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Swabian League

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This article is about the 15th-century military alliance. For the 14th-century alliance, see Swabian League of Cities.

Swabian League
Schwäbischer Bund
Named afterSwabia
FormationFebruary 14, 1488 (1488-02-14)
FounderFrederick III
Founded atEsslingen
DissolvedFebruary 2, 1534 (1534-02-02)
TypeMilitary alliance
Location
Region served
Southern Germany
Official language
German

The Swabian League (German: Schwäbischer Bund) was a military alliance of imperial estates – imperial cities, prelates, principalities and knights – principally in the territory of the early medieval stem duchy of Swabia established in 1488. New institutions created through imperial reform removed the need for the league, whilst the religious revolution of the Protestant Reformation divided its members, leading to the Swabian League being disbanded in 1534.[1]

History

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The Swabian League was established in 1488 at the behest of Emperor Frederick III and supported as well by Bertold, Elector of Mainz, whose conciliar rather than monarchic view of the Reich often put him at odds with Frederick's successor Maximilian. The Swabian League cooperated towards the keeping of the imperial peace and at least in the beginning curbing the expansionist Bavarian dukes from the House of Wittelsbach and the revolutionary threat from the south in the form of the Swiss. The League held regular meetings, supported tribunals and maintained a unified force of 12,000 infantrymen and 1200 cavalry.[2]

On 14 February 1488, a new Swabian League was formed, at the Reichstag of Esslingen, not only of 22 Imperial cities but also of the Swabian knights' League of St. George's Shield, bishops, and princes (Ansbach, Baden, Bavaria, Bayreuth, Hesse, Mainz, the Electorate of the Palatinate, Trier, Tyrol, and Württemberg). The league was governed by a federal council of three colleges of princes, cities, and knights calling upon an army of 13,000 men. It aided in the rescue of the future emperor Maximilian I, son of Emperor Frederick III, held prisoner in the Low Countries, and later was his main support in southern Germany.

After the death of Eberhard of Württemberg in 1496 the League produced no single outstanding generally accepted leader, and with the peace of 1499 with the Swiss and the definitive defeat of the aggressive Wittelsbachs in 1504, the League's original purpose, maintenance of the status quo in the southwest, was accomplished. Its last major action was the occupation and annexation of the Free City of Reutlingen by duke Ulrich of Württemberg in 1519 during the interregnum that followed the death of Maximilian I. The duke was overthrown, and his territory was sold to Charles V, offsetting the costs of the campaign.

The League defeated an alliance of robber barons in the Franconian War in 1523. Next it helped to suppress the Peasants' Revolt in 1524–26, including its defeat and execution of Little Jack (Jaecklein) Rohrbach, and crushing the Black Company in its last stand at the Battle of Ingolstadt in May 1525.

The development of imperial institutions, such as the creation of the Reichskammergericht imperial court in 1495 and the development of the Reichstag, led to the league becoming increasingly unnecessary. Imperial institutions were viewed as a better system of maintaining order due to their stronger constitutional backing and sanction by the emperor, and were more popular amongst the princes for being ordered more hierarchically than the Swabian league. The Habsburgs also favoured imperial institutions over the league as imperial institutions could cover the entire empire, and did not have to be continually renewed.[3] Additionally, the religious revolution of the Protestant Reformation divided its members, finally leading to the Swabian League being disbanded in 1534.[4]

Members

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joined by several princes of the Empire until 1489:

extended after 1500 by its former opponent:

In 1512 Baden and Württemberg left the league, while the Prince-Bishops of Bamberg and Eichstätt were admitted, followed by

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Laffan 1975:198.
  2. ^ R.G.D. Laffan, "The Empire under Maximilian I", in The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. I 1975:198.
  3. ^ Wilson, Peter H. (2016). The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History. p. 563.
  4. ^ Laffan 1975:198.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Close, Christopher W. "Estate Solidarity and Empire: Charles V's Failed Attempt to Revive the Swabian League." Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte (2013) 104#1 pp 134–157, in English.
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