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Ma Rainey

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For "Maw Raney", see Della H. Raney.
Ma Rainey
Rainey in 1917
Rainey in 1917
Background information
Birth nameGertrude Pridgett
Born(1886-04-26)April 26, 1886
Columbus, Georgia, U.S.
DiedDecember 22, 1939(1939-12-22) (aged 53)
Columbus, Georgia, U.S.
Genres
OccupationSinger
Years active1899–1939
LabelsParamount

Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (née Pridgett; April 26, 1886 – December 22, 1939)[1][2][3] was an American blues singer and influential early-blues recording artist.[4] Dubbed the "Mother of the Blues", she bridged earlier vaudeville and the authentic expression of southern blues, influencing a generation of blues singers.[5] Rainey was known for her powerful vocal abilities, energetic disposition, majestic phrasing, and a "moaning" style of singing. Her qualities are present and most evident in her early recordings "Bo-Weevil Blues" and "Moonshine Blues".

Gertrude Pridgett began performing as a teenager and became known as "Ma" Rainey after her marriage to Will "Pa" Rainey in 1904. They toured with the Rabbit Foot Minstrels and later formed their own group, Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues. Her first recording was made in 1923. In the following five years, she made over 100 recordings, including "Bo-Weevil Blues" (1923), "Moonshine Blues" (1923), "See See Rider Blues" (1925), the blues standard "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" (1927), and "Soon This Morning" (1927).[6]

Rainey also collaborated with Thomas Dorsey, Tampa Red, and Louis Armstrong, and toured and recorded with the Georgia Jazz Band. Touring until 1935, she then largely retired from performing and continued as a theater impresario in her hometown of Columbus, Georgia, until her death four years later.[1] She has been posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, as well as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rainey has been portrayed in several films including the 2020 Academy Award-winning film Ma Rainey's Black Bottom. In 2023, she was honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Early life

[edit]

There is uncertainty about the birth date of Gertrude Pridgett. Some sources indicate that she was born in 1882, while most sources assert that she was born on April 26, 1886.[2] Pridgett claimed to have been born on April 26, 1886 (beginning with the 1910 census, taken April 25, 1910), in Columbus, Georgia.[7] However, the 1900 census indicates that she was born in September 1882 in Alabama, and researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc suggest that her birthplace was in Russell County, Alabama.[8][9] She was the second of five children of Thomas and Ella (née Allen) Pridgett, from Alabama. She had at least two brothers and a sister, Malissa Pridgett Nix.[7]

In February 1904, Ma Rainey married William "Pa" Rainey.[10] She took on the stage name "Ma Rainey", which was "a play on her husband's nickname, 'Pa'".[11]

Early career

[edit]

Pridgett began her career as a performer at a talent show in Columbus, Georgia, when she was approximately 12 to 14 years old.[1][12] A member of the First African Baptist Church, she began performing in black minstrel shows. She later claimed that she was first exposed to blues music around 1902.[13] She formed the Alabama Fun Makers Company with her husband, Will Rainey, but in 1906 they both joined Pat Chappelle's much larger and more popular Rabbit's Foot Company, where they were billed together as "Black Face Song and Dance Comedians, Jubilee Singers [and] Cake Walkers".[14] In 1910, she was described as "Mrs. Gertrude Rainey, our coon shouter".[14] She continued with the Rabbit's Foot Company after it was taken over by a new owner, F. S. Wolcott, in 1912.[1] Rainey said she found "Blues Music" when she was in Missouri one night performing, and a girl introduced her to a sad song about a man leaving a woman. Rainey said she learned the lyrics of the song and added it to her performances. Rainey claimed she created the term "blues" when asked what kind of song she was singing.[10]

Beginning in 1914, the Raineys were billed as Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues. Wintering in New Orleans, she met numerous musicians, including Joe "King" Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet and Pops Foster. As the popularity of blues music increased, she became well known.[15] Around this time, she met Bessie Smith, a young blues singer who was also making a name for herself.[A] A story later developed that Rainey kidnapped Smith, forced her to join the Rabbit's Foot Minstrels, and taught her to sing the blues; the story was disputed by Smith's sister-in-law Maud Smith.[16]

Recording career

[edit]
Rainey and the band

From the late 1910s, there was an increasing demand for recordings by black musicians.[17] In 1920, Mamie Smith was the first black woman to be recorded.[18] In 1923, Rainey was discovered by Paramount Records producer J. Mayo Williams. She signed a recording contract with Paramount, and in December she made her first eight recordings in Chicago,[19] including "Bad Luck Blues", "Bo-Weevil Blues" and "Moonshine Blues". She made more than 100 other recordings over the next five years, which brought her fame beyond the South.[1][20] Paramount marketed her extensively, calling her the "Mother of the Blues", the "Songbird of the South", the "Gold-Neck Woman of the Blues" and the "Paramount Wildcat".[21]

In 1924, Rainey recorded with Louis Armstrong, including on "Jelly Bean Blues", "Countin' the Blues" and "See, See Rider".[22] In the same year, she embarked on a tour of the Theater Owners Booking Association (TOBA) in the South and Midwest of the United States, singing for black and white audiences.[23] She was accompanied by the bandleader and pianist Thomas Dorsey and the band he assembled, the Wildcats Jazz Band.[24] They began their tour with an appearance in Chicago in April 1924 and continued, on and off, until 1928.[25] Dorsey left the group in 1926 because of ill health and was replaced as pianist by Lillian Hardaway Henderson, the wife of Rainey's cornetist Fuller Henderson, who became the band's leader.[26]

Although most of Rainey's songs that mention sexuality refer to love affairs with men, some of her lyrics contain references to lesbianism or bisexuality,[27] such as the 1928 song "Prove It on Me":

They said I do it, ain't nobody caught me.
Sure got to prove it on me.
Went out last night with a crowd of my friends.
They must've been women, 'cause I don't like no men.
It's true I wear a collar and tie.
Makes the wind blow all the while.[28]

According to the Queer Cultural Center's website, the lyrics refer to an incident in 1925 in which Rainey was "arrested for taking part in an orgy at [her] home involving women in her chorus".[29] The political activist and scholar Angela Y. Davis noted that "'Prove It on Me' is a cultural precursor to the lesbian cultural movement of the 1970s, which began to crystallize around the performance and recording of lesbian-affirming songs."[30] At the time, an ad for the song embraced the genderbending outlined in the lyrics and featured Rainey in a three-piece suit, mingling with women while a police officer lurks nearby.[31]

Unlike many blues singers of her day, Rainey wrote at least a third of the songs she sang including many of her most famous works such as "Moonshine Blues" and "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" which would become standards of the "classic blues" genre.[31]

Throughout the 1920s, Ma Rainey had a reputation for being one of the most dynamic performers in the United States due in large part to her songwriting, showmanship and voice.[31] She and her band could fetch earnings of $350 a week on tour with the Theater Owners Booking Association, which was double that of Bessie Brown and George Williams while a little over half what Bessie Smith would ultimately command.[32]

Toward the end of the 1920s, live vaudeville went into decline, being replaced by radio and recordings.[26] Rainey's career was t Pa Rainey adopted a son named Danny who later joined his parents' musical act. Rainey developed a relationship with Bessie Smith. They became so close that rumors circulated that their relationship was possibly also romantic in nature.[10] It was also rumored that Smith once bailed Ma Rainey out of jail.[29]

The Raineys separated in 1916.[33][3]

In 1935, Rainey returned to her home town, Columbus, Georgia, and became the proprietress[34] of three theaters, the Liberty in Columbus, and the Lyric and the Airdrome in Rome, Georgia,[35] until her death. She died of a heart attack in 1939.[36][37][3]

Legacy and honors

[edit]

Ma Rainey created what is now known as "classic blues" while also portraying black life like never before. As a musical innovator she built on the minstrelsy and vaudeville performative traditions with comedic timing and a hybrid of American blues traditions she encountered in her vast tours across the country. She helped to pioneer a genre that appealed to North and South, rural and urban audiences.[31]

Her signature low and gravelly voice sung with Rainey's gusto and authoritative style inspired imitators from Louis Armstrong, Janis Joplin and Bonnie Raitt among others.[31]

In her lyrics, Rainey portrayed the black female experience like few others of the time reflecting a wide range of emotions and experiences. In her 1999 book Blues Legacies and Black Feminism, Angela Davis wrote that Rainey's songs are full of women who "explicitly celebrate their right to conduct themselves as expansively and even as undesirably as men".[38] In her songs, she and other black women sleep around for revenge, drink and party all night and generally live lives that "transgressed these ideas of white middle class female respectability".[39] The portrayals of black female sexuality, including those bucking heteronormative standards, fought ideas of what a woman should be and inspired Alice Walker in developing her characters for The Color Purple.[40] Bragging about sexual escapades was popular in men's songs at the time but her use of these themes in her works established her as both fiercely independent and fearless and many have drawn connections between her use of these themes and their modern use in Hip-Hop.[41]

Rainey was also a fashion icon who pioneered flashy, expensive costuming in her performances, wearing ostrich plumes, satin gowns, sequins, gold necklaces, diamond tiaras, and gold teeth.[31]

Rainey was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.[42] In 1994, the U.S. Post Office issued a 29-cent commemorative postage stamp honoring her. In 2004, "See See Rider Blues" (performed in 1924) was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and was added to the National Recording Registry by the National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress.[43]

There was also a small museum opened in Columbus in 2007 to honor Ma Rainey's legacy. It is in the very house that she had built for her mother and later lived in from 1935 until her death in 1939.[44]

The first annual Ma Rainey International Blues Festival was held in April 2016 in Columbus, Georgia, near the home that Rainey owned and lived in at the time of her death.[45][46] In 2017, the Rainey-McCullers School of the Arts opened in Columbus, Georgia, named in honor of Rainey and author Carson McCullers.[47]

In 2023, she was awarded a posthumous Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. The announcement noted her "deep voice and mesmerizing stage presence" and that she, "recorded almost 100 records, many of them national hits that are now part of the American musical canon".[48]

[edit]

Sterling A. Brown wrote the poem "Ma Rainey" in 1932, about how "When Ma Rainey / comes to town" people everywhere would hear her sing. In 1981, Sandra Lieb wrote the first full-length book about Rainey, Mother of the Blues: A Study of Ma Rainey.[49]

Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, a 1982 play by August Wilson, is a fictionalized account of a recording of her song of the same title set in 1927. Theresa Merritt and Whoopi Goldberg starred as Rainey in the Original and Revival Broadway productions, respectively. Viola Davis portrayed Rainey in the 2020 film adaptation of the play and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress.[50]

Mo'Nique played Rainey in the 2015 television film Bessie about the life of Bessie Smith, for which she earned a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie.[51]

Recordings

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This sortable table presents all 94 titles recorded by Rainey.[52]

  • The recording dates are approximated.
  • The classification, by Sandra Lieb, is almost entirely by form. Blues songs which are only partly of twelve-bar structure are classified as mixtures of blues and popular song forms. Songs without any twelve-bar or eight-bar structure are classified as non-blues.[53]
  • The JSP and DOCD columns refer to the two complete CD reissues.[54][55]
  • Click any label to sort. To return to chronological order, click #.
# Matrix Recording
date		 Title Accompaniment Paramount
issue no.		 Sandra Lieb
classification		 JSP
77933		 Document
DOCD		 Notes
01 1596 1923/12 "Bad Luck Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12081 Twelve-bar blues A 5581
02 1597 1923/12 "Bo-Weavil Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12080 Mixture of blues and popular song forms A 5581 Another take on JSP & DOCD
03 1598 1923/12 "Barrel House Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12082 Twelve-bar blues A 5581
04 1599 1923/12 "Those All Night Long Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12081 Non-blues A 5581 Another take on JSP & DOCD
05 1608 1923/12 "Moonshine Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12083 Mixture of blues and popular song forms A 5581
06 1609 1923/12 "Last Minute Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12080 Twelve-bar blues A 5581
07 1612 1923/12 "Southern Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12083 Twelve-bar blues A 5581
08 1613 1923/12 "Walking Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12082 Twelve-bar blues A 5581
09 1698 1924/03 "Lost Wandering Blues" The Pruitt Twins 12098 Twelve-bar blues A 5581
10 1699 1924/03 "Dream Blues" The Pruitt Twins 12098 Twelve-bar blues A 5581
11 1701 1924/03 "Honey Where You Been So Long?" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12200 Non-blues A 5581
12 1702 1924/03 "Ya-Da-Do" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12257 Non-blues A 5581 Another take on JSP & DOCD
13 1703 1924/03 "Those Dogs of Mine"
"(Famous Cornfield Blues)"		 Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12215 Non-blues A 5581
14 1704 1924/03 "Lucky Rock Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12215 Mixture of blues and popular song forms A 5581
15 1741 1924/04 "South Bound Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12227 Non-blues A 5581
16 1758 1924/05 "Lawd Send Me a Man Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12227 Non-blues A 5581
17 1759 1924/05 "Ma Rainey's Mystery Record" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders		 12200 Twelve-bar blues A 5581
18 1824 1924/08 "Shave 'Em Dry Blues" The Pruitt Twins[56] 12222 Eight-bar blues B 5581
19 1825 1924/08 "Farewell Daddy Blues" The Pruitt Twins[57] 12222 Twelve-bar blues B 5581
20 1922 1924/10 "Booze and Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12242 Twelve-bar blues B 5582
21 1923 1924/10 "Toad Frog Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12242 Twelve-bar blues B 5582
22 1924 1924/10 "Jealous Hearted Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12252 Twelve-bar blues B 5582
23 1925 1924/10 "See See Rider Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12252 Mixture of blues and popular song forms B 5582 With Louis Armstrong; another take on JSP & DOCD
24 1926 1924/10 "Jelly Bean Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12238 Mixture of blues and popular song forms B 5582 With Louis Armstrong
25 1927 1924/10 "Countin' the Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12238 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 With Louis Armstrong; another take on JSP & DOCD
26 10001 1924/11 "Cell Bound Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12257 Mixture of blues and popular song forms B 5582
27 2136 1925/05 "Army Camp Harmony Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12284 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 Another take on JSP & DOCD
28 2137 1925/05 "Explaining the Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12284 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 Another take on JSP & DOCD
29 2138 1925/05 "Louisiana Hoo Doo Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12290 Twelve-bar blues B 5582
30 2138 1925/05 "Goodbye Daddy Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12290 Mixture of blues and popular song forms B 5582
31 2209 1925/05 "Stormy Seas Blues" Her Georgia Band 12295 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 Another take on DOCD5625
32 2210 1925/08 "Rough and Tumble Blues" Her Georgia Band 12311 Twelve-bar blues B 5582
33 2211 1925/08 "Night Time Blues" Her Georgia Band 12303 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 Another take on JSP & DOCD
34 2212 1925/08 "Levee Camp Moan" Her Georgia Band 12295 Non-blues B 5582
35 2213 1925/08 "Four Day Honorary Scat" Her Georgia Band 12303 Non-blues B 5582 Misprint for "'Fore Day"; another take on JSP & DOCD
36 2214 1925/08 "Memphis Bound Blues" Her Georgia Band 12311 Twelve-bar blues B 5582
37 2369 1925/12 "Slave to the Blues" Her Georgia Band 12332 Twelve-bar blues C 5583
38 2370 1925/12 "Yonder Come the Blues" Her Georgia Band 12357 Non-blues C 5583
39 2371 1925/12 "Titanic Man Blues" Her Georgia Band 12374 Mixture of blues and popular song forms C 5583 Another take on JSP & DOCD
40 2372 1925/12 "Chain Gang Blues" Her Georgia Band 12338 Twelve-bar blues C 5583
41 2373 1925/12 "Bessemer Bound Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12374 Twelve-bar blues C 5583 Another take on JSP & DOCD
42 2374 1925/12 "Oh My Babe Blues" Her Georgia Band 12332 Non-blues C 5583
43 2375 1925/12 "Wringing and Twisting Blues" Her Georgia Band 12338 Non-blues C 5583
44 2369 1925/12 "Stack O'Lee Blues" Her Georgia Band 12357 Ballad C 5583
45 2448 1926/03 "Broken Hearted Blues" Her Georgia Band 12364 Twelve-bar blues C 5583 Another take on DOCD5625
46 2451 1926/03 "Jealousy Blues" Her Georgia Band 12364 Non-blues C 5583 Another take on DOCD5660
47 2452 1926/03 "Seeking Blues" Her Georgia Band 12352 Mixture of blues and popular song forms C 5583 Another take on JSP & DOCD
48 2466 1926/03 "Mountain Jack Blues" Jimmy Blythe (piano) 12352 Twelve-bar blues C 5583 Another take on JSP & DOCD
49 2627 1926/06 "Down in the Basement" Her Georgia Band 12395 Non-blues C 5583
50 2628 1926/06 "Sissy Blues" Her Georgia Band 12384 Twelve-bar blues C 5583
51 2629 1926/06 "Broken Soul Blues" Her Georgia Band 12384 Non-blues C 5583
52 2631 1926/06 "Trust No Man" Lillian Henderson (piano) 12395 Non-blues C 5583
53 405 1926/11 "Morning Hour Blues" Jimmy Blythe (piano)
Blind Blake (guitar)		 12455 Twelve-bar blues D 5584
54 407 1926/11 "Weepin' Woman Blues" Her Georgia Boys 12455 Twelve-bar blues D 5584
55 408 1926/11 "Soon This Morning" Her Georgia Band 12438 Twelve-bar blues D 5584
56 4019 1926/12 "Little Low Mamma Blues" Blind Blake (guitar)
possibly Leroy Picket (violin)		 12419 Twelve-bar blues D 5584
57 4020 1926/12 "Grievin Hearted Blues" Blind Blake (guitar)
possibly Leroy Picket (violin)		 12419 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584
58 4021 1926/12 "Don't Fish in My Sea" Jimmy Blythe (piano) 12438 Twelve-bar blues D 5584
59 4082 1927/08 "Big Boy Blues" Her Georgia Band 12548 Twelve-bar blues D 5584
60 4083 1927/08 "Blues Oh Blues" Her Georgia Band 12566 Non-blues D 5584
61 4090 1927/08 "Damper Down Blues" Her Georgia Band 12548 Twelve-bar blues D 5584
62 4091 1927/08 "Gone Daddy Blues" Her Georgia Band 12526 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584
63 4092 1927/08 "Oh Papa Blues" Her Georgia Band 12566 Non-blues D 5584
64 4707 1927/08 "Misery Blues" Her Georgia Band 12508 Non-blues D 5584
65 4708 1927/08 "Dead Drunk Blues" Her Georgia Band 12508 Twelve-bar blues D 5584
66 4709 1927/08 "Slow Driving Moan" Her Georgia Band 12526 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584
67 20228 1927/12 "Blues the World Forgot—Part 1" Her Georgia Band 12647 Comedy D 5584
68 20229 1927/12 "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" Her Georgia Band 12590 Non-blues D 5584
69 20230 1927/12 "Blues the World Forgot—Part 2" Her Georgia Band 12647 Comedy D 5584
70 20231 1927/12 "Hellish Rag" Her Georgia Band 12612 Non-blues D 5584
71 20232 1927/12 "Georgia Cake Walk" Her Georgia Band 12590 Comedy D 5584
72 20233 1927/12 "New Bo-Weavil Blues" Her Georgia Band 12603 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584
73 20232 1927/12 "Moonshine Blues" Her Georgia Band 12603 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584
74 20233 1927/12 "Ice Bag Papa" Her Georgia Band 12612 Non-blues D 5584
75 20661 1928/06 "Black Cat Hoot Owl Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12687 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom
76 20662 1928/06 "Log Camp Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12804 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom
77 20663 1928/06 "Hear Me Talking to You" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12668 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom
78 20664 1928/06 "Hustlin' Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12804 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom
79 20665 1928/06 "Prove It on Me Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12668 Non-blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom
80 20666 1928/06 "Victim of the Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12687 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom
81 20667 1928/06 "Traveling Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12707 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom; another take on JSP and DOCD5216
82 20668 1928/06 "Deep Moaning Blues Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12707 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom
another take on JSP & DOCD
83 20878 1928/09 "Daddy Goodbye Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey (piano)
Tampa Red (guitar)		 12963 Eight-bar blues E 5156
84 20879 1928/09 "Sleep Talking Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey (piano)
Tampa Red (guitar)		 12760 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Another take on JSP & DOCD
85 20880 1928/09 "Tough Luck Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey (piano)
Tampa Red (guitar)		 12735 Twelve-bar blues E 5156
86 20881 1928/09 "Blame It on the Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey (piano)
Tampa Red (guitar)		 12760 Twelve-bar blues E 5156
87 20882 1928/09 "Sweet Rough Man" Georgia Tom Dorsey (piano)
Tampa Red (guitar)		 12926 Twelve-bar blues E 5156
88 20883 1928/09 "Runaway Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey (piano)
Tampa Red (guitar)		 12902 Twelve-bar blues E 5156
89 20885 1928/09 "Screech Owl Blues" Eddie Miller (piano) 12735 Twelve-bar blues E 5156
90 20886 1928/09 "Black Dust Blues" Eddie Miller (piano) 12926 Twelve-bar blues E 5156
91 20897 1928/09 "Leaving This Morning" Georgia Tom Dorsey (piano)
Tampa Red (guitar)		 12902 Twelve-bar blues E 5156
92 20898 1928/09 "Black Eye Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey (piano)
Tampa Red (guitar)		 12963 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Another take on JSP & DOCD
93 20921 1928/10 "Ma and Pa Poorhouse Blues" Papa Charlie Jackson (duet & banjo) 12718 Twelve-bar blues E 5156
94 20144 1928/10 "Big Feeling Blues" Papa Charlie Jackson (duet & banjo) 12718 Twelve-bar blues E 5156

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
    Sources are unclear on the exact date and circumstances under which Rainey and Smith met, but it was probably sometime between 1912 and 1916.[16]

References

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Oliver, Paul. "Rainey, Ma (née Pridgett, Gertrude)". Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Oxford University Press. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  2. ^ a b "Ma Rainey | Biography, Songs, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. April 22, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c s (December 18, 2020). "The True Story Of Ma Rainey From Netflix's 'Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'". Women's Health.
  4. ^ Southern, Eileen (1997). The Music of Black Americans: A History (3rd ed.). W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-97141-4.
  5. ^ Russonello, Giovanni (June 12, 2019). "Overlooked No More: Ma Rainey, the 'Mother of the Blues'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  6. ^ Lieb, Sandra (1983). Mother of the Blues: A Study of Ma Rainey (3rd ed.). University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-394-7.
  7. ^ a b Lieb, p. 2
  8. ^ Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Publishers. p. 87. ISBN 978-0313344237.
  9. ^ 1900 Census for Columbus Ward 5, Muscogee, Georgia, District 4, Enumeration district 91, Sheet 16A, line 20, 'Prigett, Gertrude, Sept 1882, 17.
  10. ^ a b c "Ma Rainey". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia.com. Updated 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  11. ^ Jaxson, The. "Ma Rainey: The Mother of the Blues". www.thejaxsonmag.com.
  12. ^ Lieb, p. 3
  13. ^ Robert Palmer (1981). Deep Blues. Penguin Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-14-006223-6.
  14. ^ a b Abbott, Lynn; Seroff, Doug (2009). Ragged but Right: Black Traveling Shows, Coon Songs, and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz. University Press of Mississippi. p. 261.
  15. ^ Lieb, p. 5
  16. ^ a b Lieb, p. 15
  17. ^ Lieb, p. 19
  18. ^ Lieb, p. 20
  19. ^ Lieb, p. 21
  20. ^ Lieb, p. 23
  21. ^ Lieb, p. 25
  22. ^ Lieb, p. 26
  23. ^ Lieb, p. 27
  24. ^ Lieb, p. 28
  25. ^ Lieb, p. 35
  26. ^ a b Lieb, p. 37
  27. ^ Friederich, Brandon (June 7, 2017). "Ma Rainey's Lesbian Lyrics: 5 Times She Expressed Her Queerness in Song". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  28. ^ Ellison, Marvin M.; Brown Douglas, Kelly, eds. (2010). Sexuality and the Sacred: Sources for Theological Reflection (2nd ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0664233662.
  29. ^ a b "Gladys Bentley". queerculturalcenter.org. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  30. ^ Davis, Angela Y. (1999). Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday. Vintage. pp. 40, 238. ISBN 978-0679771265.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Chow, Andrew R. (December 18, 2020). "Ma Rainey Is Best Known as a Pioneer of the Blues. But She Broke More Than Musical Barriers". Time. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  32. ^ Abbott, Lynn (2017). The Original Blues: The Emergence of the Blues in African American Vaudeville. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781496810038.
  33. ^ Muhammad, Latifah (December 18, 2020). "Who Is Ma Rainey? How the 'Mother of the Blues' Became an Icon". Entertainment Tonight.
  34. ^ "Overlooked No More: Ma Rainey, the 'Mother of the Blues'". The New York Times. June 12, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  35. ^ Lieb, p. 1
  36. ^ Santelli, Robert. The Big Book of Blues. Penguin Books. p. 387.
  37. ^ "Ma Rainey". Britannica.com. December 22, 1939. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  38. ^ Davis, Angela (2011). Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday. Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0679450054.
  39. ^ Mack, Kimberly (2020). Fictional Blues: Narrative Self-Invention from Bessie Smith to Jack White. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9781625345493.
  40. ^ Freedman, Samuel G. (October 14, 1984). "What Black Writers Owe to Music". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  41. ^ Jones, DaLyah (August 23, 2020). ""Let's Have A Sex Talk": The Eras of Sex Talk By Black Women In Hip-Hop". Okayplayer. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  42. ^ Ma Rainey Induction Year: 1990. Rockhall.com. Accessed February 26, 2014.
  43. ^ 2004 National Recording Registry Choices. Loc.gov/rr. A ccessed February 26, 2014.
  44. ^ "Ma Rainey | Biography, Songs, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  45. ^ "Ma Rainey International Blues Festival - Mad About Ma Blues Society". Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  46. ^ "Ma Rainey International Blues Festival". January 29, 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  47. ^ "Rainey-McCullers School of the Arts opens as 2017-18 classes begin". Ledger-enquirer.com. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  48. ^ Frazer, Nina (January 5, 2023). "The Recording Academy Announces 2023 Special Merit Awards Honorees". Grammy Awards. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  49. ^ Lieb, Sandra (1981). Mother of the Blues: A Study of Ma Rainey. University of Massachusetts. ISBN 9780870233340.
  50. ^ Lee, Benjamin (October 18, 2020). "Netflix releases trailer for Chadwick Boseman's final movie". The Guardian. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  51. ^ "Mo'Nique on Emmy Nomination for 'Bessie,' Lee Daniels' 'Empire' Snub: 'What You Put Out Is What You Get Back'". The Wrap. July 16, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  52. ^ Dixon, Robert M. W.; Godrich, John; and Rye, Howard W. (compilers) (1997). Blues and Gospel Records 1890–1943. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198162391.
  53. ^ Lieb, pp. 189–191.
  54. ^ Ma Rainey. Mother of the Blues. 5-CD box set. JSP Records JSP7793 (A–E).
  55. ^ Ma Rainey. Complete Recorded Works in Chronological Order, vol. 1: December 1923 to c. August 1924, Document Records DOCD5581. Complete Recorded Works in Chronological Order, vol. 2: c. October 15, 1924, to c. August 1925, Document DOCD5582. Complete Recorded Works in Chronological Order, vol. 3: c. December 1925 to c. June 1926, Document DOCD5583. Complete Recorded Works in Chronological Order, vol. 4: c. November 1925 to c. December 1927, Document DOCD5584. The Complete 1928 Sessions in Chronological Order, Document DOCD5156. Too Late, Too Late, vol. 2: 1897–1935, Document DOCD5216. Too Late, Too Late, vol. 11: 1924–1939, Document DOCD5625. Too Late, Too Late, vol. 13: 1921–1940, Document DOCD5660.
  56. ^ Shaw, Charles E. (July 14, 2011). The Untold Stories of Excellence: From a Life of Despair and Uncertainty to One that Offers Hope and a New Beginning. Xlibris. p. 181. ISBN 9781462849079. Retrieved November 18, 2022 – via Google Books.
  57. ^ "Ma Rainey - Complete Recorded Works, Vol. 1 (1923-1924) Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved November 18, 2022.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers by Derrick Stewart-Baxter (Stein and Day, 1970) ISBN 978-0812813210
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