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Not to be confused with Jai Siya Ram.

A statue of Rama in Ayodhya

Jai Shri Ram[a] (IAST: Jaya Śrī Rāma) is an expression in Indic languages, translating to "Glory to Lord Rama" or "Victory to Lord Rama".[6] The proclamation has been used by Hindus as a symbol of adhering to the Hindu faith,[7] or for projection of varied faith-centered emotions.[8][9][10]

The expression was used by the Indian Hindu nationalist organisations Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and their allies, which embraced the slogan in the late 20th century as a tool for increasing the visibility of Hinduism in public spaces, before going on to use it as a battle cry. The slogan has since been employed in connection with the perpetration of communal violence against people of other faiths, especially Muslims. [11][24]

Meaning

Jai Shri Ram means "hail Lord Ram" or "victory to Lord Ram".[6] Ram (or Rama) is a major deity in Hinduism.[25]

Antecedents

Religious and social

"Jaya Sri Ram", along with "Jaya Sita Ram", "Jaya Ram" and "Sita Ram", were used as mutual salutations by Ramanandi ascetics (called Bairagis).[26][27] "Ram Ram", "Jai Ram ji ki" and "Jai Siya Ram" have been noted as common salutations in the Hindi heartland (Sita or Siya is the name of Rama's consort).[28][6][29]

Photojournalist Prashant Panjiar wrote about how in the city Ayodhya female pilgrims always chant "Sita-Ram-Sita-Ram", while the older male pilgrims prefer not to use Rama's name at all. The traditional usage of "Jai" in a slogan was with "Siyavar Ramchandraji ki jai" ("Victory to Sita's husband Rama").[29]

Rama symbolism

The worship of Rama increased significantly in the 12th century, following the invasions of Muslim Turks.[22] The Ramayana became widely popular in the 16th century. It is argued that the story of Rama offers a "very powerful imaginative formulation of the divine king as the only being capable of combating evil".[30] The concept of Ramrajya, "the rule of Ram", was used by Gandhi to describe the ideal country free from the British.[22][31]

The most widely known political use of Ram began with Baba Ram Chandra's peasant movement in Awadh in the 1920s. He encouraged the use of "Sita-Ram" as opposed to the then widely used "Salaam" as a greeting, since the latter implied social inferiority. "Sita-Ram" soon became a rallying cry.[32]

Journalist Mrinal Pande states:[22]

The slogans raised... were never about Ram as an individual, let alone a warrior. They were about the duo: Bol Siyavar or Siyapat Ramchandra ki jai [victory to Ram, Sita's husband].

1980s and forward

In the late 1980s, the slogan "Jai Shri Ram" was popularised by Ramanand Sagar's television series Ramayan, where it was used by Hanuman and the Vaanar Sena (monkey army) as a war cry when they fought the demon army of Ravan in order to free Sita.[33] Sagar himself acknowledged his contribution, claiming, "College boys don't say 'Hi' any more, they say 'Jai Shri Ram ki' 'Long live Shri Ram'."[34]

The Hindu nationalist organisation Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and its militant wing Bajrang Dal, carried out a campaign saying "Ram-Ram Chhodo, Jai Shri Ram Bolo" ("Stop saying Ram-Ram, Say Jai Shri Ram").[35] During L. K. Advani's rath yatra to Ayodhya in 1989, the customary slogan Jai Siya Ram was replaced by "Jai Shri Ram".[36] The VHP, Bharatiya Janata Party and their Sangh Parivar allies used it extensively in their Ayodhya Ram Janmabhoomi movement.[33][37] Volunteers at Ayodhya at the time would write the slogan on their skin, using their own blood as ink to signify their devotion. The organizations also distributed a cassette named as Jai Shri Ram, containing songs like "Ram ji ki sena chali" (transl. the army of Rama is on the move) and "Aya samay jawano jago" (transl. the time has come for the martial youth to arise). All the songs in the cassette were set to the tunes of popular Bollywood songs.[38] Kar sevaks, led by the Sangh Parivar allies, chanted the slogan of "Jai Shri Ram" when laying a foundation east of the Babri Masjid in August 1992.[39]

Simultaneously the Rama pictography was changed to projecting a heroic, muscular, and angry Rama.[35][40][41] A muscular Rama, clad in saffron, was shown towering over an imaginary Ram temple in Ayodhya.[42] These images were labelled with the "Jai Shri Ram" slogan (written in the Devnagari script of Hindi).[43]

A 1995 essay published in Manushi, a journal edited by academic Madhu Kishwar, described how the Sangh Parivar's usage of "Jai Shri Ram", as opposed to "Sita-Ram", lies in the fact that their violent ideas had "no use for a non-macho Ram."[22] This also mobilised more people politically, since it was patriarchal. Further, the movement was exclusively associated with Ram's birth, which had occurred many years before his marriage to Sita.[44]

Sociologist Jan Breman writes:[45]

It is a "Blut und Boden" (blood and soil) movement which aims to purify Bharat (the Motherland) from foreign elements.... The damage that the nation sustained is, to a significant extent, the consequence of the gentleness and indulgence that the people showed in the face of the repressive foreigners. The softness and femininity that came to be dominant in Hinduism, a change that was wrought by the cunning machinations of the enemy, now must make place for the original, masculine, powerful Hindu ethos. This explains the warlike, extremely aggressive character of the appeal for a national revival launched by the advocates of Hindutva. An interesting aside here is that the greeting "Jai Siya Ram" has been transformed into the battle cry "Jai Shri Ram" ("Long live Lord Ram"). The Hindu supreme god has assumed the form of a macho general. In the original meaning, "Siya Ram" had been a popular greeting of welcome in the countryside since time immemorial... The Hindu fanatics have now also banished her from the popular greeting by changing Siya to "Shri" (Lord), thereby suppressing the feminine element in favour of masculine virility and assertiveness.

— Jan Breman, "Ghettoization and Communal Politics: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Hindutva Landscape", Institutions and Inequalities: Essays in Honour of Andre Beteille

An Indian political analyst decried the political use of the slogan in 2019, and said that "it now seems to have official sanction."[46] In December 2022, Congress leader Rahul Gandhi while giving a speech in Madhya Pradesh attacked BJP and RSS by raising the question "Why they always chants "Jai Shri Ram" and not "Jai Siya Ram".[47][48] Reacting to his question, a minister in Madhya Pradesh and a senior BJP leader Narottam Mishra replied "I think Rahul Gandhi's knowledge is only limited to children's rhyme 'Baa Baa Black Sheep', the name of Ram is prefixed with 'Shri' which is also used for Lord Vishnu's wife Lakshmi and Sita Ji".[48] The BJP's Amit Malviya also reacted to Rahul Gandhi's attack by posting a video in which Prime Minister Narendra Modi started his Ram Mandir ceremony speech with "Jai Siya Ram".[47][49]

The Wire said in 2023 that "We are yet to see any condemnation of the 'misuse' of the sacred name Ram by any religious leader or body."[50]

Usage

The BJP advocates using Jai Shri Ram and Jai Siya Ram as a greeting.[51]

Numismatics

Gharib Niwaz, ruler of the Manipur Kingdom, issued bell metal coins with the phrase "Jai Shri Ram", "Shri Ram" and "Jai Shri" in 18th century.[52][53]

Violent incidents

  • In 1992, during riots and the demolition of the Babri Masjid, the same slogan was raised.[54][55] Former BBC Bureau Chief Mark Tully, who was present at the site of the Masjid on 6 December, recalls the usage of the slogan "Jai Shri Rama!" by the Hindu crowds rushing towards the mosque.[5]
  • In January 1999, the slogan was heard again when Australian missionary doctor Graham Staines was burned alive with his two children in Manoharpur, Orissa.[15]
  • In the events leading up to the Godhra train burning of February 2002, supporters of the Gujarat VHP and its affiliated organisations like the Bajrang Dal forced Muslims to chant "Jai Shri Ram" on their journey to Ayodhya,[56] and on their return journey, they did the same at "every other station", including at Godhra. Both journeys were taken in the Sabarmati Express for the ceremony at the Ram Janmabhoomi.[57][58] During the 2002 Gujarat riots that followed, the slogan was used in a leaflet distributed by the VHP to encourage Hindus to boycott Muslim businesses.[59]
  • "Jai Shri Ram" was also chanted by the mob responsible for the Gulbarg Society Massacre. Ehsan Jafri, a former Member of Parliament from Ahmedabad, was forced to chant the slogan before he was brutally murdered during said massacre.[60]
  • The slogan was also heard from the mob during the Naroda Patiya massacre.[61] People living in mixed-religion neighborhoods were forced to put up Jai Shri Ram posters and wear armbands to ward off the rioters.[62]
  • Tabrez Ansari was forced by a mob to chant "Jai Shree Ram" and "Jai Hanuman" during his lynching.[4]
  • All India Democratic Women's Association, the women's wing of CPI(M), alleged that the perpetrators of the 2020 Gargi College molestations were chanting the slogan.[63]
  • During the 2020 Delhi riots, rioters were reported to have kept chanting "Jai Shri Ram" while beating their victims and whenever a building went up in flames.[64][65][66] The police were also found to join in the chant while siding with the Hindu mobs. The Muslims were told Hindustan me rehna hoga, Jai Shri Ram kehna hoga (transl. "If you want to stay in India, you will have to chant Jai Shri Ram").[67] Indian journalist Rana Ayyub, writing in Time, commented that the slogan had become a "racist dog whistle" against Muslims during the riots.[68]
  • After the BJP's victory in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, a 25 year old Muslim man, Babar Ali from UP's Kushinagar district was lynched and killed by the members of his own community for supporting BJP. His family members said that Babar was returning from his shop when he chanted 'Jai Shri Ram' and was attacked by some local Muslims.[69][70]
  • On 15 April 2023, while Atiq Ahmed was being escorted for a court-mandated medical checkup in Prayagraj, a pistol was fired at Ahmed and his brother's head. Both Atiq and his brother Ashraf Ahmed were killed in the shootout, which was filmed and broadcast live. After shooting attackers started chanting 'Jai Shri Ram' as they were being apprehended.[71][72]
  • On June 24, 2023, in Pulwama, South Kashmir, Indian Army personnel stormed a mosque and allegedly forced worshippers to chant Jai Shri Ram and bharat mata ke jai.[73][74]Similarly, on November 24, 2024, Kashmiri shawl sellers in Himachal Pradesh reported being harassed and forced to chant Hindutva slogans, including Jai Shri Ram.[75]

There have been some reports of violent incidents being associated with the slogan, in which the allegations were later found to be false.[81] In June 2019, a group of 49 artists, academics and intellectuals wrote a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, requesting him to put a stop "to the name of Ram being defiled" as a war cry. They demanded that strict action be taken against using the slogan for violent purposes.[82]

Politics

In June 2019, the slogan was used to heckle Muslim MPs as they proceeded to take their oath in the 17th Lok Sabha.[83] In July that year, Nobel laureate Amartya Sen stated in a speech that the slogan was "not associated with the Bengali culture",[84] leading to some unknown groups publishing his statement on billboards in Kolkata.[85] The slogan has also been used to heckle West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee on multiple occasions, triggering angry reactions from her.[85][86][46]

The slogan was used by lawyers to celebrate the 2019 Supreme Court decision to allow a Ram temple to be built on the disputed Ayodhya site where a mob had demolished the Babri Masjid mosque in 1992.[87] In August 2020, following the ground-breaking ceremony of the Ram Temple, Ayodhya, the slogan was used as a chant in celebrations in New York.[88]

Kabir Khan used the phrase in his 2015 film Bajrangi Bhaijaan as a greeting

The slogan is painted on the walls of a mandir[b] in a house in the 1994 film Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!.[89]

It is used as a salutation in the 2015 film Bajrangi Bhaijaan. The director states that he grew up hearing "Jai Shri Ram" as a benevolent expression, "rooted in our culture", but that the words have become aggressive.[28] A 2017 Bhojpuri film, Pakistan Me Jai Shri Ram depicts the hero as a devotee of Ram who enters Pakistan and kills terrorists while chanting the slogan.[44] Stickers stating Hello nahīṃ, bolo Jaya Śrī Rāma (transl. "Don't say hello but say Victory to Rama") became popular on the vehicles and telephones of people running small businesses.[38] A 2018 song, "Hindu Blood Hit", features psychedelic repetitions of the slogan and goes on to warn Indian Muslims that their time is up.[90] Another song from 2017, "Jai Shree Ram DJ Vicky Mix", hopes for a time in the future in which "there will continue to be a Kashmir but no Pakistan".[7] The song "Jai Shree Ram" is part of the film music in the 2022 action-adventure Ram Setu.[91][92] The 2023 film Adipurush had a song with the same name.[93]

In 2022, Jujaru Nagaraju, a handloom weaver in Andhra Pradesh weaved a 60 metre long silk sari with "Jai Sri Ram" written over 30 000 times in 13 Indian languages.[94]

See also

  • Deus vult (God wills it), Christian motto and battle cry
  • Jai Shri Krishna, Sanskrit expression, translating as "Victory to Krishna"
  • Radhe Radhe, Hindi expression used as a greeting and salutation
  • Takbir, the name for the Arabic phrase "Allahu Akbar", used in various contexts by Muslims and Arabs around the world

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as Jai Sri Ram,[1][2][3] Jai Shree Ram,[4] or Jai Shri Rama.[5]
  2. ^ Prayer room in this case.

References

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  2. ^ a b Nussbaum, Martha C. (18 August 2008). "The Clash Within: Democracy and the Hindu Right". Journal of Human Development. 9 (3). Routledge: 357–375. doi:10.1080/14649880802236565. ISSN 1464-9888. S2CID 144724807. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. In the days that followed, wave upon wave of violence swept through the state. The attackers were Hindus, many of them highly politicized, shouting Hindu-right slogans, such as 'Jai Sri Ram' (a religious invocation wrenched from its original devotional and peaceful meaning) and 'Jai Sri Hanuman' (a monkey god portrayed by the right as aggressive), along with 'Kill, Destroy!', 'Slaughter!'
  3. ^ a b Staples, James (7 November 2019). "Blurring Bovine Boundaries: Cow Politics and the Everyday in South India". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 42 (6). Routledge: 1125–1140. doi:10.1080/00856401.2019.1669951. ISSN 0085-6401. S2CID 210542995. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. The vigilantes had seized more than Rs30,000 worth of beef and contaminated it with phenyl. They also beat up the driver, threw him face down into the Musi river, and forced him to chant 'Jai Sri Ram! (Victory to [the Hindu deity] Ram!)' before finally letting him go.
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  12. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (4 January 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics (17). Heidelberg University: 3. doi:10.11588/heidok.00004127. ISSN 1617-5069. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2021. They chanted Hindu nationalist songs and slogans throughout the entire voyage, all the while harassing Muslim passengers. One family was even made to get off the train for refusing to utter the kar sevaks' war cry: "Jai Shri Ram!" (Glory to Lord Ram!). More abuse occurred at the stop in Godhra: a Muslim shopkeeper was also ordered to shout "Jai Shri Ram!" He refused, and was assaulted until the kar sevaks turned on a Muslim woman with her two daughters.
  13. ^ Breman, Jan (17 April 1993). "Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Surat". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (16): 737–741. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4399608. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. Through a hole in the wall he had seen how adults and children were beaten and kicked to death. The hunters forced their catch to shout 'Jai Shri Ram'. "I can't hear you. Louder, say it louder...". "Oh, merciful Allah, Jai Shri Ram". And then came the last kick, final cut or was the body, soaked with petrol, set alight.
  14. ^ Menon, Nivedita (6–12 July 2002). "Surviving Gujarat 2002". Economic and Political Weekly. 37 (27): 2676–2678. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4412315. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. The taunts about circumcision, the desecration of Qurans and mosques, the demolition of dargahs, the forced shouting of 'Jai Shri Ram' before being cut into pieces.
  15. ^ a b Sarkar, Sumit (26 June – 2 July 1999). "Conversions and Politics of Hindu Right". Economic and Political Weekly. 34 (26): 1691–1700. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4408131. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. And then in the last week of January 1999 came the burning alive at Monoharpur, Orissa, once again amidst slogans of 'Jai Shri Ram', of the Australian missionary doctor Staines and two of his children.
  16. ^ Sarkar, Sumit (30 January 1993). "The Fascism of the Sangh Parivar". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (5): 163–167. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4399339. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021 – via Academia.edu. The Bajrang Dal thugs often openly declare that anyone who criticises the destruction of the Babri Masjid will have to go to Pakistan, while in the selectively curfew-bound Muslim pockets of Seelampur in east Delhi, the police had rounded up all Muslim men in some areas, beaten them up unless they agreed to say Jai Shri Ram, and even pulled out the beard of a Muslim gentleman.
  17. ^ Ludden, David (April 1996). Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8122-1585-4. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021 – via Google Books. In the anti-Muslim riots in Surat and Bombay after December 6, 1992, the victims were forced to utter Jai Shri Ram ("Hail to Lord Rama") before they were killed or raped (Engineer 1993, 263; S. Chandra 1993a, 1883).
  18. ^ Rambachan, Anantanand (20 April 2017). "The Coexistence of Violence and Nonviolence in Hinduism". Journal of Ecumenical Studies. 52 (1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 96–104. doi:10.1353/ecu.2017.0001. ISSN 2162-3937. S2CID 151615231. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. In light of Gandhi's significance, many were surprised and bewildered when, on December 6, 1992, thousands of Hindu volunteers broke through police cordons and demolished the Babri mosque in the holy city of Ayodhya in North India. Many were armed with tridents, the traditional iconographic weapon of Shiva and were led by Hindu holy men chanting "Jai Shri Ram" (Victory to Ram).
  19. ^ Gudipaty, Nagamallika (2017), "Television, Political Imagery, and Elections in India", in Ngwainmbi, Emmanuel K. (ed.), Citizenship, Democracies, and Media Engagement among Emerging Economies and Marginalized Communities, Springer International, pp. 117–145, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56215-5_6, ISBN 978-3-319-56215-5, archived from the original on 4 October 2022, retrieved 16 February 2021 – via Google Books, Women were raped and then burned alive; men were made to shout "Jai Shri Ram" and then cut to pieces; children were not spared. According to records later submitted in court, Jafri was stripped and paraded naked before the attackers cut off his fingers and legs and dragged his body into a burning pyre.
  20. ^ Ghassem-Fachandi, Parvis (1 August 2009). "Bandh in Ahmedabad". Violence: Ethnographic Encounters. Berg. ISBN 978-1-84788-418-3. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021. If mobs successfully entered Muslim compounds, they killed the men, raped the women before killing them and burned the residences to the ground. Surviving eyewitnesses have reported widely that Muslim victims were made to speak Jai Shri Ram ("Hail Lord Ram") and Vande Mataram ("Hail to the Mother") before being killed.
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  40. ^ Jain 2007, pp. 320–321: "... a figure that began to appear in Indian bazaar prints in the late 1980s in confluence with the Hindu nationalist Ramjanmabhumi movement: that of the god Ram as a muscular, aggressive, dynamic warrior.".
  41. ^ Pinney 2004, p. 204: "The angry Rama image, for instance, was first produced by the Vishva Hindu Parishad in the late 1980s and, following the publication by S. S. Brijbasi of a commissioned copy by the Bombay artist Ved Prakash and then by Rajan Musle, several other companies produced similar images.".
  42. ^ Pinney 2004, p. 204.
  43. ^ Jain 2007, p. 321, figure 138..
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Bibliography

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