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'''''Melangyna novaezelandiae''''' (commonly referred to as the "large hoverfly") is a [[hoverfly]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[New Zealand]].<ref name="ParkinsonBrian">Parkinson, Brian (2007). ''A Photographic Guide To The Insects Of New Zealand''. New Holland Publishers (NZ) Ltd. {{ISBN|9781869661519}}.</ref> It is a generalized [[pollinator]] of a large range of plants that are both native and exotic to the New Zealand flora. ''M. novaezelandiae'' is widespread throughout New Zealand, including in agricultural environments.<ref name="ParkinsonBrian" /><ref name=":5" /> The larvae of this species feeds on other arthropods and may have uses as a biocontrol agent.<ref name=":1" />
'''''Melangyna novaezelandiae''''' (commonly referred to as the "large hoverfly") is a [[hoverfly]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[New Zealand]].<ref name="ParkinsonBrian">Parkinson, Brian (2007). ''A Photographic Guide To The Insects Of New Zealand''. New Holland Publishers (NZ) Ltd. {{ISBN|9781869661519}}.</ref> It is a generalized [[pollinator]] of a large range of [[Plant|plants]] that are both native and [[Invasive species|exotic]] to the New Zealand flora. ''M. novaezelandiae'' is widespread throughout New Zealand, including in agricultural environments.<ref name="ParkinsonBrian" /><ref name=":5" /> The larvae of this species feeds on other arthropods and may have uses as a [[biocontrol agent]].<ref name=":1" />


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== Description ==
== Description ==
Most of the body of ''Melangyna novaezelandiae'' is coloured metallic black. The eyes are a dark reddish-brown colour. There are also six cream coloured bands on the abdomen. The body has curly hairs scattered throughout it that are thought to collect [[pollen]]. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Holloway|first=Beverley A.|date=1976-12-01|title=Pollen‐feeding in hover‐flies (Diptera: Syrphidae)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1976.9517924|journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology|volume=3|issue=4|pages=339–350|doi=10.1080/03014223.1976.9517924|issn=0301-4223}}</ref>The body has a length of about 7-10.4mm. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/local-flies/new-zealand-flower-fly-melangyna-novaezealandiae.html|title=Fly (Hover) Large hover fly (Melangyna novaezealandiae)|last=|first=|date=|website=Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>Males and females are identical, but can be distinguished by whether the eyes are touching dorsally (male) or not (female). <ref>Stephen D. Wratten, Anthony J. White, M. H. Bowie, Nadine A. Berry, Ursula Weigmann, Phenology and Ecology of Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in New Zealand, ''Environmental Entomology'', Volume 24, Issue 3, 1 June 1995, Pages 595–600, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.3.595</nowiki></ref>This hoverfly forages with rapid movements followed by stationary periods.<ref name="ParkinsonBrian" />
Most of the body of ''Melangyna novaezelandiae'' is coloured metallic black. The eyes are a dark reddish-brown colour. There are also six cream coloured bands arranged into three rows on the abdomen. The body has curly hairs scattered throughout the body which are thought to collect [[pollen]]. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Holloway|first=Beverley A.|date=1976-12-01|title=Pollen‐feeding in hover‐flies (Diptera: Syrphidae)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1976.9517924|journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology|volume=3|issue=4|pages=339–350|doi=10.1080/03014223.1976.9517924|issn=0301-4223}}</ref>The body has a length of about 7-10.4mm. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/local-flies/new-zealand-flower-fly-melangyna-novaezealandiae.html|title=Fly (Hover) Large hover fly (Melangyna novaezealandiae)|last=|first=|date=|website=Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>Males and females are identical, but can be distinguished by whether the eyes are touching dorsally (male) or not (female). <ref>Stephen D. Wratten, Anthony J. White, M. H. Bowie, Nadine A. Berry, Ursula Weigmann, Phenology and Ecology of Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in New Zealand, ''Environmental Entomology'', Volume 24, Issue 3, 1 June 1995, Pages 595–600, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.3.595</nowiki></ref>The hoverfly forages with rapid movements followed by stationary periods.<ref name="ParkinsonBrian" />


Adult ''M. novaezelandiae'' are usually only seen from spring to autumn (the warmer months in the southern hemisphere).<ref name=":1" /> [[Oogenesis|Egg production]] is thought to also occur from spring to autumn.<ref name=":7" /> The eggs of these flies are laid in close proximity to aphid colonies, which the larvae feed on once they hatch.<ref name=":1" />
Adult ''M. novaezelandiae'' are usually only seen from spring to autumn (the warmer months in the southern hemisphere).<ref name=":1" /> [[Oogenesis|Egg production]] is thought to also occur from spring to autumn.<ref name=":7" /> The eggs of these flies are laid in close proximity to aphid colonies, which the larvae feed on once they hatch.<ref name=":1" />
Line 37: Line 37:


== Diet ==
== Diet ==
The [[Larva|larvae]] of ''Melangyna novaezelandiae'' are [[Predation|predators]] that often feeds on aphids, but have also been observed feeding on other arthropods such as [[Scale insect|scale insects]] and [[moth]] larvae (particularly [[Pieris rapae|''Pieris rapae'']] and [[Diamondback moth|''Plutella xylostella'']]).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Laubertie|first=E. A.|last2=Wratten|first2=S. D.|last3=Sedcole|first3=J. R.|date=2006|title=The role of odour and visual cues in the pan-trap catching of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00046.x|journal=Annals of Applied Biology|language=en|volume=148|issue=2|pages=173–178|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00046.x|issn=1744-7348}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ashby|first=J. W.|last2=Pottinger|first2=R. P.|date=1974-05-01|title=Natural regulation of Pieris rapae Linnaeus (Lepidoptera : Pieridae) in Canterbury, New Zealand|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1974.10421002|journal=New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=229–239|doi=10.1080/00288233.1974.10421002|issn=0028-8233}}</ref> Because of this diet, these larvae have been considered for use as [[Biological pest control|biocontrol agents]] in New Zealand to manage aphids and other pests that damage crops in agricultural habitats. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Weigmann|first=Ursula|last2=Berry|first2=Nadine A.|last3=Bowie|first3=M. H.|last4=White|first4=Anthony J.|last5=Wratten|first5=Stephen D.|date=1995-06-01|title=Phenology and Ecology of Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in New Zealand|url=https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/24/3/595/2394908|journal=Environmental Entomology|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=595–600|doi=10.1093/ee/24.3.595|issn=0046-225X}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite thesis|title=The role of resource subsidies in enhancing biological control of aphids by hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)|url=https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/handle/10182/984|publisher=Lincoln University|date=2007|degree=PhD|language=en|first=Elsa|last=Laubertie|doi=}}</ref>In contrast to the diet of the larvae, the adults of ''M. novaezelandiae'' are [[herbivorous]] and feed on pollen to develop their reproductive systems, and on nectar for energy, which may make them a useful pollinator.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Irvin|first=N. A.|last2=Wratten|first2=S. D.|last3=Frampton|first3=C. M.|last4=Bowie|first4=M. H.|last5=Evans|first5=A. M.|last6=Moar|first6=N. T.|date=1999-01-01|title=The phenology and pollen feeding of three hover fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) species in Canterbury, New Zealand|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1999.9518182|journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology|volume=26|issue=2|pages=105–115|doi=10.1080/03014223.1999.9518182|issn=0301-4223}}</ref>A previous study that linked gut fullness with egg production has suggested that this finding provides evidence for pollen being used in reproductive system development.<ref name=":7" /> It has also been noted that females tend to feed on pollen more frequently than males since the female reproductive system is more costly to develop.<ref name=":1" /> Studies of the gut contents of ''M. novaezelandiae'' found that pollen grain sizes varied from 19μm to 47μm.<ref name=":4" /> Because of these differences in diet at various stages of their life cycle, ''M. novaezelandiae'' may be described as having "life history omnivory".<ref name=":3" />
The [[Larva|larvae]] of ''Melangyna novaezelandiae'' are [[Predation|predators]] that often feeds on aphids, but have also been observed feeding on other arthropods such as [[Scale insect|scale insects]] and [[moth]] larvae (particularly [[Pieris rapae|''Pieris rapae'']] and [[Diamondback moth|''Plutella xylostella'']]).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Laubertie|first=E. A.|last2=Wratten|first2=S. D.|last3=Sedcole|first3=J. R.|date=2006|title=The role of odour and visual cues in the pan-trap catching of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00046.x|journal=Annals of Applied Biology|language=en|volume=148|issue=2|pages=173–178|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00046.x|issn=1744-7348}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ashby|first=J. W.|last2=Pottinger|first2=R. P.|date=1974-05-01|title=Natural regulation of Pieris rapae Linnaeus (Lepidoptera : Pieridae) in Canterbury, New Zealand|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1974.10421002|journal=New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=229–239|doi=10.1080/00288233.1974.10421002|issn=0028-8233}}</ref> Because of this diet, these larvae have been considered for use as biocontrol agents in New Zealand to manage aphids and other pests that damage crops in agricultural habitats. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Weigmann|first=Ursula|last2=Berry|first2=Nadine A.|last3=Bowie|first3=M. H.|last4=White|first4=Anthony J.|last5=Wratten|first5=Stephen D.|date=1995-06-01|title=Phenology and Ecology of Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in New Zealand|url=https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/24/3/595/2394908|journal=Environmental Entomology|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=595–600|doi=10.1093/ee/24.3.595|issn=0046-225X}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite thesis|title=The role of resource subsidies in enhancing biological control of aphids by hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)|url=https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/handle/10182/984|publisher=Lincoln University|date=2007|degree=PhD|language=en|first=Elsa|last=Laubertie|doi=}}</ref>In contrast to the diet of the larvae, the adults of ''M. novaezelandiae'' are [[herbivorous]] and feed on pollen to develop their reproductive systems, and on nectar for energy, which may make them a useful pollinator.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Irvin|first=N. A.|last2=Wratten|first2=S. D.|last3=Frampton|first3=C. M.|last4=Bowie|first4=M. H.|last5=Evans|first5=A. M.|last6=Moar|first6=N. T.|date=1999-01-01|title=The phenology and pollen feeding of three hover fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) species in Canterbury, New Zealand|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1999.9518182|journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology|volume=26|issue=2|pages=105–115|doi=10.1080/03014223.1999.9518182|issn=0301-4223}}</ref>A previous study that linked gut fullness with egg production has suggested that this finding provides evidence for pollen being used in reproductive system development.<ref name=":7" /> It has also been noted that females tend to feed on pollen more frequently than males since the female reproductive system is more costly to develop.<ref name=":1" /> Studies of the gut contents of ''M. novaezelandiae'' found that pollen grain sizes varied from 19μm to 47μm.<ref name=":4" /> Because of these differences in diet at various stages of their life cycle, ''M. novaezelandiae'' may be described as having "life history omnivory".<ref name=":3" />


== Pollination ==
== Pollination ==

Revision as of 23:40, 29 August 2019

Melangyna novaezelandiae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Diptera
Family:
Syrphidae
Genus:
Melangyna
Subgenus:
Austrosyrphus
Species:
M. novaezelandiae
Binomial name
Melangyna novaezelandiae
(Macquart, 1855)
Synonyms

Syrphus novaezelandiae

Melangyna novaezelandiae (commonly referred to as the "large hoverfly") is a hoverfly endemic to New Zealand.[1] It is a generalized pollinator of a large range of plants that are both native and exotic to the New Zealand flora. M. novaezelandiae is widespread throughout New Zealand, including in agricultural environments.[1][2] The larvae of this species feeds on other arthropods and may have uses as a biocontrol agent.[3]


Taxonomy

Melangyna novaezelandiae was first described in 1855 by Justin Pierre Marie Macquart as Syrphus novaezelandiae.[4]In 1969, S. novaezealandiae was moved from Syrphus to the Melangyna genus and placed in the newly erected Austrosyrphus subgenus.[5]It is sometimes referred to as Melangyna novaezealandiae although this name is a less frequently used misspelling of the name in the original species description.[6][4][7]

Description

Most of the body of Melangyna novaezelandiae is coloured metallic black. The eyes are a dark reddish-brown colour. There are also six cream coloured bands arranged into three rows on the abdomen. The body has curly hairs scattered throughout the body which are thought to collect pollen. [4][8]The body has a length of about 7-10.4mm. [9]Males and females are identical, but can be distinguished by whether the eyes are touching dorsally (male) or not (female). [10]The hoverfly forages with rapid movements followed by stationary periods.[1]

Adult M. novaezelandiae are usually only seen from spring to autumn (the warmer months in the southern hemisphere).[3] Egg production is thought to also occur from spring to autumn.[11] The eggs of these flies are laid in close proximity to aphid colonies, which the larvae feed on once they hatch.[3]

Melangyna novaezelandiae

Distribution/Habitat

Melangyna novaezelandiae is widespread throughout New Zealand and can even be found as far as the Chatham Islands.[12][13]M. novaezelandiae can be found in a wide range of habitats including subalpine zones and agricultural habitats.[14]In the agricultural areas of New Zealand, M. novaezelandiae is one of the two most common species of hoverfly present (the other species is Melanostoma fasciatum).[15]

Diet

The larvae of Melangyna novaezelandiae are predators that often feeds on aphids, but have also been observed feeding on other arthropods such as scale insects and moth larvae (particularly Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella).[15][16] Because of this diet, these larvae have been considered for use as biocontrol agents in New Zealand to manage aphids and other pests that damage crops in agricultural habitats. [3][2]In contrast to the diet of the larvae, the adults of M. novaezelandiae are herbivorous and feed on pollen to develop their reproductive systems, and on nectar for energy, which may make them a useful pollinator.[11]A previous study that linked gut fullness with egg production has suggested that this finding provides evidence for pollen being used in reproductive system development.[11] It has also been noted that females tend to feed on pollen more frequently than males since the female reproductive system is more costly to develop.[3] Studies of the gut contents of M. novaezelandiae found that pollen grain sizes varied from 19μm to 47μm.[8] Because of these differences in diet at various stages of their life cycle, M. novaezelandiae may be described as having "life history omnivory".[15]

Pollination

Melangyna novaezelandiae are known to be frequent pollinators in both agricultural and natural settings, including subalpine zones. Like many syrphids, M. novaezelandiae is a very generalized pollinator and will visit many species of flower. Observations have noted that the fly will walk between flowers if they are closely clustered together, but will take flight if they are spread apart.[17] In one study of pollination in subalpine zones, it was found that M. novaezelandiae visited more species of flower than any other pollinator observed in that study.[14]In agricultural areas it was found that M. novaezelandiae was the second most common visitor of crop flowers, so may have an important role in pollination.[18] A study about the pollination of bok choy crops in New Zealand investigated the effectiveness of M. novaezelandiae (and several other species) as a pollinator for these crops. The finding of this study is that M. novaezelandiae had very low effectiveness (they transferred very little pollen between flowers) when compared to that of typical pollinators such as bumblebees and honey bees, which is likely to be attributed to its lack of specialization.[19]These findings are similar to those of similar studies of this hoverfly.[20][21]

One study found that M. novaezelandiae are most strongly attracted to yellow colours, which may be an important cue in finding floral resources.[15]

A small selection of species of flower that M. novaezelandiae is known to visit includes Trifolium pratense, Raoulia grandiflora, Leptospermum scoparium, Celmisia spectabilis and Melicytus species. [14][17]

Biogeography

Although there appears to be no research into the origin of this species, one source has suggested that Melangyna novaezelandiae likely evolved after dispersing over from Australia (which has other species of Melangyna, including M. viridiceps and M. damastor). [22][23][24]

References

  1. ^ a b c Parkinson, Brian (2007). A Photographic Guide To The Insects Of New Zealand. New Holland Publishers (NZ) Ltd. ISBN 9781869661519.
  2. ^ a b Laubertie, Elsa (2007). The role of resource subsidies in enhancing biological control of aphids by hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) (PhD thesis). Lincoln University.
  3. ^ a b c d e Weigmann, Ursula; Berry, Nadine A.; Bowie, M. H.; White, Anthony J.; Wratten, Stephen D. (1995-06-01). "Phenology and Ecology of Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in New Zealand". Environmental Entomology. 24 (3): 595–600. doi:10.1093/ee/24.3.595. ISSN 0046-225X.
  4. ^ a b c Macquart, P. J. M. (1855). "Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 5e supplement". Mémoirs de la Société Royale des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille. 2 (1): 25–156 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  5. ^ J. R. Vockeroth. (1969). A revision of the genera of the Syrphini (Diptera: Syrphidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 62, page 85.
  6. ^ Ximo Mengual. Melangyna (Austrosyrphus) novaezelandiae (Macquart). http://syrphidae.lifedesks.org/pages/25653.
  7. ^ New Zealand Organisms Register (2013) http://demo.nzor.org.nz/names/6c7bc427-1deb-495b-a9a8-2ffefbd03397.
  8. ^ a b Holloway, Beverley A. (1976-12-01). "Pollen‐feeding in hover‐flies (Diptera: Syrphidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 3 (4): 339–350. doi:10.1080/03014223.1976.9517924. ISSN 0301-4223.
  9. ^ "Fly (Hover) Large hover fly (Melangyna novaezealandiae)". Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  10. ^ Stephen D. Wratten, Anthony J. White, M. H. Bowie, Nadine A. Berry, Ursula Weigmann, Phenology and Ecology of Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in New Zealand, Environmental Entomology, Volume 24, Issue 3, 1 June 1995, Pages 595–600, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.3.595
  11. ^ a b c Irvin, N. A.; Wratten, S. D.; Frampton, C. M.; Bowie, M. H.; Evans, A. M.; Moar, N. T. (1999-01-01). "The phenology and pollen feeding of three hover fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) species in Canterbury, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 26 (2): 105–115. doi:10.1080/03014223.1999.9518182. ISSN 0301-4223.
  12. ^ Melangyna novaezelandiae (Macquart, 1855) in GBIF Secretariat (2017). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-08-23.
  13. ^ Macfarlane,R.P. 1979: Notes on insects of the Chatham Islands. N.Z. ENTOMOL.: 7(1):64-70
  14. ^ a b c Primack, Richard B. (1983-07-01). "Insect pollination in the New Zealand mountain flora". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 21 (3): 317–333. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1983.10428561. ISSN 0028-825X.
  15. ^ a b c d Laubertie, E. A.; Wratten, S. D.; Sedcole, J. R. (2006). "The role of odour and visual cues in the pan-trap catching of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)". Annals of Applied Biology. 148 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00046.x. ISSN 1744-7348.
  16. ^ Ashby, J. W.; Pottinger, R. P. (1974-05-01). "Natural regulation of Pieris rapae Linnaeus (Lepidoptera : Pieridae) in Canterbury, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 17 (2): 229–239. doi:10.1080/00288233.1974.10421002. ISSN 0028-8233.
  17. ^ a b Powlesland, Mary H. (1984-01-01). "Reproductive biology of three species of Melicytus (Violaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 22 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1984.10425235. ISSN 0028-825X.
  18. ^ Howlett, B. G.,. Impact of climate change on crop pollinator in New Zealand. Butler, R. C.,, Nelson, Warrick, 1959-, Donovan, B. J. (Barry James), 1941-, New Zealand. Ministry for Primary Industries,. Wellington. ISBN 9780478420449. OCLC 861221569.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Rader, Romina; Howlett, Bradley G.; Cunningham, Saul A.; Westcott, David A.; Newstrom‐Lloyd, Linda E.; Walker, Melanie K.; Teulon, David A. J.; Edwards, Will (2009). "Alternative pollinator taxa are equally efficient but not as effective as the honeybee in a mass flowering crop". Journal of Applied Ecology. 46 (5): 1080–1087. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01700.x. ISSN 1365-2664.
  20. ^ Rader, Romina; Howlett, Bradley G.; Cunningham, Saul A.; Westcott, David A.; Edwards, Will (2012). "Spatial and temporal variation in pollinator effectiveness: do unmanaged insects provide consistent pollination services to mass flowering crops?". Journal of Applied Ecology. 49 (1): 126–134. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02066.x. ISSN 1365-2664.
  21. ^ Macfarlane, R. P. (1992-01-01). "An initial assessment of blueberry pollinators in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 20 (1): 91–95. doi:10.1080/01140671.1992.10422331. ISSN 0114-0671.
  22. ^ Thompson, Christian (2008-12-31). "A Conspectus Of New Zealand Flower Flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) With The Description Of A New Genus And Species". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.181009.
  23. ^ Australia, Atlas of Living. "Melangyna (Austrosyrphus) damastor". bie.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
  24. ^ Soleyman‐Nezhadiyan, E.; Laughlin, Roger (1998). "Voracity of larvae, rate of development in eggs, larvae and pupae, and flight seasons of adults of the hoverflies Melangyna viridiceps Macquart and Symosyrphus grandicornis Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae)". Australian Journal of Entomology. 37 (3): 243–248. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1998.tb01578.x. ISSN 1440-6055.
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