Moho (genus)

ʻŌʻō
	Kauaʻi ʻōʻō (Moho braccatus),; the last surviving member of the Mohoidae; (extinct c. 1987)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	†Mohoidae
Genus:	†Moho; Lesson, 1830
Type species
	†Merops fasciculatus; Latham, 1790
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Acrulocerus Cabanis, 1847 ; Mohohina Mathews, 1925 ; Pseudomoho Mathews, 1925 ; Mohornis Mathews, 1930;

Moho is a genus of extinct birds in the Hawaiian bird family, Mohoidae, that were endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Members of the genus are known as ʻōʻō in the Hawaiian language. Their plumage was generally striking glossy black; some species had yellowish axillary tufts and other black outer feathers. Most of these species became extinct by habitat loss, the introduction of mammalian predators (like rats, pigs, and mongooses), and by extensive hunting (their plumage was used for the creation of precious ʻaʻahu aliʻi (robes) and ʻahu ʻula (capes) for aliʻi (Hawaiian nobility).^[4]^[5] The Kauaʻi ʻōʻō was the last species of this genus to become extinct, likely a victim of avian malaria.^[6]

Until recently, the birds in this genus were thought to belong to the family Meliphagidae (honeyeaters) because they looked and acted so similar to members of that family, including many morphological details. A 2008 study argued, on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of DNA from museum specimens, that the genera Moho and Chaetoptila do not belong to the Meliphagidae but instead belong to a group that includes the waxwings and the palmchat; they appear especially close to the silky-flycatchers. The authors proposed a family, Mohoidae, for these two extinct genera.^[7]

The album O'o by jazz composer John Zorn, released in 2009, is named after these birds.

Taxonomy

The following species belong to this genus (in addition, subfossil remains of a species are known from Maui and known in literature as the Maui ʻōʻō, Moho sp.):

Common name	Scientific name	Extinct since	Localization
Oʻahu ʻōʻō	Moho apicalis	c. 1837	Oahu, Hawaii
Bishop's ʻōʻō or Molokaʻi ʻōʻō	Moho bishopi	c. 1981	Molokai, Maui, and Lanai, Hawaii
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō	Moho braccatus	c. 1987	Kauai, Hawaii
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō	Moho nobilis	c. 1934	Hawaii, Hawaii

References

^ Lesson, R. P. (1831). Traité d'Ornithologie. Vol. Livr. 4. Paris: Levrault (published 1830). p. 302.
^ Bryan, E.J. Jr.; Greenway, J.C. Jr. (1944). "Contributions to the Ornithology of the Hawaiian Islands". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College. 94 (2): 137.
^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr., ed. (1967). "Moho Lesson". Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 424.
^ Flannery, Tim; Peter Schouten (2001). A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 30, 110. ISBN 978-0-87113-797-5.
^ Ratzel, Friedrich (1896). "The History of Mankind". London: MacMillan. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
^ Fuller, Errol (2001). Extinct Birds. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, Comstock Publishing. pp. 329–337. ISBN 978-0-8014-3954-4.
^ Fleischer, Robert C.; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L. (2008). "Convergent Evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific Honeyeaters from Distant Songbird Ancestors". Current Biology. 18 (24): 1927–31. Bibcode:2008CBio...18.1927F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051. PMID 19084408.

Bibliography

Day, David (1981): The Doomsday Book of Animals
Greenway, James C. (1967): Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World

External links

Short description of the Moho species (French)
"Bishop's ʻŌʻō" (PDF). Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. State of Hawaiʻi. 1 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
"Kauaʻi ʻŌʻō" (PDF). Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. State of Hawaiʻi. 1 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2011.
Naturalis - Hawaiʻi ʻŌʻō

[1] Lesson, R. P. (1831). Traité d'Ornithologie. Vol. Livr. 4. Paris: Levrault (published 1830). p. 302.

[2] Bryan, E.J. Jr.; Greenway, J.C. Jr. (1944). "Contributions to the Ornithology of the Hawaiian Islands". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College. 94 (2): 137.

[3] Paynter, Raymond A. Jr., ed. (1967). "Moho Lesson". Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 424.

[flannery-4] Flannery, Tim; Peter Schouten (2001). A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 30, 110. ISBN 978-0-87113-797-5.

[5] Ratzel, Friedrich (1896). "The History of Mankind". London: MacMillan. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

[fuller-6] Fuller, Errol (2001). Extinct Birds. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, Comstock Publishing. pp. 329–337. ISBN 978-0-8014-3954-4.

[Fleischer_2008-7] Fleischer, Robert C.; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L. (2008). "Convergent Evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific Honeyeaters from Distant Songbird Ancestors". Current Biology. 18 (24): 1927–31. Bibcode:2008CBio...18.1927F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051. PMID 19084408.

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