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Orlando Gibbons
Portrait by an unknown Artist
Born	Oxfordshire
Baptised	25 December 1583
Died	(1625-06-05)5 June 1625 (aged 41) Canterbury
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Orlando Gibbons (/ɔːˈlændəʊ ˈɡɪbənz/ ; baptised 25 December 1583 – 5 June 1625) was an English composer, virginalist and organist of the Elizabethan era and early Jacobean periods. Due to his sudden and early death, Gibbons' output was not as large as his older contemporary William Byrd, but he still managed to produce various secular and sacred polyphonic vocal works, including consort songs, services, motets, more than 40 full anthems and verse anthems, a set of 20 madrigals as well as at least 20 keyboard works and various instrumental ensemble pieces including nearly 30 fantasies for viols. He is well known for the 5-part verse anthem This Is the Record of John, the 8-part full anthem O Clap Your Hands Together, 2 settings of Evensong and what is often thought to be the best known English madrigal: The Silver Swan.

Born in Oxfordshire, Gibbons was probably the 8th of 10 children and born into a musical family where his father, William Gibbons, was a wait and his children were expected to follow his footsteps in the trade. It is not known who he studied composition with, although it is possible to have been with an older brother or his father. Gibbons was certainly acquainted with William Byrd and John Bull due to the three's their collective publication of the first printed collection of keyboard music, Parthenia, and since Bull was a student of Byrd it is possible that Gibbons was as well, however there is no uncircumstantial evidence to support this.

However his education came about, he was musically proficient enough to not only be appointed by King James I a gentleman of the Chapel Royal sometime around May of 1603 but also a senior organist by 1605. By 1606 he had graduated from King's College, Cambridge with a Bachelor of Music and later he also received a Doctor of Music from Oxford in May of 1622. The most important position achieved by Gibbons was his appointment in 1623 as the organist at Westminster Abbey which he held for 2 years until his death on the 5th of June in 1625.

Gibbons was the leading composer in early 17th century England and a pivotal transition figure from the end of the Renaissance to the beginning of the Baroque era. He was praised in his time by a visit in 1624 from the French ambassador, Charles de L'Aubespine, who stated upon entering Westminster Abbey that “At the entrance, the organ was touched by the best finger of that age, Mr. Orlando Gibbons." Musicologist and composer, Frederick Ouseley, dubbed him to be the "English Palestrina" and the Canadian pianist Glenn Gould praised him highly and compared his music, especially for the keyboard, to the likes of Beethoven and Webern. Gibbons paved the way for a future generation of English composers by perfecting the Byrd's foundations of the foundations of the english madrigal as well as both full and verse anthem, especially through teaching music to his oldest son, Christopher, who eventually taught John Blow, Pelham Humfrey and most notably Henry Purcell the English pioneer of the Baroque era. The modern music critic John Rockwell claimed that the oeuvre of Gibbons: "all attested not merely to a significant figure in music's past but to a composer who can still speak directly to the present."

Notes

• Fellowes, Edmund H. (1951). Orlando Gibbons and his family: the last of the Tudor school of musicians (2rd ed.). Archon Books. ISBN 978-0-208-00848-0.

• Harley, John (September 1999). Orlando Gibbons and the Gibbons family of musicians. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-840-14209-9.

• Grove, George, ed. (1900). A Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Oxford University Press.