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Ali Dinar

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Ali Dinar
Ali Dinar after his death in battle in 1916
Sultan of Darfur
ReignSeptember 1898 – 6 November 1916
PredecessorPosition re-established
SuccessorPosition abolished
Born1865
Died6 November 1916(1916-11-06) (aged 50–51)
Jabal Juba, Darfur
DynastyKeira dynasty
FatherZakariyyāʾ b. Muḥammad al-Faḍl

Muhammad Ali Dinar (Arabic: محمد علي دينار, romanized: Muḥammad ʿAlī Dīnār; c. 1865 – 6 November 1916), known more generally as Ali Dinar, was the last sultan of Darfur and ruler from the Keira dynasty.

Ali Dinar ascended to the throne of Darfur in 1891, after his cousin, the 'shadow sultan' Abū l-Khayrāt, was killed by a band of rebellious slaves. The incident surrounding Abū l-Khayrāt's death is obscure, but some sources allege that Ali Dinar had incited his death; Ali Dinar himself denied the allegation.[1][2] This period of Ali Dinar's reign was troublesome, with him ultimately being urged by his followers to enter negotiations with the Mahdists in al-Fāshir, an act which brought about raids upon him by the Masālīt and his being despoiled by Bakhīt Abū Risha of Dār Silā.[3][4]

Ultimately, Ali Dinar surrendered in Mahdist-occupied al-Fāshir on October 13, 1891. Initially being favorably received, Ali Dinar was later imprisoned for drinking wine.[5] He was saved by the intercession of the amīr Maḥmūd w. Aḥmad, Mahdist governor of Darfur, subsequently joining the latter's entourage. Accompanying Maḥmūd, Ali traveled to Omdurman, the Mahdist capital, where he met the Khalīfa ʿAbdallāhi.[6] In June 1894, Ali returned to the Darfur, presumably in preparation for Maḥmūd w. Aḥmad's campaign of 1895. This return was short lived, however, as suspicions that Ali intended to rebel against the Mahdists caused him to be sent back to Omdurman in January 1895.[7][8] Ali Dinar's time in Omdurman is obscure, but it is alleged that he was made a mulāzim [attendant] to the Khalīfa or his son, ʿUthmān, and came to be an acquaintance of Rudolf Slatin.[9][10] Later, Ali Dinar entered the service of amīr Ibrāhīm al-Khalīl, Mahdist commander of jihādiyya, accompanying him in 1896 to fight in the Nuba Mountains.[11]

As the Battle of Omdurman approached, Ali Dinar began planning his flight back to Darfur. Just before or during the battle, he put his plan into effect, bringing with him many notables of the old sultanate.[12] Rendering hapless the Mahdist garrison at al-Fāshir and rival contenders to the throne, Ali Dinar began to rapidly reassert the authority of the Darfur Sultanate. He was especially focused on establishing a functioning judiciary system as well as rooting out Mahdist influence in the region.[13] Ali Dinar also set about establishing diplomatic connections to various of his neighbors such as the Sānūsiyya, Wadai, Dār Silā, Dār al-Kūtī, etc.[14][15]

A sword owned by Ali Dinar, heir to the throne of the Sultanate of Darfur. He was killed in action during the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition in 1916, with the sword being on display at the British Museum.

In 1915 Ali Dinar declared his support to the Ottoman Empire in the First World War, which led the British government to dispatch the invasion of Darfur, in which he was killed in action, after which his sultanate was incorporated into Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.[16]

Further reading

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References

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  1. ^ O'Fahey, R.S. (2008). The Darfur Sultanate: A History. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-0-231-70038-2.
  2. ^ Theobald, A.B. (1965). 'Alī Dīnār, Last Sultan of Darfur, 1898–1916. London: Longmans. pp. 27–8. OCLC 25827495.
  3. ^ O'Fahey, Darfur Sultanate, 284. Theobald, 'Alī Dīnār, 28–29.
  4. ^ Kapteijns, Lidwien; Spaulding, Jay (1988). After the Millenium: Diplomatic Correspondence from Wadai and Dar Fur on the Eve of Colonial Conquest 1885–1916. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 335–349. OCLC 18240510.
  5. ^ O'Fahey, Darfur Sultanate, 284. Theobald, 'Alī Dīnār, 30.
  6. ^ al-Ḥasan, Mūsā al-Mubārak (1970). Taʿrīkh Dār Fūr al-Siyāsī, 1882–1898 [Political History of Darfur, 1882-1898] (in Arabic). Khartoum: University of Khartoum Press. pp. 186–187.
  7. ^ R., Salmon; D., Newbold (1965). "The Story of Sheikh Abdullahi Ahmed Abu Gelaha, A Sudanese Vicar of Bray". Sudan Notes and Records. 21: 95–96. JSTOR 41716281.
  8. ^ Kapteijns and Spaulding, After the Millenium, 244-247, 345-349.
  9. ^ Salmon and Newbold, "Vicar of Bray," 96.
  10. ^ Hill, Richard (1965). Slatin Pasha. London: Oxford University Press. p. 93. OCLC 339964.
  11. ^ Kapteijns, Lidwien; Spaulding, Jay (1990). "Gifts Worthy of Kings: An Episode in Dar Fur – Taqali Relations". Sudanic Africa. 1: 63. JSTOR 25653176.
  12. ^ O'Fahey, Darfur Sultanate, 286. Theobald, 'Alī Dīnār, 30–31 n 4.
  13. ^ O'Fahey, Darfur Sultanate, 286-296.
  14. ^ Spaulding, Jay; Kapteijns, Lidwien (1994). An islamic Alliance: ʿAlī Dīnār and the Sānūsiyya, 1906-1916. Northwestern University Press. pp. 9–14. ISBN 0-8101-1194-2.
  15. ^ Various examples of such diplomatic correspondence is to be found in Kapteijns and Spaulding, After the Millenium.
  16. ^ Gillan, J.A. (1939). "Darfur, 1916". Sudan Notes and Records. 22 (1): 1–25. JSTOR 41716312.
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