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Brussels Agreement (2013)

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Brussels Agreement
First Agreement of Principles Governing the Normalisation of Relations
TypeTreaty
ContextNormalization of Kosovo–Serbia relations
Signed19 April 2013 (2013-04-19)
LocationBrussels, Belgium
Mediators
Signatories
Parties

The First Agreement of Principles Governing the Normalisation of Relations, informally known as the Brussels Agreement (Serbian: Бриселски споразум / Briselski sporazum, Albanian: Marrëveshja e Brukselit), is an agreement to normalize relations between the governments of Serbia and Kosovo.[1] The agreement, negotiated and concluded in Brussels under the auspices of the European Union, was signed on 19 April 2013.[2] Negotiations were led by Serbian Prime Minister Ivica Dačić and Kosovo Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi, mediated by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton. The government of Serbia does not recognize Kosovo as a sovereign state, but began normalising relations with the government of Kosovo as a result of the agreement.[3] In Belgrade, the agreement was criticized by protestors as a convalidation of Kosovo independence.[4]

Background

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Further information: Advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence

Following the Kosovo War and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Kosovo (as part of Serbia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) was placed under United Nations administration under UNSC Resolution 1244. Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in 2008, which has been recognised by 104 countries. However, Serbia maintains that Kosovo continues to be part of its territory.[5] European Union-mediated dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia began in March 2011.[6] Serbia and Kosovo were urged to continue talks in Brussels, but Serbia was not obliged to recognize Kosovo during the process.[7]

Talks

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The Serbian and Kosovar prime ministers and a mediator at a conference
(left to right) Serbian Prime Minister Ivica Dačić, mediator Catherine Ashton, and Kosovar Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi in Munich, 2014

Ten rounds of talks were held at the European External Action Service office in Brussels. EU High Representative Catherine Ashton chaired the talks for two years, followed by Federica Mogherini. Normalisation of relations with neighbouring states is a key precondition for states wishing to join the EU; the Brussels Agreement brought Serbia close to EU accession talks and Kosovo to initializing a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA). The SAA was signed by HR Mogherini and Kosovar Prime Minister Isa Mustafa in October 2015.

United States diplomats have supported the EU-led dialogue. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton invited Baroness Ashton to travel in the Balkans, and they made joint visits to Belgrade, Pristina, and Sarajevo in October 2012.

The European Commission advised beginning an SAA with Kosovo after the agreement was concluded,[8] and accession negotiations began with Serbia. The agreement was supported by the European Union, NATO, the OSCE, and the United Nations.[9]

Agreement

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Yellow map of Kosovo, with the planned Community of Serb Municipalities in blue
Map of Kosovo, with the planned Community of Serb Municipalities in blue

The two-page agreement has 15 paragraphs. Paragraphs 1–6 concern the establishment, scope, and functions of the planned Community of Serb Municipalities. Paragraphs 7–9 concern police and security, specifying one police force for all of Kosovo (including the north) known as the Kosovo Police. Paragraph 11 stipulates that municipal elections shall be held throughout Kosovo under Kosovo law. Paragraph 12 provides for the creation of an implementation plan and specifies a date (now past) by which the plan would be concluded. Paragraph 13 undertakes to intensify discussions on energy and telecommunications. According to Paragraph 14, "Neither side will block, or encourage others to block, the other side's progress in their respective EU paths." Paragraph 15 envisages the establishment of an implementation committee with EU facilitation.

The document agrees on the integration of Serb-majority municipalities in North Kosovo into the Kosovar legal system, with two guarantees:

  • All judicial matters are under the law of Kosovo, but Kosovo Serbs must be a majority of certain judicial panels; a panel (the Mitrovica District Court) must sit in North Mitrovica.
  • All policing is to be done by the Kosovo Police, but the police regional commander of the Serb-majority areas must be a Kosovo Serb chosen from a list provided by Kosovo Serb municipalities.[10][11]

Later talks

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After the agreement was signed, meetings have been held regularly to implement its provisions. A judicial agreement was reached in February 2015, followed by agreements on energy and telecommunications operators. On 25 August of that year, an agreement was concluded to establish the Association of Serbian Communities.

Concerns existed about how the 2013 local-government elections in Kosovo would be administered, with the government of Serbia objecting to any mention of "the state of Kosovo" on ballot papers;[12] however, the Serbian government agreed that it should encourage Serbs in northern Kosovo to participate in the local elections.[13] That October, arrangements were made for Serbian officials to visit North Kosovo.[14] It was agreed that electoral bodies in Kosovo would include Kosovo Serb representatives,[15] and the international dialing code +383 would be assigned to Kosovo.[16] After some delay,[17] the new geographic phone code was implemented in December 2016.[18]

Serbian reaction

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Scholars Smilja Avramov and Elena Guskova maintain that the agreement violates the Constitution of Serbia and the United Nations Charter, and is an indirect recognition of Kosovar independence.[19] The Assembly of Kosovo has ratified the agreement, incorporated it into law, and treats it as an "international agreement."[20]

The National Assembly of Serbia has not treated the agreement as international and has not ratified it, the Serbian procedure for approving an international agreement;[21] however, it has accepted the government report about the "hitherto process of political and technical dialogue with the temporary institutions in Pristina with the mediation of EU, including the process of implementation of the achieved agreements."[22] The constitutional court in Belgrade did not answer a question about the constitutionality of the agreement, saying in December 2014 that the issue was a political question and not a legal one.[23]

Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić said in 2018 that the agreement is a difficult compromise for Serbia, which Vučić said had met all of its obligations.[24]

On 24 March 2022, Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić claimed that the Brussels Agreement "no longer exists", citing the suspension of court president of Mitrovica Ljiljana Stevanović by the Kosovo Judicial Council and alleged plans to remove all Serb commanders from the Kosovo police force as the primary reason.[25][26] Prime Minister Ana Brnabić made similar remarks and claimed that basic human rights of the Serb community in Kosovo were not respected.[27]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ srbija.gov.rs. "Brussels Agreement". www.srbija.gov.rs. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  2. ^ "Republic of Serbia - Government" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-08.
  3. ^ "EU-Balkans Integration, Hand in Hand With Kosovo-Serbia Dialogue". BiEPAG. July 27, 2021. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  4. ^ "Dveri protiv "briselskog sporazuma"" [Dveri against the "Brussels Agreement"] (in Serbian). B92. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  5. ^ "Dacic: The Central African Republic has withdrawn recognition of Kosovo's independence". B92.net. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  6. ^ "Kosovo and Serbia Reach Historic Deal in Brussels". April 19, 2013. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  7. ^ ""EU wants results of dialogue, not recognition of Kosovo"". Bulevar B92. Archived from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
  8. ^ "Serbia and Kosovo reach landmark deal". European Union External Action Service. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  9. ^ "Ban welcomes 'landmark' agreement between Serbia and Kosovo negotiators". UN News Centre. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  10. ^ "First agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations" (PDF). rts.rs. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
  11. ^ "The Kosovo-Serbia Agreement: Why Less Is More". Crisis Group. 7 May 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
  12. ^ "Serbia and Kosovo hold talks in Brussels". Euronews. 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  13. ^ "Serbian PM claims Kosovo breaches Brussels agreement: media". Xinhua. 5 October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  14. ^ "Belgrade, Pristina overcome dispute ahead of Kosovo local polls". EUbusiness. 8 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  15. ^ "Brussels Deal: Serbian Officials Free To Enter Kosovo". inSerbia. 8 October 2013. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  16. ^ "Serbia allocated calling code to Kosovo". B92. 9 September 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  17. ^ "Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini following the meeting of the EU-facilitated dialogue". EEAS - European Union. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  18. ^ "Kosovo Hails Receipt of Own Telephone Code". balkaninsight.com. Archived from the original on 2016-12-16. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
  19. ^ "Смиља Аврамов: Споразум Београда и Приштине индиректно признање самопроглашеног Косова". Novinar Online. SRNA. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013. Српски експерт за међународно право Смиља Аврамов оцијенила је да споразум између Београда и Приштине представља индиректно признање самопроглашеног Косова и поручила да је њиме погажена Повеља УН која Србији гарантује територијални интегритет....Јелена Гускова: Споразум Београда и Приштине је уговор о признању независности Косова
  20. ^ http://www.kuvendikosoves.org/common/docs/ligjet/Zakon%20o%20ratifikaciji%20sporazuma%20normalizacija%20odnosa%20Kosova%20-%20Serbije.pdf Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine]
  21. ^ "Zakon o zakljucivanju i izvrsenju medjunarodnih ugovora" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-12-15.
  22. ^ "O PRIHVATANjU IZVEŠTAJA O DOSADAŠNjEM PROCESS POLITIČKOG I TEHNIČKOG DIJALOGA SA PRIVREMENIM INSTITUCIJAMA SAMOUPRAVE U PRIŠTINI UZ POSREDOVANjE EVROPSKE UNIJE, UKLjUČUJUĆI PROCES IMPLEMENTACIJE POSTIGNUTIH DOGOVORA" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2014-12-15.
  23. ^ ""Briselski sporazum Je politički" - B92.net". B92.net (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  24. ^ "President Vucic says he will tell the truth at UN Security Council session". N1 info Serbia. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
  25. ^ "Vučić poručio da Briselski sporazum više ne postoji". www.slobodnaevropa.org. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  26. ^ "Suspendovana predsednica suda u Mitrovici zbog učešća na sastanku sa Vučićem". www.slobodnaevropa.org. 24 March 2022.
  27. ^ "Brnabić: "Briselski sporazum je mrtav"; Vulin: "Ovo je prvi korak ka uvlačenju Srbije u oružane sukobe"". www.b92.net. 24 March 2022.
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