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2007 Greensburg tornado

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Coordinates: 37°36′15″N 99°17′35″W / 37.60417°N 99.29306°W / 37.60417; -99.29306
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2007 Greensburg tornado
Clockwise from top: The tornado, as seen at EF5 intensity in Greensburg; the photographer was located 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Greensburg. At this point, the tornado has taken on a large "wedge" shape,[note 1] a heavily damaged house in Greensburg, a radar image of the supercell that produced the tornado, disaster recovery workers clearing debris from Greensburg, damage to downtown Greensburg, which took a direct hit from the tornado.
Meteorological history
FormedMay 4, 2007, 9:00 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedMay 4, 2007, 10:05 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration65 minutes
EF5 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds205 mph (330 km/h)
Satellite tornadoes
Tornadoes10 confirmed
Maximum ratingEF1 tornado
Highest windsUnknown
Overall effects
Fatalities11
Injuries63
Damage95% of Greensburg damaged to some degree
Economic losses$250 million (2007 USD)[1]
Areas affectedGreensburg, Kansas, US
Houses destroyed622
Part of the Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007 and Tornadoes of 2007

On the evening of May 4, 2007, amid a tornado outbreak, a large and devastating EF5 tornado moved through the town of Greensburg, located in southern Kansas, United States. The tornado, known as the Greensburg tornado, Greensburg, or GT in later studies, tracked 28.8 miles (46.3 km) through the area, killing eleven and injuring sixty-three others. The tornado was the first to be rated EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale after the retirement of the original Fujita scale in the United States in February 2007.[2][3][4][5]

The tornado touched down in northern Comanche County, moving to the north while continuously widening. The nocturnal wedge tornado eventually entered into Kiowa County, crossing U.S. Route 183 before entering the city limits of Greensburg. The tornado heavily damaged Greensburg as it moved through; 662 structures in the town sustained some form of damage before the tornado left the area. Northwest of Greensburg, the tornado suddenly turned, looping back around before dissipating over an hour after first touching down.

The tornado devastated Greensburg, damaging 95% of the town and leaving $268 million (2007 USD) in damage. Rebuilding efforts after the tornado were intensive, and several major government agencies collaborated with state agencies to help rebuild the town with the goal of making it a "green town" using a Long-Term Community Recovery plan that included requiring all buildings in Greensburg to gain LEED Platinum certification, along with installing wind turbines in the city. In 2011, Kiowa County Memorial Hospital, destroyed in the tornado, was the first hospital in the United States to operate using carbon neutral energy.

As of 2024, the tornado is the most recent to receive an EF5 rating in Kansas, and ninth most recent nationwide. The tornado was also one of the deadliest in Kansas history, along with being the deadliest in the history of Comanche and Kiowa counties. The tornado is the second-widest officially surveyed tornado in Kansas history, at 1.7 miles (2.7 km); the 2 miles (3.2 km) width estimate from the 1896 Seneca–Oneida tornado is considered unofficial and the Trousdale tornado that touched down on the same day had a larger width, at 2.2 miles (3.5 km).

Meteorological synopsis

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Main article: Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007 § Meteorological synopsis
An illustration of Oklahoma, Kansas, parts of Texas and parts of Colorado. The image is centered on Oklahoma and Kansas, where a large red blob composed of several squares covers central Oklahoma and south-central Kansas. This structure is a large tornado watch that was issued for the area on May 4, 2007. An NOAA logo can be seen in the bottom-left corner.
The tornado watch issued for portions of Oklahoma and Kansas on May 4

On May 4,[6] a low-pressure area stalled over the High Plains and additional moisture coming from the Gulf of Mexico moved in behind the warm front and increased amounts of instability across much of the region, with CAPE values as high as 5,500 J/kg.[7] In addition, the dry line, which marks a divided line between the dry and humid air mass, was positioned over the southern High Plains. This allowed for the initiation of scattered supercells on May 4. High wind shear also allowed for intense rotation in the atmosphere. All of the ingredients were present in the atmosphere for the developing of supercell thunderstorms producing damaging wind, large hail and tornadoes.[8]

The Storm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk for severe weather across western Kansas and small portions of Oklahoma, Colorado and Nebraska for May 4, while temperatures were in the mid to high 80s°F (near 30 °C). The atmosphere remained capped for much of the day, but storms began to develop in the late afternoon hours in western Oklahoma and the eastern Texas Panhandle.[8][9] The most intense supercells developed in the early evening hours across northwestern Oklahoma and southwestern Kansas. These intense tornadic supercells eventually produced 25 tornadoes, including the Greensburg tornado.[10][11]

Greensburg supercell development

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At around 7:00 pm CDT, the National Weather Service office in Dodge City, Kansas began to detect a mesocyclone associated with a parent supercell. Several minutes later, a bounded weak echo region (BWER) began to be present on radar, located on then storm's northern flank. As the storm continued to move northeast, strong inflow was being detected in the lower levels of the supercell, and the supercell began to slow to 26.8 miles per hour (43.1 km/h). At around this time, two more mesocyclones were being tracked behind the main supercell; these were accompanied by BWERs. Multiple brief and weak tornadoes touched down as a result of these storms, including "twin" rope tornadoes that were documented by at least one storm chaser on the ground.[12]

At the time of these tornadoes, discrete circulation began to be monitored within the Greensburg supercell, which was beginning to become stronger. Shortly after this circulation was first found, the Greensburg tornado would touch down.[12]

Tornado summary

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Formation and track towards Greensburg

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Prior to touching down, the tornado discretely cycled and begun rotating under the southwest flank of its parent supercell,[13] accompanied by several small rope tornadoes and funnel clouds.[14] One of these rope tornadoes, located on the westernmost side of the mesocyclone would begin to rapidly strengthen, taking on a wedge shape shortly after touching down.[15] Several storm chasers captured the formation of a tornado south of Greensburg around 9:20 pm CDT, which apparently strengthened as it neared Greensburg and began moving due-north towards the town, and at 9:38 pm CDT, storm chasers reported that it had grown to over 0.5 miles (0.80 km) in diameter. Eyewitnesses and storm chasers reported that multiple vortices were circulating around the perimeter of the large, wedge-shaped tornado during its early stages. A short time later, at least two distinct satellite tornadoes, including a narrow rope tornado, were reported by local media and observed by multiple weather spotters and storm chasers.[16]

The tornado emergency that was issued for areas including Greensburg, prior to the tornado striking the town.

As the main tornado continued through rural areas, many trees were snapped and debarked, severe ground scouring occurred, and oil tanks were destroyed, with oil strewn across pastures and roads.[17][18] It continued to grow in size as the very large wedge tornado approached the city of Greensburg from the south. As the tornado crossed Highway 183 south of town, it reached its maximum width of 1.7 miles (2.7 km). Several farmsteads along the highway were damaged or destroyed, livestock was killed, and trees were denuded and debarked in this area as well. At 9:41 pm CDT, the National Weather Service office in Dodge City issued a tornado emergency for Greensburg,[19][20][21] which read:[22]

..A TORNADO EMERGENCY FOR GREENSBURG...

AT 937 PM CDT…NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS AND STORM SPOTTERS WERE TRACKING A LARGE AND EXTREMELY DANGEROUS TORNADO. THIS TORNADO WAS LOCATED 5 MILES SOUTH OF GREENSBURG…MOVING NORTH AT 20 MPH.

A VIOLENT TORNADO WAS ON A DIRECT PATH FOR PORTIONS OF GREENSBURG… ESPECIALLY THE EASTERN PORTIONS OF TOWN. TAKE IMMEDIATE TORNADO PRECATIONS…THIS IS AN EMERGENCY SITUATION FOR GREENSBURG

Impact in Greensburg

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A radar image sequence of the tornado at EF5 intensity, marked as a purple triangle, tracking towards Greensburg before lifting. A distinct hook echo is visible. The radar images are color-coded, and red/purple colors indicate when the strongest winds are. The thunderstorms are moving to the right, and several towns, including Greensburg, are marked on the map. A separate purple triangle would later form that indicated the strength of a tornado that moved through areas near Trousdale.
A radar image sequence of the tornado at EF5 intensity, marked as a purple triangle, tracking towards Greensburg before lifting. A distinct hook echo is visible, and a separate purple triangle would later form that indicated the strength of a tornado that moved through areas near Trousdale.

The massive tornado continued due-north, following Main Street into the south side of Greensburg. Multiple homes, including an entire row of seven adjacent residences, were completely swept away and scattered across a field in this area at the south edge of town. Three of the houses were well-bolted to their foundations, and ground scouring occurred nearby. Damage in this area was rated EF5 as a result.[23] The tornado weakened slightly as it entered residential areas in southern Greensburg, but remained violent as it directly impacted Delmar Day Elementary School, completely leveling a section of the building and flattening many homes nearby at EF4 intensity. Continuing north, downtown Greensburg was completely devastated by the tornado, with numerous businesses destroyed. Two schools, a Tractor Supply Company store, the Greensburg City Hall and other businesses fell victim to the violent winds and were destroyed or flattened. A motel on the west side of town was severely damaged, trees throughout the town were completely denuded and stripped clean of all bark, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled beyond recognition.[24]

A brick-lined swimming pool is seen through a window. There is lots of debris in the pool, and the pool itself appears to be heavily damaged
Damage to a brick-lined swimming pool as a result of the tornado

The Greensburg High School, located around one block east of the tornado's convergence line, was heavily damaged.[25] Numerous homes were swept away across from the high school, four of which were well-bolted to their foundations, warranting an EF5 rating at those residences.[23] Several fire hydrants were ripped from the ground in town as well. The city's water tower was completely toppled and smashed, and the visitor's center at the Big Well was completely destroyed. Train cars were also overturned and hazardous materials teams were called to inspect the wreckage. A tank car carrying about 14,000 gallons (53,000 liters) of ammonia started to leak when workers lifted it. The courthouse and the grain elevator were spared the worst of the tornado's effects. Meanwhile, the Greensburg meteorite, which was feared to have been blown away, was found and recovered a few days afterwards.[23][26]

Past downtown, neighborhoods in northern Greensburg were completely flattened, and many homes were swept cleanly away. A large brick Mennonite Church in this area was completely leveled with the foundation partially swept clean of debris, vehicles were thrown and mangled, trees sustained complete debarking, and severe ground scouring occurred before the tornado left the city limits.

As the tornado exited the city limits of Greensburg, it began to weaken while turning to the northwest,[27] before almost looping on itself and then dissipating in a farm field.[28] The total path length was 22.8 miles (37 km),[29] and the width of the funnel reached 1.7 miles (2.7 km). Overall, 95% of Greensburg was destroyed.[30] A total of 961 homes and businesses were destroyed, 216 received major damage and 307 received minor damage.[31][32][33]

Satellite tornadoes

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Two small "funnel" tornadoes are seen to the right of the Greensburg tornado, which is illuminated by lightning and at this point took on a "cone" shape. Power poles can be seen in between the two tornadoes, in the foreground. The photo appears to have been taken on a highway.
Two satellite tornadoes (right) are seen next to the Greensburg tornado (center). At this point, the tornado was rapidly strengthening south of Greensburg.

During the early stages of the tornado's life, numerous videos and later research showed that ten satellite tornadoes existed around the main tornado, located various distances away from the main funnel but still within circulation.[34] It was shown that these tornadoes were largely associated with high shear regions, which were located to the east and southeast of the main tornado and another two located to the north and south; the southern region of circulation was anticyclonic.[35] This region of anticyclonic wind would produce an anticyclonic tornado, which was a satellite of the main tornado.[36] Three of these satellite tornadoes would end up producing tornadic debris signatures that were visible on radar.[37]

One of these anticyclonic tornadoes would cross over the same damage path produced by the main tornado, and shortly later two more satellite tornadoes, one anticyclonic, would touch down around the larger tornado, at that point tracking towards Greensburg. The largest satellite tornado was located 2.4 miles (3.9 km) southeast of the main tornado, producing a cyclonic shear signature.[36]

List of confirmed satellites of the Greensburg tornado - May 4, 2007[note 2]
EF# Time (CDT) Path length Max width Summary
EF0 7:32 pm 6.04 mi (9.72 km) 75 ft (23 m) A brief satellite tornado moved across open farmland, narrowly avoiding two homes.[36]
EF0 7:34 pm 4.2 mi (6.8 km) 50 ft (15 m) A brief satellite tornado moved across open land, causing no damage.[36]
EF0 7:48 pm 2.9 mi (4.7 km) 50 ft (15 m) A satellite tornado moved across open land, causing no damage.[36] This tornado would later merge with circulation that would produce the Greensburg tornado.[36]
EF1 8:08 pm 0.15 mi (0.24 km) 50 ft (15 m) A satellite tornado, documented by storm chasers, inflicted EF1 damage to a swath of trees.[36]
EF1 8:09 pm 1.1 mi (1.8 km) 30 ft (9.1 m) A satellite tornado, documented by storm chasers and later confirmed during a damage survey, inflicted EF1 damage to numerous trees.[36]
EF0 8:18 pm 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 25 ft (7.6 m) A brief and weak satellite tornado was on the ground for an estimated 30 seconds, causing no damage.[36]
EF0 8:24 pm 0.5 mi (0.80 km) 25 ft (7.6 m) A brief satellite tornado touched down near the main tornado, causing no damage.[38] This tornado was anticyclonic.[36]
EF0 8:25 pm 1.5 mi (2.4 km) 30 ft (9.1 m) A brief anticyclonic tornado touched down near the main tornado, causing no damage.[36]
EF1 8:55 pm 0.73 mi (1.17 km) 75 ft (23 m) A satellite tornado developed east of the main tornado, merging with another satellite tornado before crossing a highway and inflicting EF1 damage to power lines and trees.[36]
EF0 8:55 pm 2.98 mi (4.80 km) 30 ft (9.1 m) A brief satellite tornado formed east of the main tornado before merging with another satellite tornado.[38] This tornado was anticyclonic.[36]

Later tornadoes

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A large black blob, which is the tornado, can be seen on the ground while a power flash illuminates it. The tornado was over 2 miles wide at this point
The Trousdale tornado at EF3 intensity near Trousdale. At this point, the tornado was over 2 miles (3 km) in width.

Greensburg-Trousdale-Lewis, Kansas

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Shortly after the Greensburg tornado lifted, another large and intense tornado formed to the east of Greensburg. The tornado rapidly widened as it moved to the north, reaching a maximum width of 2.2 miles (3.5 km) as it moved towards the community of Trousdale, located in Edwards County. The tornado would then move past Fellsburg before almost impacting Trousdale. Several homes on the outskirts of the town were destroyed, and a patrol car was destroyed. One person would be killed near Trousdale and two others would be injured. The tornado would begin to weaken as it moved away from Trousdale before curving to the west. The tornado would dissipate twenty minutes after touching down.[39]

At the time, the tornado was second-largest ever documented, behind the 2004 Hallam tornado, before being surpassed by the 2013 El Reno tornado, the 2016 Jiangsu tornado, and the 2020 Bassfield tornado.[40][41][42]

Aftermath

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Greensburg was devastated by the tornado,[43] with 95% of structures within city limits sustaining some degree of tornado-related damage.[44][45][46] Over 800,000 cubic yards (610,000 m3) of tornado-related debris were removed from Greensburg in the aftermath of the tornado.[47][48] Initial recovery attempts in the days following the tornado were stunted by rain and other bad weather conditions that made it difficult to clean up the town.[49] The tornado also caused an estimated $268 million (2007 USD) in damages to Greensburg.[49]

The tornado was the first to be rated EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, as well as the most recent EF5 tornado to hit Kansas.[note 3][50] The tornado was also one of the deadliest in Kansas history, along with being the deadliest in the history of Comanche and Kiowa counties.[note 3] The tornado is the second-widest officially surveyed tornado in Kansas history; the 2 miles (3.2 km) width estimate from the 1896 Seneca–Oneida tornado is considered unofficial and the Trousdale tornado that touched down later on May 4 had a larger width, at 2.2 miles (3.5 km).[note 3][50]

Damage to homes

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A damage survey conducted by Timothy P. Marshall, Joshua Wurman and several other experts found that a total of fifty-three homes were slid off of brick foundations that anchored the homes to the ground; this damage would later receive an EF2 rating.[44] 194 homes sustained EF0 damage; the vast majority of these homes were located along the outer path of the tornado on the east and west side of town.[44] The survey also concluded that damage on the tornado's east side was more severe than damage of that on its west side.[44]

Table of structural damage in Greensburg, by EF scale[44]
EF Rating Structures with EF-X damage % of total damage
EF0 194 29
EF1 74 11
EF2 177 27
EF3 104 16
EF4 106 16
EF5 7 1
Total 662 structures sustained EF0-5 damage

The survey also found that only seventeen percent of homes damaged by the tornado were damaged to the point where occupation would not be possible, and 28 manufactured homes were destroyed.[51] Multiple structures located along Main Street sustained EF5 damage, including seven homes.[52] The water tower located above the Big Well, holding 55,000 U.S. gallons (210,000 L) of water at the time of the tornado, was destroyed; the well survived.[52]

Greensburg High School

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The Greensburg High School, located around one block east of the tornado's convergence line, was heavily damaged.[25] As the tornado moved through the area, northward-facing winds battered the building, causing the top floor of the main building and the southern wall of an adjacent building to collapse inward. The east-facing walls of the high school also collapsed inward; the west-facing walls collapsed in an outward direction due to the movement of wind. In a damage survey conducted after the tornado, it was found that the building's large window sills anchored by hinge lines were unable to hold up against high winds, causing the collapse.[53][23] Numerous homes were swept away across from the high school, four of which were well-bolted to their foundations, warranting an EF5 rating at those residences.[23]

Delmer Day Elementary School

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The Delmer Day Elementary School was the subject of an in-depth damage survey, which detailed how the school collapsed. Similarly to the Greensburg High School, the elementary was located to the east of the tornado's convergence line, and strong winds initiated a collapse on the school's south and east-facing walls.[54] A lack of steel vertical columns along the school's window sills, accompanied by weak hinge lines, was concluded to be the cause of the collapse. Damage inflicted to the school was eventually given an EF4 rating.[54][55]

Kiowa County Memorial Hospital

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The Kiowa County Memorial Hospital was reinforced with internal vertical steel beams which extended along the floors and ceilings, along with double-thick masonry walls. Despite this, the hospital sustained heavy damage, and a 9,900 pounds (4,500 kg) steel beam was lifted from the hospital's frame and lofted into a vehicle to the hospital's northeast. A damage survey concluded that winds of 147 miles per hour (237 km/h) were needed to lift and toss the beam, which garnered damage to the hospital an EF3 rating.[56][57]

Rebuilding efforts

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A helicopter flies over the ruins of Greensburg after the tornado hit. A street, lined with destroyed buildings, is visible below.
Marine One, carrying then–President George W. Bush, flies over Greensburg on May 9

Following the tornado, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) activated the Long-Term Community Recovery (LTCR) program, which was designed to help recovery efforts with joint cooperation with the State of Kansas and other federal agencies willing to help.[58][59] The United States Department of Energy (USDoE) collaborated with other agencies during the rebuilding process, and converted Greensburg's main energy source from fossil fuels to wind, collected using wind turbines.[60] As a result, the Greensburg Wind Farm was developed, consisting of ten 13-megawatt turbines.[61][62]

Along with changes to Greensburg's energy sources, the LTCR also required that all buildings built within the city limits of Greensburg meet LEED Platinum certifications; only the Kiowa County Memorial Hospital was an exception to this requirement, although the hospital later garnered an LEED Platinum certification.[60]

In 2011, after being rebuilt,[63] the hospital became the first in the United States to operate using carbon neutral energy.[64] In 2012, the hospital became the first to use entrapped rainwater to run water-based utilities, such as toilets.[60] A 50-kilowatt wind turbine was installed on the site of the hospital to further reduce fossil fuel usage.[60][63][65] George W. Bush, who was the president of the United States at the time of the tornado, visited the town to survey damage.[66][47] Rod Blagojevich, governor of Illinois at the time, wrote a letter to the governor of Kansas, offering his condolences and support. The letter, which was sent three days after the tornado, read:[67]

On behalf of the people of Illinois, I express my sadness at the devastation caused by last weekend's tornadoes. I offer my condolences on the loss of lives and the families broken apart by this disaster.

— Rod R. Blagojevich, May 7, 2007

Almost 500 soldiers from the United States National Guard were deployed to Greensburg to aid with recovery efforts, and the crews provided machinery and communications for the area.[68] Many homes in Greensburg were rebuilt in the years following the tornado, all of which had basements and utilized carbon-neutral technology as part of the LTCR.[69]

Fatalities

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Several uniformed men are tossing debris from a pile of rubble that was left of the Greensburg High School. It is daytime, and the men seem to be having a conversation with each other.
Airmen from the Kansas Air National Guard removing debris from the site of the Greensburg High School on May 9, 2007. Approximately 400 National Guard members assisted in the clean up, providing security and performing other disaster response functions.

The tornado was the first in over 50 years to kill at least one person in Kiowa County.[70] Eleven people were killed by the tornado, all of whom lived in Greensburg.[71][48] The initial fatality estimate ranged from nine to eleven, but an additional death was later concluded to be a false report.[72][73] Claude Hopkins, who was 79 at the time of the tornado, was found dead 100 yards (91 m) from his home; he was likely killed attempting to escape the tornado via car. Larry Hoskins, 51, was killed at an unknown location, and David Lyon, who was 48 at the time, was killed when the mobile home he lived in took a direct hit from the tornado. Colleen Panzer, 77, was found dead after the tornado, and Ron Rediger, who was 57 at the time, was found in the rubble of his home, which lacked a basement.[74][75]

Evelyn Kelly, 75, was killed when the apartment complex she lived in collapsed. Sarah Tackett, 72, Beverly Volz, 52, and Max McColm, 77, were all found dead in different parts of Greensburg; their cause of death is unknown. Richard Fry, who was 62, was also found dead. Harold Schmidt, who was 77 at the time of the tornado, was seriously injured when a pickup truck landed inside of the basement that he and his wife were sheltering in; he died as a result of his injuries ten days after the tornado.[74][75] In total, 74 casualties were recorded, including sixty-three injuries and eleven deaths directly relating to the tornado.[74]

A study carried out by the University of Kansas Health System in April 2013 concluded that the critical mortality rate from the tornado was 18%, and that age was related to the degree of injuries sustained from the tornado.[76]

Depiction in media

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The tornado and its aftermath have been depicted in several television productions.

  • Greensburg, a show documenting the rebuilding efforts in Greensburg.[77]
  • Greensburg: Relive the Most Destructive Tornado in History, a series that documents the immediate aftermath of the tornado, aired on PBS.[78]

See also

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Notes and footnotes

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2007 Greensburg tornado.

Notes

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  1. ^ A "wedge" refers to the shape of strong, wide tornadoes. When a tornado is described as a "wedge", it is typically large, with sloping sides and may look like a low-hanging cloud that makes contact with the ground
  2. ^ For consistency, all times are displayed in Central Daylight Time (CDT).
  3. ^ a b c As of November 2024

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Lemon & Umschied 2008, p. 1.
  2. ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale)". www.weather.gov. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  3. ^ "An Update to the Enhanced Fujita Scale - March 2022 - Haag Global". March 7, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  4. ^ "What is the Fujita Scale for tornadoes? | University of Chicago News". news.uchicago.edu. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  5. ^ "Weather IQ: Understanding the difference between EF0 to EF5 tornadoes". WCNC. May 8, 2024. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  6. ^ "Event Summaries". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  7. ^ Davies, Jon. "CAPE/CIN (J/Kg, Saturday May 5, 2007)". Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Davies, Jon. "The Greensburg Tornado Environment on 4 May 2007". Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  9. ^ "Greening Greensburg". Orion Magazine. January 21, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  10. ^ "Tornado Watch 227". NOAA, National Weather Service. Archived from the original on April 28, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2007.
  11. ^ Belski, John (May 4, 2017). "10 year anniversary of the EF-5 Greensburg, KS tornado". WLKY. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  12. ^ a b Bluestein 2009, p. 7.
  13. ^ McCarthy, Ruthi & Hutton, p. 4.
  14. ^ Bluestein 2009, p. 5.
  15. ^ Lemon & Umschied 2008, p. 10.
  16. ^ "May 4, 2007 tornado devastates Greensburg". KSN-TV. February 22, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  17. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  18. ^ Lawson, Robb. "Barton and Ellsworth County Tornado". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
  19. ^ White, Herb. "Aware: Climate, Water, Weather" (PDF). National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2008. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
  20. ^ "Survivors sought as more storms threaten Plains". CNN. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
  21. ^ "200705050219-KDDC-WFUS53-TORDDC". MESONET. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  22. ^ Murray, Bill (May 4, 2012). "Five Years Ago Tonight: The Greensburg, KS EF5 Tornado". AlabamaWx. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  23. ^ a b c d e Marshall, Tim (2007). "Damage Survey of the Greensburg, KS tornado" (PDF). ams.confex.com. American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  24. ^ Marshall et al., p. 2.
  25. ^ a b "Town Destroyed by Tornado Celebrates Graduation". ABC News. May 19, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  26. ^ "Greensburg Meteorite Recovered". KAKE-TV. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  27. ^ Lemon & Umschied 2008, p. 13.
  28. ^ "Top Ten KS Tornadoes". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
  29. ^ Brinkmann, Heather (May 3, 2022). "First EF-5 tornado still changing lives in Greensburg, Kansas, 15 years later". FOX Weather. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  30. ^ Nossiter, Adam (May 7, 2007). "An Empty Place Where a Kansas Town Once Stood". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  31. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  32. ^ "Search Resumes in Devastated Kansas Town". AOL. Archived from the original on May 10, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
  33. ^ McCarthy, Daniel (2007). "The Greensburg, KS Tornado" (PDF). ams.confex.com. American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  34. ^ Tanamachi 2011, p. 77.
  35. ^ Tanamachi 2011.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lemon & Umschied 2008, p. 8.
  37. ^ Tanamachi 2011, p. 80.
  38. ^ a b "Tornado on May. 05, 2007 23:00 PM CDT". Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
  39. ^ "Trousdale to Macksville, KS EF3 Tornado of May 4, 2007". Highways & Hailstones. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
  40. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  41. ^ NWS Dodge City. "Greensburg Tornado Rated EF-5 (updated May 22)". Archived from the original on May 12, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  42. ^ National Climatic Data Center. "NCDC Storm Reports". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
  43. ^ "Greensburg marks 15 years since deadly EF-5 tornado". KAKE. May 2, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  44. ^ a b c d e Marshall et al., p. 2.1.
  45. ^ "Thursday marks 16 years since rare EF-5 tornado nearly destroyed Greensburg". KWCH. May 4, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  46. ^ "Tornadoes kill 9 in Kansas". The Denver Post. Associated Press. May 5, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  47. ^ a b "2007 EF5 Tornado". City of Greensburg. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  48. ^ a b Hutton 2008.
  49. ^ a b Paul et al. 2007.
  50. ^ a b "May 4, 2007: The night that made maps of Greensburg, Kansas have to be redrawn". U.S. Tornadoes. May 4, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
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Sources

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Further reading

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Event studies

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Aftermath

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37°36′15″N 99°17′35″W / 37.60417°N 99.29306°W / 37.60417; -99.29306

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