Jump to content

White House

Edit links
Coordinates: 38°53′52″N 77°02′11″W / 38.89778°N 77.03639°W / 38.89778; -77.03639
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 1600 Pennsylvania)
"1600 Pennsylvania Avenue" redirects here. For other uses, see 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (disambiguation) and White House (disambiguation).

White House
Top: the Executive Residence's northern facade with a columned portico facing the North Lawn and Lafayette Square
Bottom: the Executive Residence's southern facade with a semi-circular portico facing the South Lawn and The Ellipse
White House is located in Central Washington, D.C.
White House
Location of the White House in Washington, D.C.
White House is located in Washington, D.C.
White House
Location in Washington, D.C.
White House is located in the United States
White House
Location in United States
General information
Architectural styleNeoclassical, Palladian
Address1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, D.C. 20500
U.S.
Coordinates38°53′52″N 77°02′11″W / 38.89778°N 77.03639°W / 38.89778; -77.03639
Current tenantsJoe Biden, President of the United States and the First Family
Construction startedOctober 13, 1792; 232 years ago (1792-10-13)
CompletedNovember 1, 1800; 224 years ago (1800-11-01)[1]
OwnerFederal Government of the United States
Technical details
Floor area55,000 sq ft (5,100 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)James Hoban
Benjamin Henry Latrobe
Website
whitehouse.gov
Designated NHLDecember 19, 1960
Aerial view of the White House complex, including Pennsylvania Avenue (closed to traffic) in the foreground, the Executive Residence and North Portico (center), the East Wing (left), and the West Wing and the Oval Office at its southeast corner.

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., it has served as the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800 when the national capital was moved from Philadelphia.[2] The "White House" is also used as a metonym to refer to the Executive Office of the President of the United States.[3]

The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style.[4] Hoban modeled the building on Leinster House in Dublin, a building which today houses the Oireachtas, the Irish legislature. Constructed between 1792 and 1800, its exterior walls are Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he and architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe added low colonnades on each wing to conceal what then were stables and storage.[5] In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by British forces in the burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semicircular South Portico in 1824 and the North Portico in 1829.

Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, which was eventually moved and expanded. In the Executive Residence, the third floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. The East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the residence's load-bearing walls and wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame was constructed inside the walls. On the exterior, the Truman Balcony was added. Once the structural work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.

The present-day White House complex includes the Executive Residence, the West Wing, the East Wing, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, which previously served the State Department and other departments (it now houses additional offices for the president's staff and the vice president), and Blair House, a guest residence. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories: the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, and a two-story basement. The property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President's Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of America's Favorite Architecture.[6]

Early history

1789–1800

Further information: Presidency of George Washington § Residences

Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two private houses in New York City, which served as the executive mansion. He lived at the first, the Walter Franklin House, which was owned by Treasury Commissioner Samuel Osgood, at 3 Cherry Street, through late February 1790.[7][8] The executive mansion moved to the larger quarters at Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway,[8] where Washington stayed with his wife Martha and a small staff until August 1790. In May 1790, construction began on a new official residence in Manhattan called Government House.

Washington never lived at Government House since the national capital was moved to Philadelphia in 1790, where it remained through 1800.[9][10] The July 1790 Residence Act designated the capital be permanently located in the new Federal District, and temporarily in Philadelphia for ten years while the permanent capital was built.[11] Philadelphia rented the mansion of Robert Morris, a merchant, at 190 High Street, now 524–30 Market Street, as the President's House, which Washington occupied from November 1790 to March 1797.[12] Since the house was too small to accommodate the 30 people who then made up the presidential family, staff, and servants, Washington had it enlarged.[12]

President John Adams, who succeeded Washington and served as the nation's second president, occupied the High Street mansion in Philadelphia from March 1797 to May 1800. Philadelphia began construction of a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away in 1792. It was nearly completed by the time of Adams' 1797 inauguration. However, Adams chose not to occupy it, saying he did not have Congressional authorization to lease the building. It remained vacant until 1800 when it was sold to the University of Pennsylvania.[13]

On Saturday, November 1, 1800, Adams became the first president to occupy the White House.[14] The President's House in Philadelphia was converted into Union Hotel and later used for stores before being demolished in 1832.[12]

Architectural competition

James Hoban's Charleston County Courthouse in Charleston, South Carolina (1790–92). Washington is known to have admired this design.

The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's[a] 1791 plan for the newly established federal city of Washington, D.C.[15] After L'Enfant's dismissal in early 1792, Washington and his Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, who both had personal interests in architecture, agreed that the design of the President's House and the Capitol would be chosen in a design competition.[16]

Nine proposals were submitted for the new presidential residence with the award going to Irish-American architect James Hoban. Hoban supervised the construction of both the U.S. Capitol and the White House.[17] Hoban was born in Ireland and trained at the Dublin Society of Arts. He emigrated to the U.S. after the American Revolution, first seeking work in Philadelphia and later finding success in South Carolina, where he designed the state capitol in Columbia.

A 1793 elevation by James Hoban. His three-story, nine-bay original submission was altered into this two-story, 11-bay design.

President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina, in May 1791 on his Southern Tour, and saw the Charleston County Courthouse then under construction, which had been designed by Hoban. Washington is reputed to have met with Hoban during the visit. The following year, Washington summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.[18]

On July 16, 1792, the president met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. His review is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban's submission.[19]

Design influences

The Neoclassical design of the White House is based primarily on architectural concepts inherited from the Roman architect Vitruvius and the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio. The design of the upper floors also includes elements based on Dublin's Leinster House, which later became the seat of the Irish parliament (Oireachtas).[20] The upper windows with alternate triangular and segmented pediments are inspired by the Irish building.[21] Additionally, several Georgian-era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, including the bow-fronted south front and the former niches in the present-day Blue Room.

The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and Château de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France. Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for 20 years, and then finally built between 1812 and 1817 based on Salat's pre-1789 design.[22]

The conceptual link between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France. Supporters of the connection contend that Thomas Jefferson, during his tour of Bordeaux in 1789, viewed Salat's architectural drawings, which were on file at École Spéciale d'Architecture.[23] On his return to the U.S., Jefferson then shared the influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe.[22]

Construction

Construction of the White House began at noon on October 13, 1792, with the laying of the cornerstone.[24][25] The main residence and foundations of the house were built largely by both enslaved and free African-American laborers, and employed Europeans.[26] Much of the other work on the house was done by immigrants, many of whom had not yet obtained citizenship, including the sandstone walls, which were erected by Scottish immigrants[27], the high-relief rose, and garland decorations above the north entrance and the fish scale pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods.

There are conflicting claims as to where the sandstone used in the construction of the White House originated. Some reports suggest sandstone from the Croatian island of Brač, specifically the Pučišća quarry whose stone was used to build the ancient Diocletian's Palace in Split, was used in the building's original construction. However, researchers believe limestone from the island was used in the 1902 renovations and not the original construction. Others suggest the original sandstone simply came from Aquia Creek in Stafford County, Virginia, since importation of the stone at the time would have proved too costly.[28][29][30] The initial construction took place over a period of eight years at a reported cost of $232,371.83 (equivalent to $4,172,000 in 2023). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1, 1800.[31]

Pierre L'Enfant's plan for a grand palace was five times larger than the house that was eventually built.[27] Due in part to material and labor shortages, the finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone façades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls were whitewashed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.[27]

Architectural description

The principal story plan for the White House by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1807

The main entrance is located on the north façade under a porte cochere with Ionic columns.[32] The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet. The central three bays are situated behind a prostyle portico that was added c. 1830. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while the second-floor pediments are flat. A lunette fanlight and a sculpted floral festoon surmount the entrance. The roofline is hidden by a balustraded parapet.

The three-level southern façade combines Palladian and neoclassical architectural styles. The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion. The south portico was completed in 1824.[33] At the center of the southern façade is a neoclassical projected bow of three bays. The bow is flanked by five bays, the windows of which, as on the north façade, have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bow has a ground-floor double staircase leading to an Ionic colonnaded loggia and the Truman Balcony, built in 1946.[33] The more modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the façade.

Naming conventions

The building was originally variously referred to as the President's Palace, Presidential Mansion, or President's House.[34] The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.[35] A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,[36] giving the building its namesake hue.[37] The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established "The White House" as its formal name in 1901 via Executive Order.[38] The current letterhead wording and arrangement of "The White House" with the word "Washington" centered beneath it dates to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[39]

Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the president of the United States may have been derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation, in Virginia, where the nation's first president courted the first lady in the mid-18th century.[40]

Evolution of the White House

Early use, 1814 burning, and reconstruction

The White House ruins after the fire of August 24, 1814
Jefferson and Latrobe's West Wing Colonnade, in this 19th-century engraved view, is now the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room.

On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building.[27] The next day he wrote his wife Abigail: "I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof."[41] President Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.[41]

Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the "pleasant country residence"[42] in 1801. Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain"),[43] Jefferson considered how the White House might be expanded and improved. With Benjamin Henry Latrobe, he helped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades, small wings that helped conceal the domestic operations of laundry, a stable and storage.[27] Today, Jefferson's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings.[27]

In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was burned by British forces during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for acts of destruction by American troops in the Canadas; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well.[44][45] Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except for portions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was sacked by the British, only three have been recovered.[44][46][47]

White House employees and slaves rescued a copy of the Lansdowne portrait, and in 1939 a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington; in the same year, a medicine chest that had belonged to President Madison was returned by the descendants of a Royal Navy officer.[44][46][47] Some observers allege that most of the spoils of war taken during the sack were lost when a convoy of British ships led by HMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814, even though Fantome had no involvement in that action.[48][49][50]

After the fire, President James Madison resided in the Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then in the Seven Buildings from 1815 to the end of his term.[51] Meanwhile, both Hoban and Latrobe contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration. The north portico was built in 1830.[27] Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.[52] An elliptical portico at Château de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France, with nearly identical curved stairs, is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico,[53] although this matter is one of great debate.[54]

Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework on both porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now Áras an Uachtaráin, residence of the president of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.[53] For the North Portico, a variation on the Ionic Order was devised, incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance.

Overcrowding and building the West Wing

The White House and North Lawn during the Lincoln administration in the 1860s
1890 White House Entrance Hall featuring Tiffany glass screen

By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded. The location of the White House, just north of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe for malaria and other unhealthy conditions, was questioned.[55] Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked with proposing solutions to address these concerns. He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence, and he designed a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington, D.C. Congress, however, rejected the plan.[55] Another option was Metropolis View, which is now the campus of The Catholic University of America.[56]

When Chester A. Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction.[57] All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren.[58] A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.

In the fall of 1882, work was done on the main corridor, including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of gold leaf, and decorating the ceiling in gold and silver, with colorful traceries woven to spell "USA." The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red, and its ceiling was decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweled Tiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule.[59][60]

In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.[55] A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham that reflected the Harrison proposal.[55] These plans were ultimately rejected.

In 1902, however, Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions.[61][62] Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the president's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.[27]

President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office.[55] In 1925, Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time.[63]: 17  The West Wing was damaged by fire on Christmas Eve 1929; Herbert Hoover and his aides moved back into it on April 14, 1930.[64] In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.[27]

Truman reconstruction

Main article: White House Reconstruction
The Truman reconstruction between 1949 and 1952 included a steel structure built within the White House's exterior shell.

Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth-story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman[65] took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.[27] By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951.[66]

The work, completed by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame, and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.[65] The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million ($67 million in 2023).[67] Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall, rather than the Cross Hall.[65] Central air conditioning was added, as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms, storage, and a bomb shelter.[27] The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27, 1952.[27]

While the Truman reconstruction preserved the house's structure, much of the new interior finishes were generic and of little historic significance. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 1814–1816 rebuilding, was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the Vermeil Room, Library, China Room, and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.[68]

Jacqueline Kennedy restoration

The Red Room as designed by Stéphane Boudin during the Kennedy administration

Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (1961–63), directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. She enlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museum to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which had once been housed there.[69] Other antiques, fine paintings, and improvements from the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, Jane Engelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family.

Stéphane Boudin of the House of Jansen, a Paris interior-design firm that had been recognized worldwide, was employed by Jacqueline Kennedy to assist with the decoration.[69] Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room: the Federal style for the Green Room, French Empire for the Blue Room, American Empire for the Red Room, Louis XVI for the Yellow Oval Room, and Victorian for the president's study, renamed the Treaty Room. Antique furniture was acquired, and decorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed.[69]

The Kennedy restoration resulted in a more authentic White House of grander stature, which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe.[69] In the Diplomatic Reception Room, Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique "Vue de l'Amérique Nord" wallpaper which Zuber & Cie had designed in 1834. The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 when that house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to the White House.

The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy.[70] Sales of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

In a televised tour of the house on Valentine's Day in 1962, Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public.[71]

The White House since the Kennedy restoration

The White House complex and vicinity, viewed from the north with the Potomac River, Jefferson Memorial, and Washington Monument visible to the south

Congress enacted legislation in September 1961 declaring the White House a museum. Furniture, fixtures, and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the president. This prevented them from being sold (as many objects in the executive mansion had been in the past 150 years). When not in use or display at the White House, these items were to be turned over to the Smithsonian Institution for preservation, study, storage, or exhibition. The White House retains the right to have these items returned.[63]: 29 

Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation.[72] Since the Kennedy restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to the private quarters of the White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Charged with maintaining the historical integrity of the White House, the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Family — usually represented by the first lady, the White House curator, and the chief usher — to implement the family's proposals for altering the house.[73]

During the Nixon Administration (1969–1974), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon.[74] Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration.[75] Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool.[76] Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement.[77]

Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration.[78] A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency.[79][80] Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years.[81] The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.[81]

In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room.[82] During the administration of George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished.[82]

The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington, D.C., when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, at the suggestion of the Visitors Office director, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor, affording easier wheelchair access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.

In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters.[80] These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the presidential pool and spa. One hundred sixty-seven solar photovoltaic grid-tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter, but the story was covered by industry trade journals.[83] In 2013, President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power was used for the president's living quarters.[84][85]

Layout and amenities

The current group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex. It includes the central Executive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing. The chief usher coordinates day to day household operations. The White House includes six stories and 55,000 square feet (5,100 m2) of floor space, 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, 28 fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators, five full-time chefs, a tennis court, a (single-lane) bowling alley, a movie theater (officially called the White House Family Theater[86]), a jogging track, a swimming pool, and a putting green.[39] It receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.[87]

Layout of entire site
White House Complex
West Wing
Ground floor
State floor
Second floor (residence)

Executive Residence

Main article: Executive Residence
The Cross Hall, connecting the State Dining Room and the East Room on the State Floor

The original residence is in the center. Two colonnades – one on the east and one on the west – designed by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings added later. The Executive Residence houses the president's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining. The State Floor of the residence building includes the East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room, State Dining Room, Family Dining Room, Cross Hall, Entrance Hall, and Grand Staircase.[88] The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room, Map Room, China Room, Vermeil Room, Library, the main kitchen, and other offices.[89]

The second floor family residence includes the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom, President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room.[90] The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush's workout room).[91]

West Wing

Main article: West Wing

The West Wing houses the president's office (the Oval Office) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets,[92] as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and the Roosevelt Room.[93] In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for the display of charts and graphs.[94] The makeover took 11 months and cost of $8 million, of which news outlets paid $2 million.[94] In September 2010, a two-year project began on the West Wing, creating a multistory underground structure.[95]

Some members of the president's staff are located in the adjacent Eisenhower Executive Office Building, which was, until 1999, called the Old Executive Office Building and was historically the State, War, and Navy building.[94]

The Oval Office, Roosevelt Room, and other portions of the West Wing were partially replicated on a sound stage and used as the setting for The West Wing television show.[96]

East Wing

Main article: East Wing

The East Wing, which contains additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the first lady and the White House Social Office. Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the "Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies. The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.

Grounds

The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres (about 7.3 hectares). Before the construction of the North Portico, most public events were entered from the South Lawn, the grading and planting of which was ordered by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During this period, the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet-style flowerbeds.

The general layout of the White House grounds today is based on the 1935 design by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm, commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the Kennedy administration, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon. The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband's assassination.

On the weekend of June 23, 2006, a century-old American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) tree on the north side of the building came down during one of the many storms amid intense flooding. Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) planted by Andrew Jackson, including the Jackson Magnolia, reportedly grown from a sprout taken from the favorite tree of Jackson's recently deceased wife, the sprout planted after Jackson moved into the White House. The tree stood for over 200 years. In 2017, having become too weak to stand on its own, it was decided it should be removed and replaced with one of its offspring.[97][98]

Michelle Obama planted the White House's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.[99] In 2020, First Lady Melania Trump redesigned the Rose Garden. Berat Albayrak, Minister of Treasury and Finance of the Republic of Turkey, visited US President Donald Trump at the White House. President Trump showed him around the rose garden.[100]

  • Marine One prepares to land on the South Lawn, where State Arrival Ceremonies are held.
    Marine One prepares to land on the South Lawn, where State Arrival Ceremonies are held.
  • A view from the south, with the south fountain
    A view from the south, with the south fountain
  • A view from the north, with the north fountain
    A view from the north, with the north fountain

Public access and security

Further information: White House Visitors Office and List of White House security breaches

Historical accessibility

Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the public until the early part of the 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey.[101]

The practice continued until 1885, when newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged for a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house. Inspired by Washington's open houses in New York and Philadelphia, John Adams began the tradition of the White House New Year's Reception.[102] Jefferson permitted public tours of his house, which have continued ever since, except during wartime, and began the tradition of an annual reception on the Fourth of July. Those receptions ended in the early 1930s. President Bill Clinton briefly revived the New Year's Day open house in his first term.

Aviation incidents

In February 1974, a stolen U.S. Army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House's grounds.[103] Twenty years later, in 1994, a stolen light plane flown by Frank Eugene Corder crashed on White House grounds, instantly killing him.[104]

During the September 11 attacks, shortly after notice of the plane impacts, the White House staff and other occupants were ordered to evacuate by the U.S. Secret Service after a call was made to them from Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport air traffic control staff, stating, "There is an aircraft coming at you," though an aircraft never did show up.[105]

On May 12, 2005, as a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated after an unauthorized aircraft approached near the grounds.[106] After being forced to land by two F-16 fighter jets and a Black Hawk helicopter at a small airport nearby, the pilot was identified to be a student pilot who accidentally breached White House grounds without knowledge.[106]

On January 27, 2015, at 3 a.m. an intoxicated man flew a quadcopter drone from his apartment near the White House but lost control of it, prompting it to crash on the southeast side on White House grounds. The White House was temporarily locked down by the Secret Service shortly after an officer reported witnessing "[a] drone flying at a low altitude." Investigators suspected that the drone accidentally flew and breached into the property because of either wind or trees.[107][108]

In June 2023, fighter jets moved to intercept a light aircraft that violated Washington DC airspace near the White House, before it crashed in Virginia.[109] All occupants in the intrusion aircraft were killed.

Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue

A uniformed U.S. Secret Service agent on Pennsylvania Avenue

On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House, from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building.

After September 11, 2001, this change was made permanent, in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse.[110] In response to the Boston Marathon bombing, the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.

The Pennsylvania Avenue closure has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington, D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well-conceived historic plan for the city. As for security considerations, they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are.[111]

Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the west and the Treasury Building to the east, this sidewalk[clarification needed] served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the White House. These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies in Washington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks, but the White House remained closed to the public.[112] Due to budget constraints, White House tours were suspended for most of 2013 due to sequestration.[113] The White House reopened to the public in November 2013.[114]

Protection

For security reasons, the section of Pennsylvania Avenue on the north side of the White House is closed to all vehicular traffic except that of government officials.

The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police.

During the 2005 presidential inauguration, NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System) units were used to patrol the airspace over Washington, D.C. The same units have since been used to protect the president and all airspace around the White House, which is strictly prohibited to aircraft.[115][116]

  • The first presidential mansion, Samuel Osgood House in Manhattan, occupied by Washington from April 1789 – February 1790
    The first presidential mansion, Samuel Osgood House in Manhattan, occupied by Washington from April 1789 – February 1790
  • The second presidential mansion, Alexander Macomb House, in Manhattan, occupied by Washington from February–August 1790
    The second presidential mansion, Alexander Macomb House, in Manhattan, occupied by Washington from February–August 1790
  • Andrea Palladio's illustration, Project for Francesco et Lodovico de Trissini, from the book I quattro libri dell'architettura, published in 1570
    Andrea Palladio's illustration, Project for Francesco et Lodovico de Trissini, from the book I quattro libri dell'architettura, published in 1570
  • The North Portico of the White House compared to Leinster House
    The North Portico of the White House compared to Leinster House
  • The Château de Rastignac compared to the South Portico of the White House, c. 1846
    The Château de Rastignac compared to the South Portico of the White House, c. 1846
  • The third presidential mansion, President's House in Philadelphia, occupied by Washington from November 1790 – March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 – May 1800
    The third presidential mansion, President's House in Philadelphia, occupied by Washington from November 1790 – March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 – May 1800
  • Government House in Manhattan, built in 1790–1791, was designed to be the permanent presidential mansion, but Congress moved the national capital to Philadelphia before its completion.
    Government House in Manhattan, built in 1790–1791, was designed to be the permanent presidential mansion, but Congress moved the national capital to Philadelphia before its completion.
  • President's House in Philadelphia (built in the 1790s), was not used by any president after the presidential mansion, known as the White House, was moved from Philadelphia to the new national capital of Washington, D.C.
    President's House in Philadelphia (built in the 1790s), was not used by any president after the presidential mansion, known as the White House, was moved from Philadelphia to the new national capital of Washington, D.C.
  • The earliest known photograph of the White House, taken c. 1846 by John Plumbe during the administration of James K. Polk
    The earliest known photograph of the White House, taken c. 1846 by John Plumbe during the administration of James K. Polk
  • Additions proposed by architect Frederick D. Owen in 1901
    Additions proposed by architect Frederick D. Owen in 1901
  • The building's north front has been on the reverse of the U.S. $20 bill since 1998; an illustration of the south side was used for 70 years prior to its issuance.
    The building's north front has been on the reverse of the U.S. $20 bill since 1998; an illustration of the south side was used for 70 years prior to its issuance.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ..." (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador Jean Jules Jusserand popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (Reference: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic. George Washington University, Washington, D.C. ISBN 978-0-9727611-0-9). The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309: "(a) In General. – The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as "Major Peter Charles L'Enfant" and as "Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant" on its website.

References

  1. ^ "John Adams moves into White House". History.com. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
  2. ^ "White House History". clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  3. ^ N/A, Michael (July 7, 2023). "White House vs Capitol Building: What is the Difference?". Newspire. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  4. ^ "Inside the White House: History". WhiteHouse.gov. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  5. ^ Michael W. Fazio and Patrick A. Snadon (2006). The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 364–366.
  6. ^ to the Empire State Building
  7. ^ Baker, William Spohn (1897). Washington After the Revolution: 1784–1799. p. 118. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Presidential Residency in New York". mountvernon.org. The Fred W. Smith Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  9. ^ The Government House, New York Archived May 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Currier & Ives, Met Collection, Catalog Entry, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Accessed May 21, 2022.
  10. ^ Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps (1915–1928). The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909. Robert H. Dodd. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  11. ^ Miller, John (2003). Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation. Transaction Publishers. p. 251. ISBN 0-7658-0551-0.
  12. ^ a b c Edward Lawler Jr. (May 2010). "A Brief History of the President's House in Philadelphia". ushistory.org. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  13. ^ Westcott, Thompson (1894). The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants. W. H. Barr. pp. 270–272. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  14. ^ "John Adams". WhiteHouse.gov. Archived from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
  15. ^ "Timelines-Architecture" (PDF). White House Historical Association. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  16. ^ Frary, Ihna Thayer (1940). They Built the Capital. Freeport, NY: Books for Library Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8369-5089-2.
  17. ^ Shattuck, Kathryn (January 16, 2009). "Change You Can Only Imagine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  18. ^ William Seale, "James Hoban: Builder of the White House" in White House History no. 22 (Spring 2008), pp. 8–12.
  19. ^ "Primary Document Activities". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  20. ^ "The White House". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  21. ^ The Man Who Built the White House-twice. By: Kelly, Niall, American History, 10768866, Dec2000, Vol. 35, Issue 5. Accessed May 22, 2022.
  22. ^ a b Johnson, Michael (May 10, 2006). "Our White House in France?". TheColumnists.Com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  23. ^ Johnson, Michael (September 15, 2006). "A chateau fit for a president". New York Times. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
  24. ^ The White House. By: Oxford, Edward, American History Illustrated, 00028770, Sep/Oct92, Vol. 27, Issue 4. Accessed May 22, 2022.
  25. ^ Ecker, Grace Dunlop (1951) [1933]. "Chapter V: Washington and L'Enfant in George Town". In Grace G. D. Peter (ed.). A Portrait of Old George Town (Revised and Enlarged, 2nd ed.). Richmond, Virginia: The Dietz Press, Inc. p. 63. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  26. ^ "African Americans in the White House Timeline". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "White House Tour Essays: The Overview". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  28. ^ Zentz, Wendy (November 9, 1986). "Yugoslavs Claim Bit Of White House". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  29. ^ Podolak, Janet (October 17, 2010). "Stone from island off Croatia made White House and ancient Roman palace". The News-Herald. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  30. ^ "Croatia's Stone industry is expanding". www.litosonline.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  31. ^ "Overview of the White House". White House Museum. Archived from the original on November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  32. ^ "White House." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Paul Lagasse, and Columbia University, Columbia University Press, 8th edition, 2018. Accessed May 23, 2022.
  33. ^ a b "National Park Service – The Presidents (The White House)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  34. ^ Seale, William (1986). The President's House, A History. Volume I. White House Historical Association. pp. 1, 23. ISBN 978-0-912308-28-9.
  35. ^ Seale, William (1992). The White House, The History of an American Idea. The American Institute of Architects Press. pp. 35. 1. ISBN 978-1-55835-049-6.
  36. ^ Unger, Harlow (2009). The Last Founding Father:James Monroe and a Nation's Call to Greatness. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-306-81808-0.
  37. ^ New York Life Insurance Company (1908), entry Archived April 8, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Dubovoy, Sina. "History of the White House." Salem Press Encyclopedia, Sept. 2020. Accessed May 22, 2022.
  39. ^ a b "White House Facts". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2017 – via National Archives.
  40. ^ K.W. Poore and Associates, Inc.; Earth Design Associates, Inc. (June 2, 2002). "New Kent County Comprehensive Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  41. ^ a b "The State Dining Room". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
  42. ^ "Jefferson Describes the White House". Original Manuscripts and Primary Sources. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  43. ^ John Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House: 200 Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 978-0-415-92320-0. p. 15.
  44. ^ a b c "The East Room". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
  45. ^ Lafferty, Renee (July 13, 2015). "The Sacking of York". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  46. ^ a b "reminders of 1814: president madison's medicine chest". whitehousehistory. The White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  47. ^ a b "The Mariner's Mirror podcast (episode: the Battle of Trafalgar)". Mariner's Mirror. The Society for Nautical Research. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021. ....we have in the archive, a letter from Franklin Roosevelt, the American president, and it's thanking a descendant of one of Victory's crews, who are returning a medicine chest to the White House....this image of, of Roosevelt sitting down and writing a wonderful, and patient thank you letter, when he knows that the Germans have just invaded Czechoslovakia.....
  48. ^ "Treasure hunt or modern-day pirates?". canada.com. 2006. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  49. ^ Usborne, David (November 27, 2005). "British warship sunk during war with US may hold lost treasures of White House". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  50. ^ Young, G.F.W. "HMS Fantome and the British Raid on Washington August 1814". Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society Journal. 10: 132–145.
  51. ^ Haas, Irvin. Historic Homes of the American Presidents. New York: Dover Publishing, 1991, p. 30.
  52. ^ Michael W. Fazio and Patrick A. Snadon (2006). The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 368–370.
  53. ^ a b "Architectural Improvements: 1825–1872". The White House Museum. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
  54. ^ Johnson, Michael (September 15, 2006). "A chateau fit for a president". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
  55. ^ a b c d e Epstein, Ellen Robinson (1971–1972). "The East and West Wings of the White House". Records of the Columbia Historical Society.
  56. ^ Prudhomme, Claire (October 17, 2019). "Catholic University Could Have Been The White House". The Tower. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  57. ^ Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). Gentleman Boss. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-394-46095-6.
  58. ^ Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). Gentleman Boss. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. n473. ISBN 978-0-394-46095-6.
  59. ^ Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). Gentleman Boss. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-394-46095-6.
  60. ^ "The Grand Illumination: Sunset of the Gaslight Age, 1891". The White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  61. ^ "The Entrance Hall". The White House Museum. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  62. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt Renovation, 1902". The White House Museum. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  63. ^ a b Abbott, James A.; Rice, Elaine M. (1998). Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-02532-7.
  64. ^ Treese, Joel D.; Phifer, Evan (February 9, 2016). "The Christmas Eve West Wing Fire of 1929". The White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  65. ^ a b c "Truman Reconstruction: 1948–1952". White House Museum. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  66. ^ Slesin, Suzanne (June 16, 1988). "Fit for Dignitaries, Blair House Reopens Its Stately Doors". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  67. ^ "Mrs. Truman Shows Off White House To News Writers". Palm Beach Post. UP. March 24, 1952. p. 7. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  68. ^ "Library Art and Furnishings". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2007 – via National Archives.
  69. ^ a b c d "Kennedy Renovation: 1961–1963". White House Museum. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  70. ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  71. ^ "Jackie Kennedy's devotion to White House revealed". CBS News. February 14, 2012. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  72. ^ "Architecture: 1970s". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  73. ^ "Executive Order 11145 – Providing for a Curator of the White House and establishing a Committee for the Preservation of the White House". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
  74. ^ Caroli, Betty Boyd (January 3, 2008). "Pat Nixon: American first lady". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  75. ^ "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". The National First Ladies Library. 2005. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2007. For the White House itself, and thus for the American people, Pat Nixon also decided to accelerate the collection process of fine antiques as well as historically associative pieces, adding some 600 paintings and antiques to the White House Collection. It was the single greatest collecting during any Administration.
  76. ^ "A Press Pool". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2017 – via National Archives.
  77. ^ "Ask the White House". whitehouse.gov. May 9, 2005. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2008 – via National Archives.
  78. ^ "Technology: 1980s". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  79. ^ "Maine college to auction off former White House solar panels". October 28, 2004. Archived from the original on December 6, 2004. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
  80. ^ a b Burdick, Dave (January 27, 2009). "White House Solar Panels: What Ever Happened To Carter's Solar Thermal Water Heater?" (video). Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
  81. ^ a b "Decorative Arts: 1980s". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  82. ^ a b Koncius, Jura (November 12, 2008). "White House makeover". The Californian. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  83. ^ "Solar Energy is Back at the White House". www.ecomall.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  84. ^ "Solar panels installed on White House roof". Fox News. August 15, 2013. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  85. ^ Mary Bruce (August 15, 2013). "White House Finally Gets Solar Panels". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  86. ^ Johnson, Ted (July 23, 2011). "Now playing at the White House: East Wing holds movie theater for First Family and friends". Variety. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  87. ^ Bumiller, Elizabeth (January 2009). "Inside the Presidency". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  88. ^ "White House Residence First Floor". White House Museum. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  89. ^ "White House Residence Ground Floor". White House Museum. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  90. ^ "White House Residence Second Floor". White House Museum. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  91. ^ "White House Residence Third Floor". White House Museum. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  92. ^ "Debates and Decisions: Life in the Cabinet Room". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2007 – via National Archives.
  93. ^ "White House History and Tours". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on November 29, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2007 – via National Archives.
  94. ^ a b c Allen, Mike (July 7, 2007). "White House Press Room to reopen". Politico. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  95. ^ "White House Big Dig wraps up, but the project remains shrouded in mystery". New York Daily News. Associated Press. September 13, 2012. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  96. ^ "The West Wing of The West Wing". The White House Museum. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  97. ^ Katz, Brigit (December 28, 2017). "White House Magnolia Tree Planted by Andrew Jackson Will Be Cut Down". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  98. ^ "The story of the White House's famous magnolia tree". The Washington Post. December 27, 2017. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  99. ^ "Michelle Obama Goes Organic and Brings in the Bees". Washington Whispers. March 28, 2009. Archived from the original on May 19, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
  100. ^ "Hazine ve Maliye Bakanı Berat Albayrak ABD Başkanı Trump'la görüştü". euronews (in Turkish). April 16, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  101. ^ Greene, Elizabeth B. (2017). Buildings and Landmarks of 19th-Century America: American Society Revealed. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3573-5. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  102. ^ "White House History Quarterly 59 – Winter Holidays – Strolle by White House Historical Association – Issuu". November 6, 2020. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  103. ^ Freeze, Christopher. "The Time a Stolen Helicopter Landed on the White House Lawn – Robert Preston's wild ride". Air & Space. Smithsonian. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  104. ^ "White House security scares". BBC News. February 7, 2001. Archived from the original on January 27, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
  105. ^ "This is what it was like inside the White House on 9/11". World Economic Forum. September 10, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  106. ^ a b Johns, Joe; Arena, Kelli; Koch, Kathleen (May 12, 2005). "Intruding pilots released without charges". CNN. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
  107. ^ Diamond, Jim Acosta,Jeremy (January 26, 2015). "U.S. intel worker blamed for White House drone crash | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved December 19, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  108. ^ Shear, Michael D.; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 27, 2015). "White House Drone Crash Described as a U.S. Worker's Drunken Lark". New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  109. ^ Yang, Maya (June 4, 2023). "US jets pursue light aircraft over Washington DC before it crashes in Virginia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  110. ^ "Public Report of the White House Security Review". Order of the Secretary of the Treasury. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
  111. ^ "Statement of Committee of 100 on the Federal City and The National Coalition to Save Our Mall". National Coalition to Save Our Mall, Inc. 2004. Archived from the original on April 25, 2003. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
  112. ^ "Visiting the White House". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2007 – via National Archives.
  113. ^ Hennessey, Kathleen (March 5, 2013). "White House tours canceled due to federal budget cuts". LA Times. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  114. ^ "White House Tours To Resume In November (With A Catch)". International Business Times. October 22, 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  115. ^ "Norske våpen vokter presidenten". Gründer Økonomisk Rapport. January 31, 2006. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
  116. ^ "Norge sikret innsettelsen av Bush – Nyheter". Dagbladet. March 13, 2006. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2010.

Further reading

  • Abbott, James A. A Frenchman in Camelot: The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin. Boscobel Restoration Inc.: 1995. ISBN 978-0-9646659-0-3.
  • Abbott, James A. Jansen. Acanthus Press: 2006. ISBN 978-0-926494-33-6.
  • Clinton, Hillary Rodham. An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History. Simon & Schuster: 2000. ISBN 978-0-684-85799-2.
  • Frary, Ihna Thayer (1969). They Built the Capitol. Ayer Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8369-5089-2.
  • Frary, Ihna Thayer (1969). They Built the Capitol. Ayer Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8369-5089-2.
  • Garrett, Wendell. Our Changing White House. Northeastern University Press: 1995. ISBN 978-1-55553-222-2.
  • Guidas, John. The White House: Resources for Research at the Library of Congress. Library of Congress, 1992.
  • Huchet de Quénetain, Christophe. "De quelques bronzes dorés français conservés à la Maison-Blanche à Washington D.C." in La Revue, Pierre Bergé & associés, n°6, mars 2005 pp. 54–55. OCLC 62701407.
  • Kenny, Peter M., Frances F. Bretter and Ulrich Leben. Honoré Lannuier Cabinetmaker from Paris: The Life and Work of French Ébiniste in Federal New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and Harry Abrams: 1998. ISBN 978-0-87099-836-2.
  • Klara, Robert. The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America's Most Famous Residence. Thomas Dunne Books: 2013. ISBN 978-1-2500-0027-9.
  • Kloss, William. Art in the White House: A Nation's Pride. White House Historical Association in cooperation with the National Geographic Society, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8109-3965-3.
  • Leish, Kenneth. The White House. Newsweek Book Division: 1972. ISBN 978-0-88225-020-5.
  • McKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, et al. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office: 1952.
  • Monkman, Betty C. The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families. Abbeville Press: 2000. ISBN 978-0-7892-0624-4.
  • New York Life Insurance Company. The Presidents from 1789 to 1908 and the History of the White House. New York Life Insurance Company: 1908.
  • Penaud, Guy Dictionnaire des châteaux du Périgord. Editions Sud-Ouest: 1996. ISBN 978-2-87901-221-6.
  • Phillips-Schrock, Patrick. The White House: An Illustrated Architectural History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013) 196 pp.
  • Seale, William. The President's House. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. ISBN 978-0-912308-28-9.
  • Seale, William (1986). The President's House, A History. Volume II. White House Historical Association. p. 689.1. ISBN 978-0-912308-28-9.
  • Seale, William, The White House: The History of an American Idea. White House Historical Association: 1992, 2001. ISBN 978-0-912308-85-2.
  • West, J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz. Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan: 1973. ISBN 978-0-698-10546-1.
  • Wolff, Perry. A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy. Doubleday & Company: 1962. [ISBN missing]
  • Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26, 1996. Sothebys, Inc.: 1996.
  • The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 978-0-912308-79-1.
  • The White House. The First Two Hundred Years, ed. by Frank Freidel/William Pencak, Boston 1994. [ISBN missing]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to White House.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_House&oldid=1259901717"