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Thessaloniki Metro
Overview
Native nameΜετρό Θεσσαλονίκης
LocaleThessaloniki, Greece
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines1[a]
Number of stations13[b]
Daily ridership254,000 (projected)
Annual ridership92.7 million (projected)
WebsiteOfficial website
Operation
Began operationNovember 30, 2024; 12 days ago (2024-11-30)[c]
Operator(s)Thessaloniki Metro Automatic (THEMA)[d]
CharacterUnderground
Number of vehicles18 Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro,[2] 15 more on order[2]
Headway3.5 minutes[2]
Technical
System length9.6 km (6.0 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification750 V DC third rail[2]
Top speed80 km/h (50 mph)[2]

The Thessaloniki Metro (Greek: Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης, listenⓘ) is an underground rapid-transit system in Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city. The system consists of a single line with 13 stations; a further 5 stations are under construction for Line 2. It is fully automated and driverless, the first system of its kind in Greece, and is operated by Thessaloniki Metro Automatic (THEMA), a Franco-Italian consortium.

Estimates for the cost of the megaproject are at €3 billion ($3.24 billion), including €600 million ($649 million) in future interest payments. The project is primarily funded with loans from the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), as well as funds from the Greek government. Construction by a Greco-Italian consortium is overseen by Elliniko Metro, the Greek state-owned company which oversaw the construction of the Athens Metro and Athens Tram.

Proposed during the 1910s and first seriously planned in the 1980s, construction of the main line began in 2006 and on the Kalamaria extension in 2013. After years of delays, due to archaeological discoveries and the Greek financial crisis, the 9.6 km (6.0 mi) Line 1 opened on 30 November 2024, with Line 2 expected to add a further 4.8 km (3.0 mi) of tunnels and 5 more stations to the system in late 2025.

Name

[edit]

The system is commonly known as the Thessaloniki Metro (Greek: Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης, romanized: Metró Thessaloníkis, [meˈtro θesaloˈnicis], listenⓘ), but is sometimes also referred to by the more formal name of Thessaloniki Metropolitan Railway (Greek: Μητροπολιτικός Σιδηρόδρομος Θεσσαλονίκης, romanized: Mitropolitikós Sidiródromos Thessaloníkis, listenⓘ).[3]

History

[edit]

1918 and 1988 proposals

[edit]


1

2

locator image for the metropolitan railway
A map of Thessaloniki showing the Metropolitan Railway proposed by Thomas Mawson in 1918
Map of the Thomas Mawson metropolitan railway proposal (c. 1918), running between the 1 New Railway Station and 2 Nea Elvetia. The line is underground along Egnatia street, but becomes overground beyond the University.[4]

Ernest Hébrard and Thomas Hayton Mawson were the first to propose the creation of a metro system in Thessaloniki in 1918 as part of a commission appointed by the government of Eleftherios Venizelos to redesign the city after the Great Fire of 1917, which had devastated the city centre.[5] They proposed an underground railway to connect the New Railway Station and Nea Elvetia, terminus for a proposed railway connecting Mikra and the Strymonic Gulf.[6][7] Although Thessaloniki has grown considerably since Hébrard's original design, Line 1 is almost identical to his plan and runs from his proposed new railway station to the suburb of Nea Elvetia.[8][9] A circular metro line was proposed in 1968, extending to the airport and crossing the Thermaic Gulf in a tunnel.[4] The projects never materialised. The Thessaloniki chapter of the Technical Chamber of Greece started considering a metro system in 1976,[10] the same year a funding code for the project was incorporated into the national budget under Konstantinos Karamanlis.[11] In 1978, Savvas Pylarinos, governor of the Thessaloniki region, recommended that a metro be incorporated into the city plan.[12]

The idea of a metro was revived in the late 1980s, after a more than three-fold increase in car use over the preceding decade.[13] In 1987, the University of Thessaloniki Transport Engineering Laboratory, under Vasilios Profillidis, published a proposal for an extensive, multi-branch light metro system, envisioned to be underground only between the New Railway Station and Sintrivani, at a cost of ₯28 billion ($207 million; $555 million in 2023).[13] The city government, under Mayor Sotiris Kouvelas, adopted a modified version of this plan a year later.[14] The line was almost identical to the modern line, with 14 stations between the New Railway Station and Nea Elvetia.[15][better source needed] The plan had one additional station, Patrikiou, between 25 Martiou and Voulgari and had alternative names for three stations. Dimokratias is shown as Vardari, an alternative name for the public square served by the station; Venizelou is listed as Alkazar (the name of Hamza Bey Mosque when it was converted into a cinema), and Efkleidis is shown as Archaeological Museum.[16] The network would be within the city limits, excluding Kalamaria and a large portion of Thessaloniki's metropolitan area. Of the 7.77 km (4.83 mi) of track proposed, 6.26 km (3.89 mi) would be underground and 1.51 km (0.94 mi) above ground.[15][better source needed]

See caption
Route diagram of the 1988 proposal for a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) network (in red), with future extensions in blue[16]

In 1989, construction began on the first 650 metres (2,130 ft) of tunnel along Egnatia street between the Thessaloniki International Fair grounds and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (the present Panepistimio station),[16] under the slogan Yes to the metro! Yes to quality of life! (Greek: Ναι στο μετρό! Ναι στην ποιότητα ζωής!).[15][better source needed] Construction was carried out with the cut-and-cover method instead of a tunnel boring machine and was costed at a minimum of ₯120 billion ($847 million; $2.2 billion in 2023).[16] The line was designed to be only 2 metres (6.6 ft) below the road surface, but dropped to a minimum depth of 7 metres (23 ft) in the city centre at the insistence of the city's archaeological services.[16][17] Although construction was scheduled to end in 1995, the project stalled and the unfinished (but excavated) initial cut-and-cover section became known as "the hole of Kouvelas" (Greek: η τρύπα του Κούβελα).[16] The water damage caused to the foundations of the nearby Polytechnic School by the hole persists to the present day.[16]

Construction along Egnatia street in 1989, using cut-and-cover.

The project ultimately failed due to funding issues and a lack of interest from the central government. A delegation from the city government received technical support from metro companies in Marseille, Düsseldorf, and West Berlin, as well as assurances from Brussels that the project would be eligible for funding from the European Union, but the central government blocked the talks and proposed a tram network instead.[18] Kouvelas resigned as mayor in order to become Minister for Public Works in the national government after the 1989 elections, and made Thessaloniki's newly-created municipal radio station, FM 100, responsible for the project's funding via ad revenue.[18] He later admitted being aware it would not be an adequate source of funding, and claimed it was done to force the central government into funding the project.[19] The project also suffered due to intense political polarisation between New Democracy (of which Kouvelas was a member) and the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) during the 1980s.[20]

In 1992 the government of Konstantinos Mitsotakis attempted to finance the project under a concession contract with a budget of ₯65 billion ($342 million; $743 million in 2023).[16][21] His government lost the 1993 Greek legislative election and a contractor was not appointed; Kouvelas, by then Minister of the Presidency, later claimed this was done in order to avoid impressions of clientelism in the outgoing government.[22] A Greco-Italian consortium named Makedoniko Metro (Greek: Μακεδονικό Μετρό)[note 1] was tentatively appointed in 1994.[24] Completion was set for 2006, in time for the city to host Expo 2008, but its bid was ultimately unsuccessful.[25] The consortium changed composition numerous times;[note 2][note 3] the three Italian companies went bankrupt,[23] and in the end it was composed of Greek, German, and Belgian stakeholders.[26][note 4] The Greek government annulled the appointment and called the runner-up, Thessaloniki Metro (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη Μετρό),[note 5] to take on the project.[26] Makedoniko Metro challenged the matter at the European Commission, and the project stalled.[27] The European Ombudsman, Jacob Söderman, carried out a two-year investigation into the matter, the most complicated in his office's history, and sided with Makedoniko Metro on the issue of inadequate communication on the part of the Commission,[28][29] but otherwise rejected its legal arguments.[23]

Kouvelas in 1993.
Kouvelas in 1993.

With the contract commencement deadline approaching in 2002, Thessaloniki mayor Vasilis Papageorgopoulos, along with representatives from 130 city-based organisations, requested an emergency meeting with Prime Minister Kostas Simitis as well as the President of Greece, and threatened a mass rally to protest the potential cancellation of the project.[27] A 9-month extension was granted in late 2002 to allow time for the courts to examine the claims of Makedoniko Metro;[27] in January 2003 the European Court of Justice found that the tender process had been compliant with EU law,[21] while a second ruling a year later found that the Commission had acted lawfully.[23] At the same time, Kouvelas complained at the double standards used for the construction of the Athens Metro, claiming that Thessalonians had spent more of their taxes to subsidise the metro in Athens than it would have cost to build a metro in Thessaloniki.[30] The contract was terminated in 2002 due to a lack of funds associated with the tunnels being deeper than originally planned.[16]

Final proposal

[edit]

With the failure of the concession model, in September 2003 the Ministry of the Environment, Urban Planning and Public Works under Vasso Papandreou decided to tender the metro as a public work,[31] co-financed by the Greek government, the European Union's Cohesion Fund, and loans from the European Investment Bank (whose vice-president at the time, Plutarchos Sakellaris, was a Thessaloniki native).[32] The budget was set to €1.05 billion (€1.6 or $1.73 billion in 2023).[31] A Greco-Italian consortium[note 6] was appointed on 7 April 2006 and construction began in June of the same year.[31]

In 2018, Elliniko Metro S.A. was overseeing the construction of a two-line, twin-tunnel system composed of Line 1 (the base project) and Line 2 (the Kalamaria Extension). Although Line 1 has been delayed by extensive archaeological works, Line 2's construction is proceeding on schedule.[8] Construction of tunnels for both lines was finished in 2018, and track-laying began in August of that year.[33] Line 1 and Line 2 were expected to be operational by December 2023.[34] Both lines are designed to serve a minimum of 18,000 passengers per hour in each direction, with a 90-second headway.[35][36] The completed metro will reduce Thessaloniki's greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 5,000 tons a year, and reduce travel time by up to 66 percent.[37]

Click on station names or symbols to visit the relevant pageNew Railway Station metro stationDimokratias metro stationVenizelou metro stationAgias Sofias metro stationSintrivani metro stationPanepistimio metro station (Thessaloniki)Papafi metro stationEfkleidis metro stationFleming metro stationAnalipsi metro station25 Martiou metro stationVoulgari metro stationNea Elvetia metro stationPylaia depotNomarchia metro stationKalamaria metro stationAretsou metro stationNea Krini metro stationMikra metro stationLine 2 (Thessaloniki Metro)Line 2 (Thessaloniki Metro)Line 1 (Thessaloniki Metro)Hellenic Railways OrganisationLine 1 (Thessaloniki Metro)Thessaloniki Suburban Railway

Network

[edit]

Line 1 (Base Project)

[edit]
See also: Line 1 (Thessaloniki Metro)
See caption
Topographic map of Line 1

What is known as the Base Project (Greek: Βασικό Έργο) began in 2003, when Attiko Metro and the Greek government agreed to cooperate on a public works project[38] Government support was instrumental, since lack of government support for the 1988 proposal was the primary reason it had failed. The project issued a request for tender in 2004–2005, and the successful Greco-Italian consortium (which included AnsaldoBreda) began construction in late June 2006.[38] An alternate consortium, Macedonian Metro (Greek: Μακεδονικό Μετρό), was barred by the European Court of Justice from participating in the tender because it changed its composition after the tender proceedings began (violating EU law).[39] The project was budgeted at €1.05 billion ($1.19 billion), with 25 percent funding from the Greek government and 75 percent funded by loans from the European Investment Bank and the European Regional Development Fund.[40] The latest available Attiko Metro financial data put the official estimated cost at €1.28 billion ($1.45 billion).[41] An April 2019 update raised the estimated cost to €1.62 billion ($1.83 billion).[42] Line 1 runs within the municipality of Thessaloniki, the core of the Thessaloniki urban area, calling at 13 stations.

It has two parallel single-track tunnels on a 9.5 km (5.9 mi) route between New Railway Station (for the city's main railway station) and Nea Elvetia, with Pylaia depot further southeast. Although construction began in 2006, major archaeological finds in the city centre delayed the project considerably. Disputes between Attiko Metro, the city council, and archaeologists reached Greece's Council of State, the country's highest administrative court, in 2015.[8] The original schedule had Line 1 operational by 2012.[8] Attiko Metro redesigned several stations in a solution which became known as "antiquities and metro" (Greek: και αρχαία και μετρό).[43] Some finds discovered on the line will be put on display at permanent in-station exhibitions, while the major discoveries at Venizelou will make up the world's first publicly-accessible open-air archaeological site contained in situ within a metro station.[43]

Construction of the tunnels was completed on 31 July 2018, 12 years and one month after breaking ground.[44] That day, the architectural work on Line 1 was reported as 80 percent finished.[44] In August 2018 installation of the tracks and electronic signalling equipment began.[33] It was expected that the line would enter service in its entirety, between New Railway Station and Nea Elvetia, in 2020 but will not stop at Agias Sofias and Venizelou, which will open at a later date.[45][46] By February 2019 construction on the main line was 95 percent completed and platform screen doors were beginning to be installed, while the Supreme Council for Civil Personnel Selection was planning a competition to fill the first 28 Thessaloniki Metro employee positions.[47]

Archaeological excavations at the construction site of Agias Sofias station in September 2018.

Despite the progress, in September 2019 Greece's new conservative cabinet announced a further 28-month delay to the project, pushing the opening date from November 2020 to April 2023 and citing costly archaeological works at Venizelou as the reason.[48] The new Minister of Infrastructure and Transport announced that the government had decided to scrap the previous plan to keep the archaeological discoveries in situ within the station at Venizelou, choosing instead to disassemble them and re-assemble them at a later stage, noting that excavation costs had exceeded €130 million ($146.86 million), more than the cost of the new Acropolis Museum.[49] Thessaloniki's new conservative mayor, Konstantinos Zervas, as well as Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis, supported this move. Mitsotakis also announced at the Thessaloniki International Fair that a new archaeological museum would be built specifically to house archaeological artefacts unearthed during the construction of the metro. The new head of Attiko Metro (now Elliniko Metro) accused archaeologists of "looking to the past; we need to look forward".[50] There were two more delays, one from April 2023 to December 2023, and one from December 2023 to March 2024.

The decision to disassemble the archaeological finds, dubbed a "Byzantine Pompeii",[51][52] was strongly criticised, and a citizens' group has taken the government to court over the issue for a second time, supported by former mayor Yiannis Boutaris among others.[53] Part of the objection has to do with the fact that the government has not carried out any studies as to how it will return and re-assemble the artefacts once the station has been built;[53] this course of action was adopted for the construction of Agias Sofias metro station, where the archaeological discoveries were more significant than those at Venizelou, but the re-assembly of the artefacts on site is now impossible because Attiko Metro never constructed any space dedicated to the re-assembly of the artefacts it disassembled, despite having promised to do so.[54] In April 2020, the International Association of Byzantine Studies (AIEB) wrote to Prime Minister Mitsotakis to protest the removal of the antiquities from their original location, saying that the discoveries constituted "a cultural and scientific jewel" and that "it would be a tragedy to jeopardise [Greece's reputation for monument preservation] by squandering the treasure of the Thessaloniki material and data through an unnecessarily hasty construction project", arguing that the previous decision to leave the discoveries in-situ was preferable.[52]

In a customer satisfaction survey carried out by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in the months prior to the inauguration of the metro, the only such survey to be published in a peer reviewed journal, 85% of respondents viewed the construction of the metro positively, but also showed overwhelming support for the notions that poor planning and inefficient management of funds were a cause of the years-long construction delays.[55] It also found low levels of satisfaction with the progress of the works, with only 2.8% saying they were fully or quite satisfied with progress, and 42% being moderately satisfied; overall dissatisfaction was at 68%.[55] A different study found that, even though there was widespread dissatisfaction with the construction works and associated years-long traffic arrangements, as well as the closure of businesses that resulted from these, there was also a high degree of understanding of and support for the city's transit-oriented development model.[56]

Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis inaugurates the metro system in the presence of President Katerina Sakellaropoulou.

A final opening date for Line 1 was set for noon on 30 November 2024.[57][58][59][60] In preparation for this, a brand identity was unveiled on 13 November 2024,[61] while the final project cost of €3 billion ($3.24 billion), including €600 million ($649 million) in future interest payments, was revealed on 20 November 2024.[60] The line was finally opened on 30 November in a ceremony officiated by Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis, with no fares to be collected until 4 December,[62] although the cultural and commercial celebrations organised by the Thessaloniki Chamber of Handicrafts were postponed to 4 December due to Storm Bora.[63] The heavy rainfall also caused minor problems on the line, with water leakage in 3 stations and the elevators in 7 stations being out of use.[64][65] Nevertheless, use of the metro in the first few days of fare-free operation was high, with employees needing to deploy crowd control measures to prevent platform overcrowding.[66]

Line 2 (extension to Kalamaria)

[edit]
See also: Line 2 (Thessaloniki Metro)

The Kalamaria Extension (Greek: Επέκταση Καλαμαριάς) extends the metro system to Kalamaria, the second-largest municipality in the Thessaloniki urban area and the 18th-most-populous in Greece. Similar in construction to Line 1, it has two parallel single-track tunnels on a 4.78 km (2.97 mi) route between 25 Martiou and Mikra and adds five stations to the network.[38] Construction on the project began in 2013, with a budget of €518 million ($585.18 million).[40][38] By 31 July 2018, the extension was 60 percent completed.[44] Although construction began seven years after Line 1, it is expected to fully enter service just six months after Line 1, in May 2025.[34][67] This is due to the lack of major archaeological works, enabling the project to proceed without delays.[8] The latest Elliniko Metro financial statement puts the extension's cost at €568 million ($642 million).[41] An April 2019 update raised the estimated cost to €640 million ($723.01 million).[42] The line is made up of 16 stations, 11 of which are also stations served by Line 1.

After confusion about the extension's place in the system, Elliniko Metro clarified in August 2018 that it would be a separate line running between New Railway Station and Mikra without the need to change trains at 25 Martiou.[67] The extension of Line 2 to Makedonia Airport went to tender in March 2019 with an initial budget of €254,150 ($287,000) for topographical works in order to enable more detailed planning of the line.[68]

Future

[edit]
Thessaloniki Metro
Development plan
Legend
Ano Evosmos
Perifereiaki
Evosmos
Line 1 (Thessaloniki Metro)
Menemeni
Papageorgiou
Hospital
Kordelio
Efkarpia
Eptanisou
Polichni
KTEL Macedonia
Stavroupoli
Terpsithea
Ampelokipi
Neapoli
Hellenic Train New Railway Station
Line 1 (Thessaloniki Metro)
Dimokratias
Venizelou
Aristotelous
Agias Sofias
YMCA Thessaloniki
Sintrivani
Panepistimio
Papafi
Agiou Dimitriou
Efkleidis
Toumpa
Fleming
Charilaou
Analipsi
Agia Kyriaki
25 Martiou
Nomarchia
Voulgari
Kalamaria
Nea Elvetia
Aretsou
Line 1 (Thessaloniki Metro)
Nea Krini
Mikra
Anotera Scholi
Polemou
Patriarchiko
Diavalkaniko
Thermi
Georgiki Scholi
Line 2 (Thessaloniki Metro)
Macedonia Airport Airport
Center for Innovation
& Technology
Line 2 (Thessaloniki Metro)
Valid as of May 2024[69]
This diagram:

The extension to the northwestern districts initially included a circular line and was in a preliminary phase[70][71][72] until the fall of 2023 when the management of Elliniko Metro S.A. decided not to proceed with the project, considering it both structurally unfeasible and wrong in design. The project now includes a northwest extension of Line 1 that will start from Dimokratias, will cross Stavroupoli and Evosmos, will reach the hospitals at the northwestern entrance of the city, and will end at a second depot of Line 1 situated at the ring road of Thessaloniki. The relevant decisions were announced by Hellenic Metro S.A. on May 20, 2024. The funding process will begin in 2024.[73][74]

The contractor's audit procedures will follow, along with the approval by the Court of Audit and the signing of the contract with the contractor. The northwestern extension will be a priority among all future extensions of the Thessaloniki Metro and will include the following stations:

  • Dimokratias (existing station)
  • Neapoli (Roumanikon Park, Neapoli)
  • Terpsithea
  • Stavroupoli (Lagada and Lykourgou, Thessaloniki Psychiatric Hospital)
  • Polichni (former name Agia Varvara, Davaki Street, S.O.A., Paul Mela Camp[75] or with alternative positioning of Lagadas and Davakis[76])
  • Efkarpia
  • Papageorgiou Hospital

The tender for the northwestern extension is expected to be completed by 2027.[77]

Line 2 (extension to Makedonia Airport)

[edit]

Topographic works, geological and geotechnical studies are currently being tendered for the project.[70] This extension will start from Mikra and will continue to the south, with an underground part from Mikra to ASP (Higher School of War), an overground part to Georgikis Scholi Avenue and another overground part from IKEA to the airport.[78] The overground parts of the line will probably stand at a height of 5 meters and on a bridge in order to avoid further delays due to possible archaeological finds. Tendering for the main project will take place in late 2024.[79]

The stations of the extension will be:

  • Higher School of War (old name Marinou Antipa,[80] on Georgikis School Street), near Vrochidis and PAOK Sports Arena[81][82]
  • Patriarchiko
  • Interbalkan Medical Center (former names IKEA, "Green Lanterns" and "Shopping Centers", at the junction of Agricultural School and Asklipio, new stadium Aris, OASTH bus station)[83]
  • Agricultural School (old names of the station Agricultural School, Agricultural School and Kombos Thermi, Green Traffic Lights, junction of G. School and EO Thes/kis-Polygyrou)[84][85][circular reference]
  • Makedonia Airport
  • Center for Innovation & Technology

Line 1 (extension to Thermi)

[edit]

Line 1 will be extended further to Thermi from Patriarchiko, with only one station currently planned.

  • Thermi

Line 3 (Ano Evosmos – Harilaou/Pylaia)

[edit]

On May 20, 2024, projected Line 3 was officially announced, as connection of the western with the northeastern districts of the city has been deemed necessary. Line 3 will run under Tsimiski avenue and parallel to Line 1, which will eventually meet at University station. However, from that station, it will head northeast.

The stations of Line 3 will be:

  • Ano Evosmos
  • Perifereiaki
  • Evosmos
  • Menemeni
  • Ampelokipi
  • New Railway Station (adjacent station with Line 1)
  • Dimokratias (adjacent station with Line 1)
  • Aristotelous Square
  • H.A.N.Th.
  • University (adjacent station with Line 1)
  • Agios Dimitrios
  • Toumba
  • Charilaou
  • Agia Kyriaki

Line 2 is further projected to include extensions to KTEL Macedonia and Kordelio. Breaking from the Ampelokipi station, this extension will include the following stations:

  • Ampelokipi
  • KTEL Macedonia
  • Eptanisou
  • Kordelio

Operations

[edit]
The first Thessaloniki Metro driverless train departing the depot for its trials, in September 2020.

Automation

[edit]

The Thessaloniki Metro is of GoA4 category,[86] the first of its kind in Greece, as starting, stopping, and the operation of doors is fully automated without any on train staff.

Stations, depot and rolling stock

[edit]
See also: List of Thessaloniki Metro stations and Pylaia depot

All stations were designed with platform screen doors for maximum protection, while the trains are driverless.[35] Eighteen Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro units will be in service on Line 1, and 15 on Line 2.[35] The articulated, four-car trains are 50 metres (160 ft) long.[87] They have seating for 96 passengers and standing room for 370 more.[87] The trains use 750 V DC third rail electrification, while tracks have been laid to the standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in).[35] A carriage was on display at the September 2018 Thessaloniki International Fair before trial runs in 2019.[88] As of August 2019 two complete train sets have been delivered to the depot, with an additional train set expected every 2 to 3 months.[89] The system's level of automation has prompted Attiko Metro to call it "the most modern metro in Europe".[38]

A 50,000 m2 (540,000 sq ft) depot was constructed with the intention of serving both lines, with a total built-up area of 120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft) and a total cost of €130.5 million ($147.43 million).[38][90] Apart from being the system's automated remote control command centre, the complex also houses the offices of Elliniko Metro, the Thessaloniki Transport Authority (TheTA), and the Thessaloniki Metro operating company, as well as railway stock maintenance facilities, two restaurants, and a crèche.[91][92] It is expected that the development of the depot will attract investment to the area, and there have been calls to make provisions for a passenger station at the depot.[91] The depot complex is expected to be finished in May 2019.[92]

Fares and park and ride

[edit]
Thessaloniki Metro fares[93]
Basic
Reduced
70 mins[e] €0.60 €0.30
24 hours €2.50 n/a
30 days €16.00 €8.00
90 days €45.00 €22.50
180 days €85.00 €42.50
10+1 €5.80 €2.90

As part of the initial design, 3,700 park and ride parking spaces were created – 1,050 spaces at New Railway Station, 650 spaces Nea Elvetia, and a further 2,000 at Panepistimio, the system's halfway point serving Greece's largest university.[38] Additional parking will be created at Mikra, the terminus of Line 2.[94]

Elliniko Metro conducted a 2005 survey to determine Thessaloniki residents' preferred fare for the metro compared to the standard price of a Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization (OASTH) bus ticket (€0.50 at the time). Of the 400 respondents, 47.6 percent said that they were willing to pay the same price and 48.1 percent said they would pay more. Of the latter, 19.9 percent said that they would pay €0.60; 19.6 percent would pay €0.70, and 8.6 percent would be willing to pay €1.00 (double the cost of a bus ticket).[95] The remaining 4.7 percent responded with another fare. A standard 2023 single-trip OASTH bus ticket is €0.90, or €0.45 with a discount.[96]

Thessaloniki Metro utilises an electronic card ticketing system as well as fare gates,[97] a system not originally implemented on the Athens Metro. In October 2024 it was reported that there was concern the ticketing system might not be ready on time for the opening on 30 November, due to the Thessaloniki Transport Authority not initiating the procurement process on time.[98] The company attempted to bypass procurement requirements claiming extraordinary circumstances but the Court of Audit ruled this illegal, saying that the opening date of the metro was not an extraordinary circumstance, and that the size of the order (2.7 million paper tickets and 100,000 plastic cards) necessitated a public invitation to tender.[98]

In November 2024 it was announced that a typical ticket will cost €0.90, but the cost will be reduced to €0.60 for the first six months of the system's operations.[99] A monthly ticket will cost €16, compared to €27 for a monthly bus pass for the city's bus network.[99] This makes Thessaloniki Metro one of the most affordable means of public transport in Europe and the world according to data compiled by Compare the Market Australia, and the cheapest among major cities in the Greek-speaking world.[100]

Brand identity

[edit]
Greek minuscule letter Mu
Variations of the letter μ in Greek manuscripts
Thessaloniki Metro logo
The system logo

In preparation for the start of operations on 30 November 2024, Minister of Infrastructure and Transport Christos Staikouras revealed the system's brand identity.[61] The central design element is lowercase Greek letter M (μ), in the Greek miniscule style used to write Medieval Greek manuscripts, in reference to the city's Byzantine history.[101] Dark blue was chosen as the main brand colour, to symbolise stability.[101] The SIL Open Font Commissioner was chosen for the word 'metro' in the logo, and for promotional materials and signage.[101]

The logo attracted criticism both for its cost and its aesthetics, the latter particularly on social media due to its simplicity.[102][103][104] Elliniko Metro initiated two design competitions, with an initial prize of €8,000 ($8,650), but both were cancelled and the contract was instead awarded directly to a company for €30,000 ($32,438).[102] The company retorted that the second competition was cancelled due to not being satisfied with the bids received (8 in total), eventually deciding to award the €30,000 prize money to a company directly in order for the visual identity to be ready on time,[105] while the Architects' Association of Thessaloniki accused the company of deliberately orchestrating the situation in order to give the contract to an "obscure start-up which did not even have a website at the time of its appointment",[106] a situation it described as "a sham process - at the expense of fellow architects and other related professionals (graphic designers, artists) and ultimately the local community" as part of a "long list of direct appointments".[106] The spokesman of the Government of Greece described concerns around the brand's aesthetics as "legitimate", but otherwise defended both the design and the companies involved.[107]

In an examination of the metadata on the official branding presentation document published by Elliniko Metro, carried out by +Design Magazine, it was revealed that the document was not originally created by MnMS, the company that Elliniko Metro directly appointed to design the logo, but rather by Palladian, one of the companies which has submitted bids in the competition.[108] The two companies were previously based in the same building in Athens, raising further questions.[108] Elliniko Metro amended the metadata five hours after the official unveiling of the logo, changing among others the name of the author, but had already disseminated the unaltered presentation to media outlets such as Naftemporiki.[108]

The use of colours on the metro lines is inconsistent; in-station maps and platform signage shows Line 1 as red and Line 2 as blue, in line with the brand guidelines,[101] but the official Thessaloniki Metro website shows them as blue and yellow respectively.[109]

Archaeology

[edit]
Map of the city, with the metro running east–west through its historic centre
The Thessaloniki Metro line (marked in yellow) runs through the city's historic centre below its Decumanus Maximus.

A large number of important archaeological finds, primarily Roman and early Christian and Byzantine, have been discovered during the metro's construction. The project triggered the largest archaeological dig in northern Greek history, covering a 20-square-kilometre (7.7 sq mi) area.[110] Between the new railway station and Sintrivani/Ekthesi, the metro runs below Egnatia Street (one of Thessaloniki's main arteries). Egnatia follows the Roman Via Egnatia, which connected Rome and Constantinople as one of the two most important roads in the Roman and Byzantine empires.[111] The portion of the Via Egnatia which passed through Thessaloniki was the city's Decumanus Maximus (main road), and runs below present-day Egnatia Street at 5.4 metres (18 ft) below ground level.[8]

Although the location of the Via Egnatia in Thessaloniki was known when the metro line was planned, it was uncertain what else was buried nearby. The metro was planned to run at 8 metres (26 ft) below ground, leaving only 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) between it and the ancient road. The discovery of a Byzantine road at Venizelou station was a major archaeological find: 75 metres (246 ft) of the marble-paved and column-lined road was unearthed, with shops, other buildings, and plumbing which one scholar called "the Byzantine Pompeii".[51] A crossroads, marked with a tetrapylon, was found at Venizelou where the Decumanus Maximus crossed a cardo (a north–south road).[112] An additional 22 metres (72 ft) of the same road was discovered at the Agias Sofias station.[112] Issues concerning archaeological finds and the display of artefacts in the metro system are more complex than similar issues surrounding the construction of the New Acropolis Museum.[112]

Other important discoveries included a headless statue of Aphrodite, fourth-century-AD mosaics, a golden wreath, a bath complex, urban villas, and 50,000 coins.[113][114][115][116] Artifacts from the 1917 fire were also found.[117]

The discovery sparked controversy in Thessaloniki; Attiko Metro wanted to remove the antiquities and re-assemble them elsewhere, and the city's archaeological services wanted the company to alter the depth of the line and the station entrances. The city council sided with the archaeological services in 2015, three years after the metro was originally planned to begin service.[8] Mayor Yiannis Boutaris took the case to the Council of State, Greece's highest administrative court.[118] Attiko Metro redesigned the line, sinking the tunnels to depths from 14 to 31 metres (46 to 102 ft) and providing for mini-museums in the stations similar to the Syntagma metro station in Athens (which houses the Syntagma Metro Station Archaeological Collection).[119] The Venizelou station will contain an open archaeological site, the world's first metro station to do so.[110][43]

Archaeological costs had increased to €188.5 million ($204 million) by 2023,[120] compared with the original archaeological budget of €15 million ($17 million),[8] and employ 300 archaeologists.[119] Over 300,000 artefacts have been unearthed to date.[110] The archaeological work is being carried out by the Ministry of Culture and Sports' Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities.

[edit]

In the past, Thessaloniki Metro was regularly the subject of a number of jokes in Greece due to its successive construction and operation delays.[121][122][123][124] News satire websites joked about the situation on numerous occasions with stories such as "Thessaloniki Metro will operate as a Christmas village during the holiday season"[125] and "Strike at the ThessalonikI Metro continues for the 763rd day".[126] It has also been likened to the folk tale of the never-ending construction of the bridge of Arta.[8][127][128]

A fictionalised version of Sintrivani station (under the older name of Sintrivani/Ekthesi) was depicted in the film The Bricklayer, which was set in Thessaloniki, prior to the metro system becoming operational; this drew laughter from cinema audiences in the city.[129]

After operation of the metro system began on 30 November 2024, public focus shifted towards its proper use and maintenance.[130]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The second line is under construction.
  2. ^ 5 more under construction for Line 2
  3. ^ Line 1 opened on 30 November 2024, and Line 2 (between 25 Martiou and Mikra) will follow by the end of 2025.
  4. ^ Thessaloniki Metro Automatic is a consortium of Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (51%) and Egis Group (49%).[1]
  5. ^ This fare only applies for the first six months of the metro's operation, after which it will rise to €0.90 / €0.45.
  1. ^ The consortium was composed of:[23]
  2. ^ In the early stages, before the addition of AEG, the original composition had been:[23]
    • Mikhaniki AE (Greece) – 70%
    • Edi-Stra-Edilizia Stradale SpA (Italy) – 20%
    • Fidel SpA (Italy) – 5%
    • Teknocenter-Centro Servizi Administrativi Srl (Italy) – 5%
  3. ^ On 29 March 1996 AEG pulled out, a new German company joined, and the three Italian companies formed a consortium, changing the composition to:[23]
  4. ^ The final composition was:[23]
    • Mikhaniki AE (Greece) – 80.65%
    • ABB Daimler-Benz Transportation Deutschland GmbH (Germany) – 19.00%
    • Transurb Consult (Belgium) – 0.35%
  5. ^ This instance of 'Thessaloniki Metro' is distinct from others in this article. The consortium's name in Greek (Θεσσαλονίκη Μετρό, Thessaloníki Metró) is grammatically unconventional, as it consists of two successive nouns in the nominative case. The name of Thessaloniki's metro system is Greek is Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης (Metró Thessaloníkis), with Thessaloniki in the genitive case to denote possession, more accurately rendered as 'Metro of Thessaloniki'. In the proceedings of the ECJ, the consortium and the metro system are rendered as 'Thessaloniki Metro' and 'Thessaloniki metro' respectively.[21]
  6. ^ The consortium was composed of:[31][25]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Κλείδωσε η διαχείριση του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης στο σχήμα ATM-EGIS" [Management of the Thessaloniki Metro by ATM-EGIS has been confirmed]. www.ypodomes.gr. 8 July 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Αντίστροφη μέτρηση για το Μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης - Αναλυτικός "χάρτης" με τους σταθμούς, τα εισιτήρια και τη διαδρομή". ProtoThema (in Greek). 22 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  3. ^ "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: οι 5 νέοι σταθμοί – μουσεία & οι 2 νέοι αρχαιολογικοί χώροι" [Thessaloniki Metro: the 5 new museum-stations & the 2 new archaeological sites]. www.ypodomes.gr (in Greek). 5 October 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024. Σε λίγους μήνες, αποδίδεται στην Θεσσαλονίκη, ο Μητροπολιτικός Σιδηρόδρομος [...]. [In a few months, the Metropolitan Railway is being delivered to Thessaloniki [...].]
  4. ^ a b Naniopoulos, Aristotelis; Nalmpantis, Dimitrios. Συστήµατα σταθερής τροχιάς στην πόλη της Θεσσαλονίκης. Ιστορική αναδροµή (1889-1968) [Fixed-track systems in Thessaloniki. Historical Retrospective (1889-1968)] (in Greek). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  5. ^ Gerolympou, Alexandra (1995). Η Ανοικοδόμηση της Θεσσαλονίκης Μετά την Πυρκαγιά του 1917 [The Rebuilding of Thessaloniki after the Great Fire of 1917] (in Greek) (Second ed.). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Press.
  6. ^ "The Rebuilding of Salonika". The Architects' Journal. London: The Architectural Press. 11 June 1919. p. 440. Retrieved 20 November 2024. The plans of this scheme which have been finally prepared by Mr. Thomas H. Mawson, of London, include [...] two railway stations connected by an underground line [...].
  7. ^ Mawson, Thomas Hayton (1918). Αἱ Ἀθῆναι τοῦ Μέλλοντος καὶ ἡ Θεσσαλονίκη της Αὔριον [The Athens of the Future and the Thessaloniki of Tomorrow] (in Greek). Athens: National Printing House. p. 10. Retrieved 22 November 2024. Ἐπίσης διὰ πιθανὸν σταθμόν-τέρμα-διὰ μίαν νέαν γραμμὴν ἑνοῦσα τὸν κόλπον Μικροῦ μὲ τὸν κόλπον τοῦ Ὀρφανοῦ. Μεταξὺ τῶν δύο τούτων σταθμῶν προτείνεται ὑπόγειος ἠλεκτρικὸς σιδηρόδρομος ὑπὸ τὴν ὁδὸν Ἰγνατίου ἐπὶ τίνα ἀπόστασιν διὰ σήραγγος καὶ κατόπιν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐδάφους. Ἡ γραμμὴ αὐτὴ ὑπολογίζεται ὅτι θὰ γείνη ἡ μεγάλη «Κεντρική της πόλεως» γραμμὴ ἡ ἐξυπηρετοῦσα τὴν μεταφορᾶν τῶν ἐπιβατῶν. [Also by a possible terminus station for a new line connecting the bay of Mikra to the bay of Orphanos. Between these two stations an underground electric railway is proposed under [Egnatia] street, for some length in a tunnel, thereafter at grade. This line is estimated to become the great "Central line" of the city, serving the transportation of passengers.]
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Skai TV. "Ιστορίες: Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Stories: Thessaloniki Metro]. www.skai.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  9. ^ "Πώς το σχέδιο Εμπράρ άλλαξε την εικόνα της Θεσσαλονίκης" [How the Hébrard plan changed the image of Thessaloniki]. www.voria.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  10. ^ Kouvelas, Sotiris (5 September 2024). "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Μία πικρή ιστορία" [Thessaloniki Metro: A bitter history]. Πρώτες Ώρες (Interview) (in Greek). Interviewed by Stephanos Diamantopoulos. Thessaloniki: Radio Thessaloniki 94,5. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024 – via Spotify. 3:45–3:57
  11. ^ Kaltsidi, Maria (29 November 2024). "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Από το 1918… στο 2024 – Ένα έργο που πέρασε από «χίλια μύρια κύματα»" [Thessaloniki Metro: From 1918… to 2024 – A project that passed through "a thousand myriad waves"]. www.ert.gr (in Greek). Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation.
  12. ^ "Περικλείει σοβαρότατους κινδύνους ὁ γιγαντισμὸς τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης καὶ ἡ ἔλλειψη ρυθμιστικοῦ σχεδίου" [The sprawl of Thessaloniki and the lack of a city plan entail very serious dangers] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Makedonia. 18 May 1978 – via the newspaper archive of the National Library of Greece.
  13. ^ a b Profillidis, Vasilios (22 May 1987). "Οι προοπτικές κατασκευής δικτύου ελαφρύ μετρό στη Θεσσαλονίκη. Μελέτη των χωροταξικών, κυκλοφοριακών, και συγκοινωνιακών δεδομένων. Προτάσεις μιας κατ' αρχήν χάραξης ενός δικτύου ελαφρού μετρό και εκτίμηση του κόστους. Φάσεις μελέτης για μια ορθολογική προσέγγιση του προβλήματος" [The prospects for the construction of a light metro network in Thessaloniki. Study of spatial, traffic and transportation data. Proposals for an in-principle design of a light metro network and cost estimation. Phases of study for a rational approach to the problem.] (PDF). Scientific Conference of the Transportation Engineering Laboratory of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki on the topic of "Mass Transportation on fixed tracks (tram and metro) in Thessaloniki" (in Greek). Athens. pp. 13–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2024 – via Sydirotrochia ('Railway Track') magazine.
  14. ^ Ioannidou, Despina (2 December 2024). "Κούβελας - Πενέλης: Οι πρωταγωνιστές του 1986 μιλούν στο Liberal" [Kouvelas - Penelis: The protagonists of [the] 1986 [proposal] speak to Liberal] (in Greek). www.liberal.gr. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  15. ^ a b c "Κι όμως! Το ΜΕΤΡΟ Θεσσαλονίκης είναι έτοιμο (στα χαρτιά) από το 1987!" [It's true! The Thessaloniki Metro was ready (on paper) in 1987 already!]. www.karfitsa.gr (in Greek). 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gaidatzis, Rafail. "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Τελικά τι ήταν η περιβόητη "τρύπα του Κούβελα"" [Thessaloniki Metro: So what was the infamous "hole of Kouvelas" in the end?] (in Greek). Parallaxi Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  17. ^ Kouvelas, 26:15–26:50.
  18. ^ a b Kouvelas, Sotiris (November 2024), Christoforidou, Sofia (ed.), "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης, ένας μελετημένος «εκβιασμός»" [Thessaloniki Metro, a calculated "extortion"] (PDF), Αυτή η πόλη μας αξίζει, Thessaloniki: Makedonia, p. 12, archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2024
  19. ^ Kouvelas, 32:00–32:50.
  20. ^ Kouvelas, 33:40–34:15.
  21. ^ a b c Makedoniko Metro and Mikhaniki AE v Elliniko Dimosio, European Court Reports (Court of Justice of the European Union, Sixth Chamber 23 January 2003), archived from the original on 5 December 2024.
  22. ^ Kouvelas, 26:50–27:25.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Makedoniko Metro and Michaniki v Commission, European Court Reports (Court of First Instance, Fourth Chamber 14 January 2004), archived from the original on 6 December 2024.
  24. ^ Charalambidou, Vaso (4 October 1998). "Σύγκρουση στο Μετρό" [Collision course on the Metro]. To Vima. Archived from the original on 5 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.. Digitally republished by To Vima on 24 November 2018.
  25. ^ a b "Thessaloniki Automated Rapid Transit Light Railway, Greece". www.railway-technology.com. Railway Technology. Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  26. ^ a b Stix-Hackl, Christine (11 July 2002). "Η γενική εισαγγελέας λαμβάνει θέση επί ερωτημάτων ελληνικού δικαστηρίου σχετικά με τη διαδικασία αναθέσεως της συμβάσεεων (sic) για την κατασκευή του μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης / Die Generalanwältin äussert sich zu Fragen eines griechischen Gerichts über das Vergabeverfahren zum Bau der Untergrundbahn von Thessaloniki" [The Advocate General responds to questions from a Greek court on the tender procedure for the construction of the Thessaloniki metro] (Press release) (in Greek and German). Brussels: European Commission Spokesperson's Service. Retrieved 5 December 2024.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ^ a b c Kalaitzoglou, Athina (27 November 2002). "Κορυφώνονται οι αντιδράσεις για την καθυστέρηση κατασκευής του μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Reactions to the Thessaloniki Metro construction delays reaching their peak]. Kathimerini. Archived from the original on 5 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  28. ^ Shelley, John (7 February 2001). "Commission misled firm over Metro bid". Politico. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  29. ^ "Soederman notes that Commission violated rights of complainant in Thessaloniki Metro case". Europe Daily Bulletin. No. 7898. Strasbourg: Agence Europe. 7 February 2001. Archived from the original on 6 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  30. ^ Apostolakis, Sakis (2 February 2002). "Ελλάδα" [Greece]. Eleftherotypia (in Greek). Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2024 – via E Online. Τονίζει ακόμη ότι το Μετρό της Αθήνας θα στοιχίζει τελικά 2 τρισ. δραχμές, που προέρχονται εξ ολοκλήρου από τις δημόσιες επενδύσεις και για το οποίο όλοι οι Ελληνες φορολογούμενοι καταβάλλουν το μερίδιό τους. «Οι Θεσσαλονικείς, που αποτελούν το 10% του ελληνικού πληθυσμού, θα πληρώσουν για το Μετρό της Αθήνας 2 τρισ., ποσόν που θα αρκούσε για να γίνει το δικό τους Μετρό, που ακόμη δεν άρχισε». [He notes further that the Athens Metro will cost 2 trillion drachmas in the end, funds which derive exclusively through public investment and for which Greek taxpayers all pay their share. "Thessalonians, who represent 10% of the Greek population, will pay 2 trillion for the Athens Metro, which would have sufficed to build their own Metro, [whose construction] has not yet began.]
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  45. ^ "THESSALONIKI METRO: "The Metro in our City" – ΑΤΤΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΡΟ Α.Ε." www.ametro.gr. 12 November 2018. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
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  57. ^ "Καραγιάννης: Η Θεσσαλονίκη θα έχει μετρό στα τέλη του 2023". www.kathimerini.gr. 4 September 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
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  59. ^ "PM pledges Thessaloniki metro delivery on November 30". Kathimerini. 27 August 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  60. ^ a b "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: το απόγευμα της 30ης Νοεμβρίου ανοίγουν τις πύλες τους οι 13 σταθμοί – Στα 3 δισ. ευρώ το κόστος" [Thessaloniki Metro: the 13 stations open their gates at noon on 30 November – cost at 3 billion euro]. www.ypodomes.com (in Greek). 22 April 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  61. ^ a b "Thessaloniki Metro Unveils New Logo". www.tovima.com. 14 November 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
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  63. ^ Manthiopoulou, Maria (28 November 2024). "Πώς η Θεσσαλονίκη ετοιμάζεται να υποδεχθεί -υπό βροχή;- το μετρό" [How Thessaloniki plans to welcome -under rain?- the metro]. www.voria.gr (in Greek).
  64. ^ "Η κακοκαιρία bora χτύπησε και το μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Storm Bora hit Thessaloniki Metro too]. www.makthes.gr (in Greek). Makedonia. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  65. ^ "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Εκτός λειτουργίας οι ανελκυστήρες" [Thessaloniki Metro: Elevators are out of order]. www.tovima.gr. To Vima. 3 December 2024.
  66. ^ "Με ελεγχόμενη είσοδο το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης – Παραμένουν ασφυκτικά γεμάτοι οι συρμοί" [Controlled entry at Thessaloniki Metro – Trains remain suffocatingly crowded]. www.parallaximag.gr (in Greek). Parallaxi Magazine. 2 December 2024.
  67. ^ a b "Η Συνέντευξη τoυ Γιάννη Μυλόπουλου για το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Giannis Mylopoulos' interview about the Thessaloniki Metro]. www.ypodomes.gr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  68. ^ "Τοπογραφικές μελέτες για την επέκταση του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης προς Αεροδρόμιο "Μακεδονία"" [Topographical studies for the extension of the Thessaloniki Metro to the "Makedonia" Airport] (PDF) (in Greek). Attiko Metro. 18 March 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
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  70. ^ a b Tachiaos: We will have projects for the Thessaloniki metro until 2035
  71. ^ PHASE 1 OF THESSALONIKI METRO EXTENSIONS, EXTENSION TO EVOSMOS & STAVROUPOLI, ametro.gr
  72. ^ "Projects worth billions are promoted in the metro". Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  73. ^ "The design for the extensions of Thessaloniki Metro until 2040". Athens Transport (in Greek). 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  74. ^ "Metro Thessaloniki: 2 new lines in the plans until 2040". Ypodomes.com. 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  75. ^ metro-tis-dytikis-thessalonikis These are the proposed new metro stations of western Thessaloniki
  76. ^ This position will be met with the Lagadas station of the suburban train.
  77. ^ Δημοπράτηση της επέκτασης του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης, βορειοδυτικά, ως το 2027
  78. ^ Single circular line proposed by the Attiko Metro for Thessaloniki
  79. ^ "Debut" for the extension of the Thessaloniki Metro to Macedonia Airport[dead link‍]
  80. ^ "THESSALONIKI METRO – See the complete network (route and stops)". Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  81. ^ RFP-354/19 – "TOPOGRAPHIC STUDIES FOR THE EXTENSION OF THE THESSALONIKI METRO TO THE AIRPORT" MACEDONIA""
  82. ^ The railway line Thessaloniki-Mikra (Nikis-L. Stratou-Papanastasiou-Kanaris-Anaximandrou) passed through the ASP, information Michalis Tremopoulos, former MEP and historian of Thessaloniki's transport.
  83. ^ Terminal of the railway of the Thessaloniki-Mikras line that was operated from 2-2-1917 by the French during World War I for military needs (The railways in the Northern Hellenistic area p.78-81)
  84. ^ Saturday, September 9, 2017 See photos of the Thessaloniki metro carriage at the Thessaloniki exhibition
  85. ^ The planned Casino Regency station between Geoponiki and Airport is not included
  86. ^ Καραγιάννης, Νίκος (27 November 2023). "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: "Τσεκ" από Κομισιόν για έργα και διαγωνισμό συντήρησης-λειτουργίας". Ypodomes.com (in Greek). Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  87. ^ a b "Salonicco". Hitachi Rail Italy. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  88. ^ "Αυτό είναι το πρώτο βαγόνι του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [This is the first carriage of the Thessaloniki Metro] (in Greek). Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  89. ^ "Στη Θεσσαλονίκη έφτασε και δεύτερος συρμός Μετρό" [The second train set has arrived in Thessaloniki]. www.ypodomes.gr (in Greek). 2 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  90. ^ Kokolakos, Vaggelis (13 September 2017). "Το εντυπωσιακό αμαξοστάσιο του μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης στην Πυλαία επισκέφθηκε ο Χρ. Σπίρτζης" [Christos Spirtzis visited the impressive depot of the Thessaloniki Metro in Pylaia]. www.thestival.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  91. ^ a b Karagiannis, Nikos (12 March 2018). "Tο Αμαξοστάσιο του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης γίνεται το νέο εμβληματικό κτίριο της πόλης" [The Thessaloniki Metro depot is turning into the most emblematic building in the city]. www.ypodomes.com (in Greek). Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  92. ^ a b "Στην Πυλαία βρίσκεται η καρδιά του Μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης" [The heart of the Thessaloniki Metro is in Pylaia]. www.parallaximag.gr (in Greek). 27 April 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  93. ^ "Tickets". www.thessmetro.gr. Thessaloniki Metro. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  94. ^ Attiko Metro S.A. "Extension to Kalamaria". www.ametro.gr. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  95. ^ Brebbia, C. A. (2008). Urban Transport XIV: Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century. WIT Press. p. 6. ISBN 9781845641238.
  96. ^ "Κόμιστρα" [Fares]. oasth.gr (in Greek). Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  97. ^ Ο πρώτος σταθμός του μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης [The first Thessaloniki Metro station] (Video) (in Greek). Skai TV on YouTube. 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019.
  98. ^ a b Konti, Konstantina (1 October 2024). "Long-delayed launch of Thessaloniki Metro threatened by ticketing fiasco". www.ekathimerini.gr. Kathimerini. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  99. ^ a b "Government announces lower ticket prices to boost use of new Thessaloniki metro". www.ekathimerini.gr. Kathimerini. 5 November 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  100. ^ "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Mια από τις πιο προσιτές επιλογές στις δημόσιες μεταφορές στην Ελλάδα" [Thessaloniki Metro: One of the most affordable choices in Greek public transport]. www.economista.gr (in Greek). 27 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  101. ^ a b c d "Εφαρμογή Οπτικής Ταυτότητας Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Brand Identity Applications of the Thessaloniki Metro] (PDF) (in Greek). Elliniko Metro. November 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  102. ^ a b "Ο διαγωνισμός είχε αμοιβή 8.000 για το λογότυπο - Το έδωσαν με 30.000 απευθείας σε εταιρεία" [The compatition had an 8,000 reward for the logo - They appointed it directly to a company for 30,000]. www.avgi.gr (in Greek). I Avgi. 14 November 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  103. ^ "ΛΟΓΟΤΥΠΟ ΜΕΤΡΟ: H γραφιστική κοινότητα εμβρόντητη σχολιάζει" [METRO LOGO: The graphic design community comments in awe]. www.parallaximag.gr (in Greek). Parallaxi Magazine. 14 November 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  104. ^ Rigopoulos, Dimitris (14 November 2024). "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Το "μ" που έσωσε ένα διαγωνισμό και δίχασε μια ολόκληρη πόλη" [Thessaloniki Metro: The "μ" that saved a competition and divided an entire city]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Kathimerini. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  105. ^ "Η ανακοίνωση της εταιρείας Ελληνικό Μετρό για το λογότυπο του μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [The Elliniko Metro Announcement regarding the Thessaloniki Metro logo]. www.protothema.gr (in Greek). Proto Thema. 14 November 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  106. ^ a b "Μεθοδεύσεις για το λογότυπο του Μετρό καταγγέλλει ο Σύλλογος Αρχιτεκτόνων Θεσσαλονίκης" [The Architects' Association of Thessaloniki denounces machinations regarding the Metro logo]. www.voria.gr (in Greek). 14 November 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  107. ^ "Στην πολιτική συζήτηση ο λογότυπος του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [The Thessaloniki Metro logo in political discussions]. www.designmag.gr (in Greek). 15 November 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2024. Θεμιτή η οποιαδήποτε αντίδραση κάποιου για ένα ζήτημα αισθητικής. Έχει βγάλει εμπεριστατωμένη ανάλυση η εταιρεία που το δημιούργησε. Και η εταιρεία του Μετρό που έκανε την ανάθεση. Είναι απολύτως σύννομα όλα. Είχαμε δύο διαφορετικές περιπτώσεις διαγωνισμών η μια κηρύχθηκε άγονη και οι άλλες υποψηφιότητες δεν μπορούσαν να σταθούν. Υπάρχει δικαιολόγηση από σχετική μελέτη. Δεν μπορώ να κάνω κάποιο άλλο σχόλιο. Το λογότυπο έχει μια σχετική φιλοσοφία. [Any person's reaction to an aesthetic issue is legitimate. The company that created it has done a thorough analysis. And the Metro company that made the appointment. It's all perfectly legal. We had two different cases of contests, one was declared fruitless and the other nominations could not stand. There is justification from a relevant study. I can't offer any further comment. The logo has a related philosophy.]
  108. ^ a b c Kehagias, Nestoras (17 November 2024). "Ποιος πραγματικά "σχεδίασε" το λογότυπο του Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης;" [Who really "designed" the Thessaloniki Metro logo?]. www.designmag.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  109. ^ "Kalamaria Extension". www.thessmetro.gr. Thessaloniki Metro. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  110. ^ a b c "ΑΤΤΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΡΟ: "Το Μέτρο στη πόλη μας" με το πρώτο του βαγόνι. Συμμετοχή της Αττικό Μετρό Α.Ε. στην 83η Δ.Ε.Θ." [Attiko Metro: "The Metro in our city" with the first carriage. The participation of Attiko Metro S.A. at the 83rd Thessaloniki International Fair]. www.ametro.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  111. ^ Wang, George C. (24 June 2016). The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction. Woodhead Publishing. p. 340. ISBN 9780081003978.
  112. ^ a b c Zosia, Archibald; Morgan, Catherine; Smith, David M.; Murphy-Smith, Helen; Pitt, Robert; Papadopoulou, Chryssanthi; Marchand, Fabienne; Haysom, Matthew; Livarda, Alexandra; Stewart, Daniel (2013). "Archaeology in Greece 2013–2014". The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (60): 9, 100. JSTOR 43187051.
  113. ^ "Greece: subway construction unearths ancient Aphrodite statue and stunning mosaic floors". www.newsweek.com. Newsweek. 26 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  114. ^ "Thessaloniki subway dig unearths secrets of 'city under the city'". The Straits Times. 28 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  115. ^ "The Golden Wreaths of the Thessaloniki Metro Excavations". www.biblicalarchaeology.org. Biblical Archaeology Society. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  116. ^ "Archaeologists unearth headless Aphrodite statue in Thessaloniki". www.diaspora.parliament.gr. Hellenic Parliament. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  117. ^ "Θεσσαλονίκη: Ολα τα αρχαία που αναδύθηκαν μέσω… Μετρό" [Thessaloniki: All the antiquities that surfaced via... the metro]. www.protagon.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  118. ^ "Construction of Thessaloniki Metro to resume after agreement reached". www.tovima.gr. To Vima. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  119. ^ a b Attiko Metro S.A. "Αρχαιολογικές ανασκαφές" [Archaeological excavations]. www.ametro.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  120. ^ "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Στα 188,5 εκατ. ευρώ εκτινάχθηκε η δαπάνη για τα αρχαιολογικά" [Thessaloniki Metro: Costs for archaeological works skyrocketed to 188.5 million euro] (in Greek). Makedonia. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  121. ^ "Υπάρχουν τα μετρό…και το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης!" [There's metros... and then there's the Thessaloniki Metro]. www.parallaximag.gr (in Greek). 11 June 2016. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  122. ^ Papadimitriou, Georgios (24 September 2016). "ΟΑΣΘ – Θεσσαλονίκη: μία σχέση χυδαίας εξάρτησης" [OASTH – Thessaloniki: a relationship of gross dependency]. www.typosthes.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  123. ^ Makrogiannelis, Giannis (8 July 2016). "Ήμουν Νιός και Γέρασα: Τριάντα Χρόνια Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης Χωρίς Μετρό στη Θεσσαλονίκη" [I was Young and now I'm Old: Thirty Years of Thessaloniki Metro without a Metro in Thessaloniki]. www.vice.gr (in Greek). Vice News. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  124. ^ "Ένα χρόνο ακόμη έχουμε για να κάνουμε αστεία με το Μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης" [We only have one more year left to make jokes about the Thessaloniki Metro]. www.luben.tv (in Greek). Luben. 30 March 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  125. ^ "Ως Χριστουγεννιάτικο χωριό θα λειτουργεί το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης για την περίοδο των εορτών". www.tokoulouri.com. To Koulouri. 28 November 2017. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  126. ^ "Συνεχίζεται για 763η ημέρα η απεργία στο μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης". www.tokoulouri.com. To Koulouri. 27 September 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  127. ^ Papadimitriou, Giorgos. "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Η τελευταία ΔΕΘ χωρίς το δικό μας Γιοφύρι της Άρτας" [Thessaloniki Metro: The last Thessaloniki International Fair without our own Bridge of Arta] (in Greek). TyposThes. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  128. ^ Tsakonas, Dimitris. "Νέο "Γεφύρι της Άρτας" το μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Thessaloniki Metro is a new "Bridge of Arta"] (in Greek). www.voria.gr. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024.
  129. ^ Theodoridou, Eleni (26 January 2024). "Καταδίωξη στην Άνω Πόλη και Μετρό σε λειτουργία - Πόση Θεσσαλονίκη έχει τελικά το "The Bricklayer";" [Pursuit in Ano Poli and an operational Metro - How much Thessaloniki is there really in The Bricklayer?]. www.makthes.gr (in Greek). Makedonia. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024. Τέλος, χαρακτηριστική είναι η σκηνή που οι ηθοποιοί μπήκαν υποτίθεται στο μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης όπου το κοινό, δικαιολογημένα, δεν μπόρεσε να κρατηθεί και ξέσπασε σε γέλια. [Finally, the scene where the actors entered the Thessaloniki Metro is typical, at which point the audience, justifiably, could not hold back and burst out laughing.]
  130. ^ "Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Δέκα πράγματα που πρέπει να ξέρετε τώρα που άνοιξε". 30 November 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.

Sources

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