Turned g
| Turned g | |
|---|---|
| G ᵷ | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Tabasaran language, Karaim language, Kwakʼwala, multiple phonetic trascriptions |
| Sound values | [ɣ] |
| In Unicode | U+1D77 |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Time period | 1844, 1880, 1892-1921, 1900, 1929, 1959, 1965 |
| Other | |
G ᵷ or turned g is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by rotating g 180°. It is used to transliterate the Georgian letter ჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letter გ "g" rotated.
Usage
[edit]
In 1844, Bartłomiej Beniowski created his Anti-absurd or Phenotypic alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong [aʊ].
In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.[1]
In 1900, turned g was a proposed phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association’s Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe, and other Northwest Caucasian languages.[2]
Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.[3]
In 1921, Ivar Adolf Lyttkens and Fredrik Amadeus Wulff used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Metodiska ljudöfningar published in 1892[4] or the dictionary Svensk ordlista published in 1921.[5]
In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel [i]. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.[6]
Turned g represents a [ɢ] in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Alexander Amarovich Magometov in his book Табасаранский язык: Исследование и тексты published in 1965.[7]
A rotated capital G (⅁) has sometimes been used as a substitute for the similar-looking eng [ŋ]. It is encoded in Unicode at U+2141. It looks similar to the Hebrew letter Pe ⟨פ⟩. But one can make the turned g actually rendered like this. ⟨G⟩
Computing codes
[edit]ᵷ was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U+1D77. Fonts that can display the character include Code2000, Doulos SIL and Charis SIL. Lowercase "B with hook", an IPA letter that resembles a turned one-story g, is more widely available as a substitute, at U+0253. However the vertical alignment does not match.
| Preview | ⅁ | ᵷ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL G | LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED G | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 8513 | U+2141 | 7543 | U+01D77 |
| UTF-8 | 226 133 129 | E2 85 81 | 225 181 183 | E1 B5 B7 |
| Numeric character reference | ⅁ |
⅁ |
ᵷ |
ᵷ |
References
[edit]- ^ Powell 1880, p. 15.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale 1900, p. 7‒8.
- ^ Boas et al. 1900.
- ^ Lyttkens & Wulff 1892, p. 34.
- ^ Lyttkens & Wulff 1921, p. 16.
- ^ Németh 2011, p. 81–82.
- ^ Магометов (ალ. მაჰომეტოი), Александр Амарович (1965). Табасаранский язык : исследование и тексты (ტაბასარანუმი ენა : გამოკვლევა და ტექსტები) (in Russian). Тбилиси: Мецниереба.
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