
    • CDMA2000 1x Rev. E has an increased voice capacity (by three times the original amount) compared to Rev. 0 EVDO Rev. B offers downstream peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s while Rev. C enhanced existing and new terminal user experience.

While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements, they are not usually considered due to their rarity and unsuitability for usage with mobile phones.[11]

Break-up of 3G systems

[edit]

The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.[12]

There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backward-compatible extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new network hardware and frequency allocations. The cell phones use UMTS in combination with 2G GSM standards and bandwidths, but do not support EDGE. The latter group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

While EDGE fulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE ("2.75G") and UMTS ("3G") functionality.[13]

History

[edit]
Cellular network standards and generation timeline.

3G technology was the result of research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998,[14] branded as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope;[15][16] broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.[17]

The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.

The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002, the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but the network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the US was Verizon Wireless in July 2002, also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility was also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA.

The first commercial United Kingdom 3G network was started by Hutchison Telecom which was originally behind Orange S.A.[18] In 2003, it announced first commercial third generation or 3G mobile phone network in the UK.

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide, South Australia, by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in June 2003.[19]

In India, on 11 December 2008, the first 3G mobile and internet services were launched by a state-owned company, Mahanagar Telecom Nigam Limited (MTNL), within the metropolitan cities of Delhi and Mumbai. After MTNL, another state-owned company, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), began deploying the 3G networks country-wide.

Emtel launched the first 3G network in Africa.[20]

Adoption

[edit]

Japan was one of the first countries to adopt 3G, the reason being the process of 3G spectrum allocation, which in Japan was awarded without much upfront cost. The frequency spectrum was allocated in the US and Europe based on auctioning, thereby requiring a huge initial investment for any company wishing to provide 3G services. European companies collectively paid over 100 billion dollars in their spectrum auctions.[21]

Nepal Telecom adopted 3G Service for the first time in southern Asia. However, its 3G was relatively slow to be adopted in Nepal. In some instances, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies, especially to achieve high data transmission rates. Other countries' delays were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially for UMTS, whose deployment required the replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and difficulties with deployment, many carriers could not or delayed the acquisition of these updated capabilities.

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada, and the US, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

The roll-out of 3G networks was delayed by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees in some countries. The license fees in some European countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential. This led to a telecoms crash that ran concurrently with similar crashes in the fibre-optic and dot.com fields.

The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of the mobile communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mobile phone. An especially notable development during this time is the smartphone (for example, the iPhone, and the Android family), combining the abilities of a PDA with a mobile phone, leading to widespread demand for mobile internet connectivity. 3G has also introduced the term "mobile broadband" because its speed and capability made it a viable alternative for internet browsing, and USB Modems connecting to 3G networks, and now 4G became increasingly common.

Market penetration

[edit]

By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected of which 10 million were in Nepal and 8.2 million in India. This 200 millionth is only 6.7% of the 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide. (When counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers—max bitrate 72% of the 200 kbit/s which defines 3G—the total size of the nearly-3G subscriber base was 475 million as of June 2007, which was 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.) In the countries where 3G was launched first – Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%.[22] In Europe the leading country[when?] for 3G penetration is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries[when?] for 3G use include Nepal, UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 32% migration level.

According to ITU estimates,[23] as of Q4 2012 there were 2096 million active mobile-broadband[vague] subscribers worldwide out of a total of 6835 million subscribers—this is just over 30%. About half the mobile-broadband subscriptions are for subscribers in developed nations, 934 million out of 1600 million total, well over 50%. Note however that there is a distinction between a phone with mobile-broadband connectivity and a smart phone with a large display and so on—although according[24] to the ITU and informatandm.com the US has 321 million mobile subscriptions, including 256 million that are 3G or 4G, which is both 80% of the subscriber base and 80% of the US population, according[23] to ComScore just a year earlier in Q4 2011 only about 42% of people surveyed in the US reported they owned a smart phone. In Japan, 3G penetration was similar at about 81%, but smart phone ownership was lower at about 17%.[23] In China, there were 486.5 million 3G subscribers in June 2014,[25] in a population of 1,385,566,537 (2013 UN estimate).

Decline and decommissions

[edit]

Since the increasing adoption of 4G networks across the globe, 3G use has been in decline. Several operators around the world have already or are in the process of shutting down their 3G networks (see table below). In several places, 3G is being shut down while its older predecessor 2G is being kept in operation; Vodafone Europe is doing this, citing 2G's usefulness as a low-power fallback.[26] EE in the UK, plans to switch off their 3G networks in early 2024.[27] In the US, Verizon shutdown their 3G services on 31 December 2022,[28] T-Mobile shut down Sprint's networks on 31 March 2022 and shutdown their main networks on 1 July 2022,[29] and AT&T has done so on 22 February 2022.[30]

Currently 3G around the world is declining in availability and support. Technology that depends on 3G for usage are becoming inoperable in many places. For example, the European Union plans to ensure that member countries maintain 2G networks as a fallback[citation needed], so 3G devices that are backwards compatible with 2G frequencies can continue to be used. However, in countries that plan to decommission 2G networks or have already done so as well, such as the United States and Singapore, devices supporting only 3G and backwards compatible with 2G are becoming inoperable.[31] As of February 2022, less than 1% of cell phone customers in the United States used 3G; AT&T offered free replacement devices to some customers in the run-up to its shutdown.[32]

Patents

[edit]

It has been estimated that there are almost 8,000 patents declared essential (FRAND) related to the 483 technical specifications which form the 3GPP and 3GPP2 standards.[33][34] Twelve companies accounted in 2004 for 90% of the patents (Qualcomm, Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, Philips, NTT DoCoMo, Siemens, Mitsubishi, Fujitsu, Hitachi, InterDigital, and Matsushita).

Even then, some patents essential to 3G might not have been declared by their patent holders. It is believed that Nortel and Lucent have undisclosed patents essential to these standards.[34]

Furthermore, the existing 3G Patent Platform Partnership Patent pool has little impact on FRAND protection because it excludes the four largest patent owners for 3G.[35][36]

Features

[edit]

Data rates

[edit]

ITU has not provided a clear[37][vague] definition of the data rate that users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle,"[38] the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum required rates, nor required average rates, nor what modes[clarification needed] of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various[vague] data rates are sold as '3G' in the market.

In a market implementation, 3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384 kbit/s for UMTS (WCDMA), up to 7.2 Mbit/sec for HSPA, and a theoretical maximum of 21.1 Mbit/s for HSPA+ and 42.2 Mbit/s for DC-HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but usually clubbed under the tradename of 3G).[citation needed]

Security

[edit]
See also: Mobile security § Attacks based on the GSM networks

3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.[39]

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

Applications of 3G

[edit]

The bandwidth and location capabilities introduced by 3G networks enabled a wide range of applications that were previously impractical or unavailable on 2G networks. Among the most significant advancements was the ability to perform data-intensive tasks, such as browsing the internet seamlessly while on the move, as well as engaging in other activities that benefited from faster data speeds and enhanced reliability.

Beyond personal communication, 3G networks supported applications in various fields, including medical devices, fire alarms, and ankle monitors. This versatility marked a significant milestone in cellular communications, as 3G became the first network to enable such a broad range of use cases.[40] By expanding its functionality beyond traditional mobile phone usage, 3G set the stage for the integration of cellular networks into a wide array of technologies and services, paving the way for further advancements with subsequent generations of mobile networks.

Evolution

[edit]

Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are working on the extensions to 3G standards that are based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO. These specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G. 3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted UMB development in favour of the LTE family.[41]

On 14 December 2009, TeliaSonera announced in an official press release that "We are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services."[42] With the launch of their LTE network, initially they are offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G) services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.

Phase-out

[edit]
Country Status Network Shutdown date Standard References Notes
 Argentina Personal TBD UMTS [43] Local shutdowns commenced in Q1 2023.
 Australia No Service Optus 2024-10-28 UMTS [44][45]
Telstra 2024-10-28 UMTS [46][47][45] 2100MHz band shutdown on 25 Mar 2019.
TPG / Vodafone 2023-12-15 UMTS [48][49]
 Austria Magenta Telekom 2024 (est.) UMTS [50]
 Belgium Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51][52] Local shutdowns commenced in Jan 2024.
Telenet 2024-09-30 (est.) UMTS [53] Local shutdowns commenced in Sep 2024.
Proximus 2024-12-31 (est.) UMTS [54]
 Canada Bell 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [55]
Rogers 2025-07-31 UMTS [55][56][57][58][59][60] 1900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021.
850 MHz remains active until 31 July 2025.
Telus 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [55]
 China China Mobile TBD TD-SCDMA [61][62][63][64] Local shutdowns commenced on 16 Mar 2016.
China Telecom 2025 (est.) CDMA2000 [65][66][67] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Local shutdowns commenced on 16 Jun 2020.
China Unicom TBD UMTS [68] Local shutdowns commenced in Q4 2022.
 Croatia HT 2025 (est.) UMTS [69] Local shutdown commenced in Dec 2023.
 Czech Republic No Service O2 2021-11-30 UMTS [70]
T-Mobile 2021-11-30 UMTS [70]
Vodafone 2021-03-31 UMTS [71]
 Denmark 3 2025-12-01 (est.) UMTS [72] Local shutdown commenced in 2019.
TDC TBD UMTS [73] Local shutdown commenced in 2022.
TT-Netværket
(Telenor, Telia) 		2023-03-20 UMTS [74][75] Service on the 2100 MHz band ended in 2021.
Shutdown on the 900 MHz band commenced in summer 2022.
 Estonia Tele2 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [76]
Telia Eesti 2023-12-13 UMTS [77][78][79][80]
 Finland DNA 2024-01-25 UMTS [81][82][83][84] Local shutdowns commenced in May 2023.
Elisa 2023-11-30 UMTS [85] Local shutdowns commenced in Apr 2023.
Finnish Shared Network [fi] 2024-12 (est.) UMTS [81][86] Joint company by Telia and DNA to manage networks in Northern and Eastern Finland.
Telia 2024-06 (est.) UMTS [87][88] Local shutdowns commenced on 09 Sep 2023.
 France Bouygues 2029 (est.) UMTS [89]
Orange 2028-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51]
SFR 2028 (est.) UMTS [90]
 Germany No Service Deutsche Telekom 2021-07-01 UMTS [91]
O2 2021-12-31 UMTS [92][93][94]
Vodafone 2021-06-30 UMTS [95]
 Greece No Service Cosmote 2021-12-31 UMTS [96]
NOVA 2023-03-27 UMTS [97][98][99][100]
Vodafone 2023-05-31 UMTS [101]
 Greenland Tusass TBD UMTS [102]
 Hungary No Service Magyar Telekom 2022-06-30 UMTS [103][104][105]
Yettel Hungary 2023-11-13 UMTS [103][105][106]
Vodafone Hungary 2023-03-31 UMTS [107][105]
 Iceland 2025 (est.) [108] Per government statement
 India Airtel 2020-03-31 UMTS [109][110]
Vodafone Idea 2022-10-06 UMTS [111] Complete network refarming to 4G/LTE.
 Indonesia Smartfren 2017-11-13 CDMA2000 [112] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B
Telkomsel TBD UMTS [113][114] Local shutdowns commenced in Mar 2022.
Indosat 2022-12-31 UMTS [115]
XL Axiata TBD UMTS [116][117] Local shutdowns commenced in June 2021.
 Ireland Vodafone TBD UMTS [118] Local shutdowns commenced in Feb 2023.
 Israel 2025-12-31 (est.) [119] Per government statement
 Italy Iliad 2025 (est.) UMTS [120]
TIM 2022-10-21 UMTS [121][122][123][124]
Vodafone 2021-02-28 UMTS [125]
Wind Tre 2025 (est.) UMTS [120]
 Japan KDDI 2022-03-31 CDMA2000 [126][127][128] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B
NTT docomo 2026-03-31 (est.) UMTS [129]
Softbank 2024-04-15 UMTS [130][131][132]
 Kazakhstan Tele2 TBD UMTS [133] Local shutdown commenced on 28 Mar 2024.
 Lithuania Telia 2022-12-15 UMTS [134][135][136]
Tele2 2025-12 (est.) UMTS [137]
 Luxembourg Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51]
Tango / Telindus 2024-01-31 UMTS [138]
 Macau China Telecom 2025 (est.) CDMA2000 [139][140] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
 Malaysia No Service Celcom 2021-12-31 UMTS [141][142]
Maxis 2021-12-31 UMTS [143]
U Mobile 2021-12-31 UMTS [143]
Digi 2021-12-31 UMTS [143][142]
 Moldova Interdnestrcom 2023-08-01 CDMA2000 [144]
 Montenegro Crnogorski Telekom 2024-01-22 UMTS [145][146]
 Netherlands KPN 2023-05-10 UMTS [147][148][149] Local shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.
Vodafone 2020-02-04 UMTS [150]
 New Zealand 2degrees 2025 Q4 (est.) UMTS [151]
One 2025 Q1 UMTS [152][153] Local shutdown will commence by 31 Mar 2025.
Spark 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [154][155] Local shutdown will commence "towards the end of 2025".
 Norway No Service Telia 2021-11-11 UMTS [156]
Telenor 2021-01-31 UMTS [157]
 Oman Omantel 2024 Q3 (est.) UMTS [158][159]
 Pakistan No Service Jazz 2024-11-18 UMTS [160][161]
 Philippines Smart (PLDT) TBD UMTS [162]
Globe TBD UMTS [163] Shutdown commenced in Oct 2020.
 Poland T-Mobile 2023-04 (est.) UMTS [164][165][166] Shutdown commenced in Apr 2023.
Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51][167][168] Local shutdown commenced on 26 Sep 2023.
 Portugal MEO 2024-01-31 UMTS [169] Local shutdown commenced on 4 Sep 2023.
Vodafone 2024-07 (est.) UMTS [170]
NOS 2024-05 (est.) UMTS [171] Shutdown commenced in May 2024.
 Romania Digi 2023-08-29 UMTS [172]
Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51]
Telekom 2023-03-31 UMTS [173]
 Russia Beeline 2025 (est.) UMTS [174] Shutdown commenced in Moscow in Feb 2023.
MTS 2025 (est.) UMTS [175]
 Saudi Arabia stc 2022-12-31 UMTS [176]
 Singapore M1 2024-08-01 UMTS [177][178]
Singtel 2024-11-01 UMTS [177][178]
StarHub 2024-11-01 UMTS [177][178]
 Slovakia O2 TBD UMTS [179] Local shutdown commences in Jan 2024.
Orange 2024-02-22 UMTS [51][180][181]
Telekom 2023-11-23 UMTS [182][183] Local shutdown commenced on 3 Oct 2023.
 Slovenia Telekom Slovenije 2022-09-30 UMTS [184]
A1 Slovenija 2023-06-30 UMTS [185]
 South Africa 2025-03 (est.) [186][187] Per government statement
 South Korea KT 2012-03-19 CDMA2000 [188][189][190] CDMA2000 was also referred to as "2G" in South Korea, besides cdmaOne (IS-95).[191]
CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0
KT also operates an UMTS "3G" network.
LG U+ 2021-06-30 CDMA2000 [192][193][188][194] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B
SK Telecom 2020-07-27 CDMA2000 [195][190][188][196] CDMA2000 was also referred to as "2G" in South Korea, besides cdmaOne (IS-95).[191]
CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0
SKT also operates an UMTS "3G" network.
 Spain Movistar 2025 (est.) UMTS
Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51]
Vodafone España 2024-10-29 (est.) UMTS [197][198]
 Sri Lanka Airtel 2022-06-12 UMTS [199]
Dialog Axiata TBD UMTS [200]
 Sweden Telenor 2025-12 (est.) UMTS [201]
Telia 2025 (est.) UMTS [202]
Three 2025-12-01 (est.) UMTS [203][204] Local shutdown for 2100 MHz commenced in late 2021.
  Switzerland Sunrise 2025-06 (est.) UMTS [205]
Swisscom 2025-12-01 (est.) UMTS [206]
 Taiwan No Service Asia Pacific Telecom 2017-12-31 CDMA2000 [207][208] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Chunghwa Telecom 2018-12-31 (Data)
2024-06-30 (Voice) 		UMTS [209][210][211]
Far EasTone 2018-12-31 (Data)
2024-06-30 (Voice) 		UMTS [209][210][211]
Taiwan Mobile 2018-12-31 (Data)
2024-06-30 (Voice) 		UMTS [209][210][211]
Taiwan Star 2018-12-31 (Data)
2024-06-30 (Voice) 		UMTS [209][210][211]
 United Kingdom EE 2024-02-25 UMTS [212][213][214][215]
Three 2024-12-31 (est.) UMTS [216]
O2 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [217]
Vodafone 2024-02-28 UMTS [218][219][220][221] Local shutdown commenced in Jun 2023.
 United States
 Puerto Rico
 US Virgin Islands 		No Service Appalachian Wireless 2023-01-03 CDMA2000 [222][223][224] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
AT&T 2022-02-22 UMTS [225][226]
Cellcom 2023-03-31 CDMA2000 [227]
Cellular One of North East Arizona 2023-05-04 UMTS [228]
Commnet Wireless (Choice) 2022-12-31 CDMA2000 [229]
Liberty 2022-02-22 UMTS [230]
Silver Star 2022-12-30 CDMA2000 [231][232] CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Strata Networks 2022-12-31 CDMA2000 [233]
T-Mobile 2022-07-01 UMTS [234][235][236][237]
T-Mobile (Sprint) 2022-05-31 CDMA2000 [238][234][235][236]
[239][240] 		CDMA2000 1X, 1X Adv. (Rev.E), 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.
UScellular 2024-01-14 CDMA2000 [241][242][243] CDMA2000 1X
1xEV-DO (Rel. 0 & Rev. A) shutdown commenced in 2021.
Verizon 2022-12-31 CDMA2000 [244][245][246] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "All about the Technology=2011-04-04". itu.int. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  2. ^ "3G CELLULAR STANDARDS WITH PATENTS". projectsatbangalore.com. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  3. ^ a b "3G vs. 4G: What's the Difference?". PC Magazine. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  4. ^ "HSPA - About Us". web.archive.org. 9 July 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  5. ^ Charny, Ben (1 October 2001). "World's first 3G phone network goes live". ZDNet. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  6. ^ McCarthy, Kieren (1 October 2001). "World's first 3G network live today". theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  7. ^ "THE EVOLUTION TO 3G MOBILE – STATUS REPORT". itu.int. 29 July 2003. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  8. ^ "First 3G mobiles launched in Japan". 1 October 2001. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  9. ^ "Download Speeds: Comparing 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G Mobile Networks". Ken's Tech Tips. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  10. ^ "HSPA". 3gpp.org. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  11. ^ "HTC – Touch Phone, PDA Phone, Smartphone, Mobile Computer". 22 November 2008. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  12. ^ ITU. "ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G standards". press release. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  13. ^ "EDGE, 3G, H+, Etc: What Are All These Mobile Networks?". MakeUseOf. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  14. ^ "A Brand New Mobile Millennium Ericsson/CATT/DoCoMo jointly demonstrate pioneering W-CDMA technology at PT/Wireless | Press Center | NTT DOCOMO Global". Nttdocomo.com. 9 November 1999. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  15. ^ "Economists' Pick | HKTDC Research". economists-pick-research.hktdc.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  16. ^ "broadbandmag.co.uk/3G grinds to a start". Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  17. ^ "DoCoMo Delays 3G Launch". Wired. 24 April 2001.
  18. ^ "3G in UK". 3g.co.uk.
  19. ^ "About Hutchison". Hutchison Telecommunications (Australia) Limited. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  20. ^ "Emtel | Africa Outlook Magazine". Africa Outlook Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  21. ^ "Radiocommunications Agency : The Auction of Radio Spectrum for the Third Generation of Mobile Telephones – National Audit Office (NAO) Report". National Audit Office. 19 October 2001. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  22. ^ "Plus 8 Star presentation, "Is 3G a Dog or a Demon – Hints from 7 years of 3G Hype in Asia"". Plus8star.com. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  23. ^ a b c "Global mobile statistics 2013 Part A: Mobile subscribers; handset market share; mobile operators". mobiThinking. May 2013. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  24. ^ "The 100 million club: the top 10 mobile markets by number of mobile subscriptions". mobiThinking. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  25. ^ Steven Millward (29 July 2014). "China now has 486.5 million 3G subscribers, but only 14 million on new 4G network". Tech in Asia. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  26. ^ Hall, Kat. "Sod 3G, that can go, but don't rush to turn off 2G, UK still needs it – report". www.theregister.com.
  27. ^ "We're Switching Off Our 3G Network". EE. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  28. ^ "3G CDMA Network Shut off date set for December 31, 2022". www.verizon.com. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  29. ^ "T-Mobile Network Evolution". T-Mobile Support. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  30. ^ Kelly, Samantha Murphy (22 February 2022). "AT&T is shutting down its 3G network. Here's how it could impact you | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  31. ^ arsyline.cz. "2G and 3G networks are shutting down globally?! | SECTRON s.r.o". Eshop.sectron.eu. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  32. ^ AT&T is shutting down its 3G network. Here’s how it could impact you
  33. ^ "3G CELLULAR STANDARDS AND PATENTS". engpaper.com. 13 June 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  34. ^ a b David J. Goodman (13 June 2005). "3G CELLULAR STANDARDS AND PATENTS" (PDF). IEEE Wireless com. Polytechnic Institute of New York University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  35. ^ "Study on the Interplay between Standards and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)" (PDF). European Commission. 18 July 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Pools that cover only a fraction of the actual IPR for a standard are not very useful. It is essential that the large licensees sign up. Examples of pools that have little impact are the 3G Licensing pool (which excludes the four largest IPR owners for 3G) and the 802.11 pool by ViaLicensing.
  36. ^ "Possible 'showstoppers' shadow 3G patent pool". eetimes.com. 21 May 1999. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Even so, Qualcomm (San Diego) is still a wild card in the patent-pooling effort. Qualcomm was a member of the UMTS group when it was formed in February 1998, but deactivated its membership last September.
  37. ^ "3G Licensing Workshop (19–21 September 2001)". www.itu.int. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  38. ^ "Cellular Standards for the Third Generation". ITU. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008.
  39. ^ "Security for the Third Generation (3G) Mobile System" (PDF). Network Systems & Security Technologies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2003.
  40. ^ Ashworth, Boone. "3G Service Is Going Away Next Year. Here's What That Means". WIRED. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  41. ^ Qualcomm halts UMB project, Reuters, 13 November 2008
  42. ^ "first in the world with 4G services". TeliaSonera. 14 December 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  43. ^ "Personal to commence 3G shutdown in 1Q23". TeleGeography. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  44. ^ "We're upgrading our network with changes to 3G". Optus. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  45. ^ a b "Australian 3G Network Shutdown: Everything you need to know". whistleOut. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  46. ^ "3G Service Closure". Telstra. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  47. ^ "How Telstra, Optus and Vodafone Will Deal With the 3G Shutdown". Gizmodo Australia. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  48. ^ "TPG Telecom confirms it will switch off 3G network in December 2023". TeleGeography. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  49. ^ "Vodafone Australia poised to switch off its 3G network tomorrow". TeleGeography. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  50. ^ "Magenta will start 3G shutdown in 2024". TeleGeography. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g "Orange selects 5G SA vendors; provides timetable for 2G/3G shutdowns". TeleGeography. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  52. ^ "Orange Belgium to kick off 3G shutdown in January 2024". TeleGeography. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  53. ^ "Telenet to switch off 3G from September 2024". TeleGeography. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  54. ^ "Proximus to switch off 3G network by end-2024". TeleGeography. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  55. ^ a b c "What's the 3G Sunset and How Will It Affect Existing IoT Deployments?". hologram.io. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  56. ^ "Important Notice Regarding Upcoming 2G/3G Changes on the Rogers Network". Bulwark. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  57. ^ "1900 MHz Shutdown on our 2G and 3G Wireless Networks". Rogers Communications. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  58. ^ "2G and 3G Shutdowns Continue". blog.telegeography.com. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  59. ^ "3G Alarm Systems Need To Be Upgraded". alarmtech.ca. 6 August 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  60. ^ "3G Network retirement – Everything you need to know". rogers.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  61. ^ "China's 3G failure". Fierce Network. 30 March 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  62. ^ "China Mobile Not Serious About TD-SCDMA, Betting Big on TD-LTE". TechNode. 9 May 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  63. ^ "China Mobile starts to turn off 3G base stations". GSM Association (GSMA), Mobile World Live. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  64. ^ "China Mobile to shut down 3G network". China Daily. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  65. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - China Telecom". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  66. ^ "China Telecom: 3G Network Will Be Shut down Gradually Starting from June". Montnets. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  67. ^ "Turning off 2G in China harder than it looks". Light Reading. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  68. ^ "China Unicom given green light to refarm 900MHz band for 5G". TeleGeography. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  69. ^ "HT to begin 3G shutdown soon". TeleGeography. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  70. ^ a b "T-Mobile, O2 switch off Czech 3G networks". TeleGeography. 3 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  71. ^ "Začala bombasticky s vrtulníkem, skončí v tichosti za dva týdny. 3G síť Vodafonu" [It started bombastically with a helicopter, ending in silence in two weeks. Vodafone's 3G network] (in Czech). mobilmania.zive.cz. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  72. ^ "3 Denmark trials 3G switch-off at Roskilde Festival". Telecompaper. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  73. ^ "Udfasningen af 3G-nettet - Danmarks bedste mobilnetværk fremtidssikres - farvel til 3G fra slutningen af 2022" (in Danish). TDC. 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  74. ^ "Telenor Denmark launching 5G SA in 2022, shutting 3G in late summer". TeleGeography. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  75. ^ "Telia, Telenor decommission their 3G networks in Denmark". TeleGeography. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  76. ^ "Tele2 Estonia to close 3G network by end-2025". TeleGeography. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  77. ^ "Telia Eesti plans 3G shutdown by end-2023". TeleGeography. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  78. ^ "Telia Estonia to start 3G shutdown at end-February". TeleGeography. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  79. ^ "Telia switches off 3G in capital Tallinn". TeleGeography. 22 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  80. ^ "Telia completes Estonian 3G shutdown". TeleGeography. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  81. ^ a b "Schedule published: This is how DNA's 3G network will be shut down in 2023–2024". DNA Oyj. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  82. ^ "DNA confirms next areas for 3G shutdown". TeleGeography. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  83. ^ "DNA will densify 4G with 3G spectrum after shutdowns". mobileeurope.co.uk. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  84. ^ "DNA to Permanently Shut Down its 3G Networks Next Week – Common Devices Will Need to Transition to 2G Network". Alma Media Oyj 2024. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  85. ^ "3G network became history - we are investing in faster connections". Elisa Oyj. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  86. ^ "Schedule published: This is how the Finnish Shared Network's 3G network will be shut down in eastern and northern Finland in 2024 – at the same time 4G connections will improve". DNA. DNA Oyj. 31 October 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  87. ^ "Telia Finland to commence 3G shutdown on 11 September". TeleGeography. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  88. ^ "3G-verkko on siirtymässä historiaan" (in Finnish). Telia. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  89. ^ "Bouygues Telecom to decommission 2G in 2026, 3G to follow in 2029". TeleGeography. 3 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  90. ^ "SFR selects Nokia for 5G SA network; to decommission 2G/3G by 2028". TeleGeography. 27 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  91. ^ "Telekom switches off 3G network". TeleGeography. 6 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  92. ^ "Telefonica Deutschland accelerates 3G shutdown". TeleGeography. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  93. ^ "Telefonica Deutschland to begin 3G switch-off on 1 July". TeleGeography. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  94. ^ "Telefonica accelerates 3G switch-off in Germany". TeleGeography. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  95. ^ "Vodafone Germany to switch off 3G on 30 June 2021". TeleGeography. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  96. ^ "Cosmote to switch off 3G by end of year". TeleGeography. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  97. ^ "Wind Hellas to shut down 3G by end-2022". TeleGeography. 6 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  98. ^ "Wind Hellas to begin 3G shutdown". TeleGeography. 4 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  99. ^ "NOVA to finalise 3G shutdown in March". TeleGeography. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  100. ^ "NOVA hangs up on 3G". TeleGeography. 27 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  101. ^ "Vodafone Greece to switch off 3G by mid-2023". TeleGeography. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  102. ^ "Tusass to discontinue 3G services in 2023". TeleGeography. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  103. ^ a b "Subsidies offered to customers exchanging 3G phones from Feb-22". CommsUpdate. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  104. ^ "Telekom confirms 3G shutdown will complete this month". TeleGeography. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  105. ^ a b c "National 2G/3G handset replacement scheme ends; 120,000 devices subsidised". TeleGeography. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  106. ^ "Yettel switching off Hungary's last 3G network on 13 November". TeleGeography. 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  107. ^ "Hírek/Cikkek - Vodafon 3G-hálózat lekapcsolása" (in Hungarian). T.E.L.L. Software Hungaria Kft. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  108. ^ "ECOI postpones 2G shutdown to 2025". TelGeography. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  109. ^ "Airtel begins phasing out Indian 3G networks". TeleGeography. 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  110. ^ "Bharti Airtel shuts down 3G networks across 11 circles". livemint.com. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  111. ^ "Vi Enhances 4G Network Coverage for its Customers in Maharashtra & Goa to Enable Seamless Conversations and Internet Experience" (PDF). Vodafone Idea Limited. 6 October 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  112. ^ "13 November, Smartfren Tutup Sepenuhnya Jaringan CDMA" (in Indonesian). kumparanTECH. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  113. ^ "Telkomsel switches off 3G network in Jakarta". TeleGeography. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  114. ^ "Telkomsel upgrades 3G network to 4G in 185 cities/districts". TeleGeography. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  115. ^ "Siap-Siap Indosat Matikan Sinyal 3G Di Akhir 2022". detikcom. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  116. ^ "Penataan Ulang Teknologi 3G ke 4G" [Reconfiguring 3G to 4G Technology] (in Indonesian). XL Axiata. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  117. ^ "XL Axiata to expand 4G network across Indonesia with its IDR 8 trillion Capex". Indonesia Business Post. 21 February 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  118. ^ "Vodafone Ireland unveils plans to phase out 3G". TeleGeography. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  119. ^ "Ministry orders shutdown of Israeli 2G, 3G networks by 2025". TelGeography. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  120. ^ a b "WindTre e Iliad verso il cambiamento definitivo | Possiamo dire addio alla rete storica" (in Italian). Player.it - Dadafree Srl. 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  121. ^ "TIM to begin 3G shutdown in April". TeleGeography. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  122. ^ "TIM to delay 3G shutdown until July". TeleGeography. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  123. ^ "TIM 3G switch-off now scheduled for mid-October". TeleGeography. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  124. ^ "TIM completes 3G shutdown". TeleGeography. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  125. ^ "Vodafone begins 3G switch-off in Italy". TeleGeography. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  126. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - KDDI". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  127. ^ "KDDI to Discontinue 3G Services in March 2022". nippon.com. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  128. ^ "KDDI (au) shutting 3G network today; advises users to upgrade if they wish to keep its services". TeleGeography. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  129. ^ "「FOMA」および「iモード」のサービス終了について" [End of service for "FOMA" and "i-mode"] (in Japanese). NTT DOCOMO Inc. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  130. ^ "SoftBank confirms date for 3G switch-off". TeleGeography. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  131. ^ "SoftBank delays 3G closure due to earthquake". Mobile World Live. 17 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  132. ^ "The End of an Era: SoftBank Corp. Closes Curtain on its 3G Services". SoftBank. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  133. ^ "Turning off 3G in Almaty and partially Almaty Oblast". Tele2 Kazakhstan. 26 February 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  134. ^ "Telia to commence Lithuanian 3G shutdown in March". TeleGeography. 17 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  135. ^ "Telia shuts down a third of 3G base stations". TeleGeography. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  136. ^ "Telia switches off 3G network". TeleGeography. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  137. ^ "Tele2 is bidding farewell to the old 3G network by the end of 2025". Tele2 LT. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  138. ^ "Tango and Telindus to shut down 3G network in January 2024". TeleGeography. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  139. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - China Telecom". CDG. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  140. ^ "China Unicom sells off CDMA arm to China Telecom". ChinaDaily. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  141. ^ "Celcom to shutter 3G network in stages; ready for 5G launch by end-2021". TeleGeography. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  142. ^ a b "Digi confirms 3G shutdown timeline". TeleGeography. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  143. ^ a b c "3G network to be terminated on Dec 31, users advised to switch to 4G". New Straits Times. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  144. ^ "Перспективы развития сети LTE и завершение оказания услуг сотовой связи в стандарте CDMA" [Prospects for the development of the LTE network and the termination of the provision of cellular services in the CDMA standard] (in Russian). Interdnestrcom. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  145. ^ "Crnogorski Telekom to shutter 3G network by year-end". TeleGeography. 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  146. ^ "Crnogorski Telekom to shutter 3G network on 22 January". TeleGeography. 10 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  147. ^ "KPN shutting 3G by January 2022". TeleGeography. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  148. ^ "More capacity on KPN's mobile network with 3G-frequencies". KPN. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  149. ^ "KPN's 3G network has been phased out". Thingsdata. 11 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  150. ^ "VodafoneZiggo closing 3G network on 4 February 2020". TeleGeography. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  151. ^ "2degrees to shut down 3G services in 2025". TeleGeography. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  152. ^ "Vodafone announces 4G or 5G to fully replace 3G in late 2024". TeleGeography. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  153. ^ "One NZ reschedules 3G shutdown, plots 2G termination". GSMA Mobile World Live. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  154. ^ "Spark to shutter 3G network in late 2025 to clear space for rural 5G". TeleGeography. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  155. ^ "3G network closure | Spark NZ". Spark NZ. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  156. ^ "Telia Norge confirms closure of 3G network". TeleGeography. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  157. ^ "Vi fornyer mobilnettet – og har sagt farvel til 3G" (in Norwegian). Telenor. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  158. ^ "Oman plans 3G shutdown from Q3 2024". TeleGeography. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  159. ^ "TRA prepares for 3G shutdown starting Q3 2024". TeleGeography. 17 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  160. ^ "Jazz to completely phase out 3G services by Nov". Business Recorder. 9 October 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  161. ^ "Jazz Sunsets 3G in Support of Its '4G for All' Vision, Marking 50 Million 4G Subscribers and Driving Digital Transformation". ProPakistani. 18 November 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  162. ^ "PLDT-Smart to sunset 3G in 2023". TeleGeography. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  163. ^ "Globe Removes Consumer 3G SIMs Across Distribution Chains". Globe Telecom. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  164. ^ "T-Mobile begins 900MHz 3G migration in Poland". TeleGeography. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  165. ^ "T-Mobile Poland to begin 3G switch-off this month". TeleGeography. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  166. ^ "T-Mobile Poland to close 3G network in April; no plans for tower sale or fixed access rollout". TeleGeography. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  167. ^ "Orange to begin phasing out 3G in Poland in September". TeleGeography. 21 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  168. ^ "3G shutdown process to get underway this month at Orange Poland". TeleGeography. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  169. ^ "Ajuda e Suporte - Em que data deixarei de ter acesso à rede 3G" (in European Portuguese). MEO. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  170. ^ "Descontinuação 3G" (in European Portuguese). Vodafone Portugal. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  171. ^ "Desligamento da rede 3G em Portugal | Forum NOS". forum.nos.pt (in Portuguese). 4 January 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  172. ^ "DIGI shuts 3G network, refarms 2100MHz spectrum for 4G and 5G". TeleGeography. 29 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  173. ^ "Retragere tehnologie 3G" [Withdrawal of 3G technology]. Telekom. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  174. ^ "Beeline starts replacing 3G UMTS-900 with LTE in Moscow". TeleGeography. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  175. ^ "MTS switching off 3G this year in Moscow city, large parts of Moscow region". TeleGeography. 21 July 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  176. ^ "3G network - How much time do I have to switch to a 4G device?". Saudi Telecom Company. 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  177. ^ a b c "Singapore MNOs to fully retire 3G services by end-July 2024". TeleGeography. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  178. ^ a b c "Farewell 3G: M1 to retire services from August; StarHub, Singtel from November". The Business Times. 24 July 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  179. ^ "O2 Slovakia to start 3G shutdown next month; e& purchase gains local approval". TeleGeography. 5 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  180. ^ "4ka warning users of 3G switch-off". TeleGeography. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  181. ^ "Orange Slovakia to complete 3G shutdown on 22 February". TeleGeography. 4 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  182. ^ "Slovak Telekom to begin 3G shutdown on 3 October". TeleGeography. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  183. ^ "Slovak Telekom waves goodbye to 3G". TeleGeography. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  184. ^ "Telekom Slovenije 3G shutdown by end-September". TeleGeography. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  185. ^ "A1 Slovenia to say goodbye to 3G in June". TeleGeography. 26 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  186. ^ "South Africa to ban 2G devices by March 2023". TeleGeography. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  187. ^ "SA comms minister proposes 2G/3G switch-offs in 2024/2025". TeleGeography. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  188. ^ a b c "cdma users top 30 million". TeleGeography. 19 July 2004. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  189. ^ "Terminating 2G Service in Korea: Policy Issues and Suggestions". International Telecommunications Policy Review. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  190. ^ a b "2G Phone Users Create Dilemma for Telecom Carriers ahead of Beginning of 5G Era". BusinessKorea. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  191. ^ a b "2G Bows Out, 5G Grows in South Korea - Older Technologies in Decline". TeleGeography Blog. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  192. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - LG U+". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  193. ^ "LGT plans EV-DO Rev. A tests ahead of commercial launch in 1H07". TeleGeography. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  194. ^ "S. Korea to end 2G network services by June". The Korea Herald. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  195. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - SK Telecom". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  196. ^ "SK Telecoms shutters 2G service". TeleGeography. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  197. ^ "Vodafone activa la fase final del apagado del 3G" (in Spanish). BandaAncha. 12 September 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  198. ^ "Vodafone Spain to complete 3G shutdown next month". Data Centre Dynamics Ltd. 16 September 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  199. ^ "Airtel Lanka given go-ahead to shut down 3G network from June". TeleGeography. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  200. ^ "Dialog trials 5G mmWave; announces 3G shutdown plan". TeleGeography. 3 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  201. ^ "3G-nätet | Telenor" (in Swedish). Telenor. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  202. ^ "Nu släcker vi 3G- och 2G-näten - så påverkas du" (in Swedish). Telia. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  203. ^ "Vi förnyar mobilnätet – vi fasar ut 3G" (in Swedish). Tre. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  204. ^ "Så bör du tänka när 2G och 3G-nätet avvecklas" (in Swedish). Tre. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  205. ^ "Sunrise confirms mid-2025 date for 3G shutdown". TeleGeography. 29 November 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  206. ^ "So long, 3G". Swisscom.
  207. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - Asia Pacific Telecom". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  208. ^ "FET to decommission 5,000 APT towers post-merger". TeleGeography. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  209. ^ a b c d "Taiwan to switch off 3G networks at year end". Telecom Asia. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  210. ^ a b c d "Taiwan to shut down 3G networks by year end". ZDNet. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  211. ^ a b c d "NCC urges updating old phones ahead of 3G shutdown". The Taipei Times. 28 May 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  212. ^ "EE details plans for upcoming 3G shutdown pilot in Warrington". TeleGeography. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  213. ^ "EE's 3G network shutdown to be completed by March 2024". TeleGeography. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  214. ^ "EE to commence 3G shutdown in January". TeleGeography. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  215. ^ Mark Jackson (26 February 2024). "EE Switches Off Final 3G Mobile Network Site in the UK". ISPreview. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  216. ^ "Three UK confirms it will switch off 3G at the end of 2024". TeleGeography. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  217. ^ "VMO2 confirms it will complete 3G switch off by end-2025". TeleGeography. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  218. ^ "Vodafone UK to begin retiring its 3G network in 2023". TeleGeography. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  219. ^ "Vodafone UK confirms its first 3G network switch-off in two locations". TeleGeography. 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  220. ^ "Vodafone UK to begin 3G switch-off in June 2023". TeleGeography. 10 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  221. ^ "Vodafone UK completes 3G shutdown to enhance 4G/5G services". Telecoms Tech News. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  222. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - Appalachian Wireless". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  223. ^ "3G Shutdown Information". Appalachian Wireless. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  224. ^ "Appalachian Wireless to shut down 3G/CDMA service this month". Mountain Top Media. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  225. ^ "AT&T reconfiguring 3G spectrum ahead of February 2022 shutdown". TeleGeography. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  226. ^ "AT&T switches off 3G network". TeleGeography. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  227. ^ "Regional US mobile operator Cellcom to switch off 2G on 1 December; 3G was deactivated in March". TeleGeography. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  228. ^ "Cellular One phases out 3G; transitions to VoLTE". TeleGeography. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  229. ^ "Upgrade Your Device Today". Choice Wireless. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  230. ^ "Liberty to switch off Puerto Rican 3G network on 22 February". TeleGeography. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  231. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - Silver Star Communications". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  232. ^ "Wireless Exit FAQs". Silver Star. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  233. ^ "STRATA Announces Plans to Retire 3G Network". 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  234. ^ a b "T-Mobile's 2G, 3G shutdown dates leaked". TeleGeography. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  235. ^ a b "T-Mobile US eyes October 2021 W-CDMA shutdown". TeleGeography. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  236. ^ a b "T-Mobile US to shut down 3G network on 1 July 2022". TeleGeography. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  237. ^ "Sprint reaches the finishing line: legacy LTE networks switched off by T-Mobile". TeleGeography. 4 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  238. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - Sprint". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  239. ^ "T-Mobile delays CDMA shutdown by three months". TeleGeography. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  240. ^ "T-Mobile US commences CDMA shutdown; expands 5G Home Internet footprint". TeleGeography. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  241. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - U.S. Cellular". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  242. ^ "UScellular shuts off some 3G services as it upgrades LTE". Fierce Wireless. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  243. ^ "UScellular to switch off CDMA network on 14 January 2024". TeleGeography. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  244. ^ "CDMA2000 Operators - Verizon Wireless". CDG. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  245. ^ "Verizon to shut down 3G CDMA networks on 31 December 2022". TeleGeography. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  246. ^ "Verizon ramps up 5G coverage as 3G shutdown looms". TeleGeography. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
[edit]
  • Media related to 3G at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by Mobile Telephony Generations Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&oldid=1261936888"