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'''Arthur J. Cramp''' (September 10, 1872 – November 25, 1951) was a medical doctor, researcher, and writer. He served as director of the [[American Medical Association]]'s (AMA) Propaganda for Reform Department (later, the Bureau of Investigation and, then the Department of Investigation)<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> from 1906 to 1936. He was a regular contributor to the [[Journal of American Medical Association]] (JAMA).<ref name="J.A.M.A. (1951)">{{cite journal |title=Deaths. Cramp, Arthur Joseph |journal=J.A.M.A. |date=December 29, 1951 |volume=147 |issue=17 |page=1773}}</ref> Cramp was "a bitter opponent of proprietary and medicinal abuses."<ref name="Jackson, Charles (1970)" /> His three volume series on 'Nostrums and Quackery', along with his public lectures to schools, professional groups, and civic organizations across the country,<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)">{{cite journal |last1=Blaskiewicz |first1=Robert |last2=Jarsulic |first2=Mike |title=Arthur J. Cramp: The Quackbuster Who Professionalized American Medicine |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=November 2018 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=45-50 |url=https://pocketmags.com/us/skeptical-inquirer-magazine/novdec-2018/articles/458356/arthur-j-cramp-the-quackbuster-who-professionalized-american-medicine |accessdate=17 December 2018}}</ref> helped bring awareness to the problem of [[Patent medicine|patent medicines]] or nostrums, by subjecting the claims (made by predominantly non-medical people) to scientific analysis. He was critical the 1906 [[Pure Food and Drug Act]], and advocated stronger regulation of product labeling and advertising.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> In an article announcing his death, the AMA called him "a pioneer in the fight against quackery and fraud in the healing arts."<ref name="J.A.M.A. (1951)" />
'''Arthur J. Cramp''' (September 10, 1872 – November 25, 1951) was a medical doctor, researcher, and writer. He served as director of the [[American Medical Association]]'s (AMA) Propaganda for Reform Department (later, the Bureau of Investigation and, then the Department of Investigation)<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> from 1906 to 1936. He was a regular contributor to the [[Journal of American Medical Association]] (JAMA).<ref name="JAMA (1951)">{{cite journal |title=Deaths. Cramp, Arthur Joseph |journal=JAMA |date=December 29, 1951 |volume=147 |issue=17 |page=1773}}</ref> Cramp was "a bitter opponent of proprietary and medicinal abuses."<ref name="Jackson, Charles (1970)" /> His three volume series on 'Nostrums and Quackery', along with his public lectures to schools, professional groups, and civic organizations across the country,<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)">{{cite journal |last1=Blaskiewicz |first1=Robert |last2=Jarsulic |first2=Mike |title=Arthur J. Cramp: The Quackbuster Who Professionalized American Medicine |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=November 2018 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=45–50 |url=https://pocketmags.com/us/skeptical-inquirer-magazine/novdec-2018/articles/458356/arthur-j-cramp-the-quackbuster-who-professionalized-american-medicine |accessdate=17 December 2018}}</ref> helped bring awareness to the problem of [[patent medicine]]s or nostrums, by subjecting the claims (made by predominantly non-medical people) to scientific analysis. He was critical the 1906 [[Pure Food and Drug Act]], and advocated stronger regulation of product labeling and advertising.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> In an article announcing his death, the AMA called him "a pioneer in the fight against quackery and fraud in the healing arts."<ref name="JAMA (1951)" />


==Early Life and Education==
==Early Life and Education==
Arthur Joseph Cramp was born in London, England.<ref name="Dubuque Telegraph Herald (November 1933)">{{cite news |title=Dr. Cramp to Speak Here |work=Dubuque Telegraph Herald and Times Journal |date=November 12, 1933 |location=Dubuque, Iowa |page=12}}</ref> His father was a blacksmith. He received his "preliminary education" in England<ref name="Dubuque Telegraph Herald (November 1933)" /> before moving to the United States in his late teens, <ref name="Young, James Harvey" /> around 1891.<ref name="J.A.M.A. (1951)" />
Arthur Joseph Cramp was born in London, England.<ref name="Dubuque Telegraph Herald (November 1933)">{{cite news |title=Dr. Cramp to Speak Here |work=Dubuque Telegraph Herald and Times Journal |date=November 12, 1933 |location=Dubuque, Iowa |page=12}}</ref> His father was a blacksmith. He received his "preliminary education" in England<ref name="Dubuque Telegraph Herald (November 1933)" /> before moving to the United States in his late teens,<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /> around 1891.<ref name="JAMA (1951)" />


Cramp, purportedly, decided to enter medical school after his infant daughter became ill and was treated by a quack. She subsequently died.<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /><ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> Cramp received his training as a medical doctor from the Wisconsin College of Physicians and Surgeons at Milwaukee, where he graduated in 1906.<ref name="Fishbein, Morris (December 1933)">{{cite journal |last1=Fishbein |first1=Morris |title=The Protection of the Consumer of Food and Drugs: A Symposium |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |date=December 1933 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=50-51 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1189451 |accessdate=17 December 2018 |publisher=Duke University School of Law}}</ref><ref name="Young, James Harvey">{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=James Harvey |title=The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Medical Quackery in 20th Century America |date=1967 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=66-87 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x1dp5.11 |accessdate=17 December 2018 |chapter=The New Muckrackers}}</ref><ref name="Dubuque Telegraph Herald (November 1933)" />
Cramp, purportedly, decided to enter medical school after his infant daughter became ill and was treated by a quack. She subsequently died.<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /><ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> Cramp received his training as a medical doctor from the Wisconsin College of Physicians and Surgeons at Milwaukee, where he graduated in 1906.<ref name="Fishbein, Morris (December 1933)">{{cite journal |last1=Fishbein |first1=Morris |title=The Protection of the Consumer of Food and Drugs: A Symposium |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |date=December 1933 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=50–51 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1189451 |accessdate=17 December 2018 |publisher=Duke University School of Law}}</ref><ref name="Young, James Harvey">{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=James Harvey |title=The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Medical Quackery in 20th Century America |date=1967 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=66–87 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x1dp5.11 |accessdate=17 December 2018 |chapter=The New Muckrackers}}</ref><ref name="Dubuque Telegraph Herald (November 1933)" />


==Career==
==Career==
Cramp taught science at the high school level in Milwaukee, Wisconsin<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /><ref name="J.A.M.A. (1951)" /> and at the Seminary and the Maryville, Missouri high school.<ref name="Maryville Forum (November 1951)" /> He also worked at the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory high school in Waukesha, Wisconsin before entering medical school.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> While at the Wisconsin College of Physicians and Surgeons, Cramp worked as an assistant in chemistry.<ref name="J.A.M.A. (1951)" />
Cramp taught science at the high school level in Milwaukee, Wisconsin<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /><ref name="JAMA (1951)" /> and at the Seminary and the Maryville, Missouri high school.<ref name="Maryville Forum (November 1951)" /> He also worked at the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory high school in Waukesha, Wisconsin before entering medical school.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> While at the Wisconsin College of Physicians and Surgeons, Cramp worked as an assistant in chemistry.<ref name="JAMA (1951)" />


Cramp joined the American Medical Association staff in 1906 as an editorial assistant.<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /> He then became the Director for the newly-formed Propaganda for Reform Department.<ref name="BMJ (March 1937)" /> Cramp made it his mission to correspond with professionals and members of the public regarding medical treatments, products, and the business practices of individuals and companies involved in marketing them.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> His office also maintained a laboratory for testing various products.<ref name="Dubuque Herald (November 1933)">{{cite news |title=Dr. Cramp to Speak Here |work=Dubuque Telegraph Herald and Times Journal |date=November 12, 1933 |location=Dubuque, Iowa |page=12}}</ref> He wrote about many of these interactions and investigations in the Journal of the American Medical Association and Hygeia, a health magazine.<ref name="J.A.M.A. (1951)" /><ref name="BMJ (April 1923)">{{cite journal |title=Medical News |journal=The British Journal |date=April 14, 1923 |volume=1 |issue=3250 |page=665 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20423157 |accessdate=23 December 2018 |publisher=BMJ}}</ref>
Cramp joined the American Medical Association staff in 1906 as an editorial assistant.<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /> He then became the Director for the newly-formed Propaganda for Reform Department.<ref name="BMJ (March 1937)" /> Cramp made it his mission to correspond with professionals and members of the public regarding medical treatments, products, and the business practices of individuals and companies involved in marketing them.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> His office also maintained a laboratory for testing various products.<ref name="Dubuque Telegraph Herald (November 1933)"/> He wrote about many of these interactions and investigations in the Journal of the American Medical Association and Hygeia, a health magazine.<ref name="JAMA (1951)" /><ref name="BMJ (April 1923)">{{cite journal |title=Medical News |journal=The British Journal |date=April 14, 1923 |volume=1 |issue=3250 |page=665 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20423157 |accessdate=23 December 2018 |publisher=BMJ}}</ref>


By 1910, Cramp's "Fake File," listing "products, firms, and names of promoters", contained over 12,000 entries. He kept a "Testimonial File" for doctors who endorsed proprietary drugs through testimonials; over 13,000 American doctors and 3,000 foreign doctors.<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /> His office became a clearing house for information regarding untested and, sometimes, dangerous practices. His department was aware of the health risks, as well as the financial losses to consumers who were duped by fake medicine vendors.<ref name="Iowa City Press (March 1926)">{{cite news |last1=Gibbons |first1=Roy J. |title=Pink Pills and Quacks cost Americans millions |work=Iowa City Press Citizen |date=March 6, 1926 |location=Iowa City, Iowa |page=3}}</ref>
By 1910, Cramp's "Fake File," listing "products, firms, and names of promoters", contained over 12,000 entries. He kept a "Testimonial File" for doctors who endorsed proprietary drugs through testimonials; over 13,000 American doctors and 3,000 foreign doctors.<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /> His office became a clearing house for information regarding untested and, sometimes, dangerous practices. His department was aware of the health risks, as well as the financial losses to consumers who were duped by fake medicine vendors.<ref name="Iowa City Press (March 1926)">{{cite news |last1=Gibbons |first1=Roy J. |title=Pink Pills and Quacks cost Americans millions |work=Iowa City Press Citizen |date=March 6, 1926 |location=Iowa City, Iowa |page=3}}</ref>


Cramp advocated truth in advertising, particularly for general consumption (patent) medicines containing "secret formulas,"<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /><ref name="Cramp, Arthur (December 1933)" /> including alcohol.<ref name="Mitchell Evening Republic (May 1929)">{{cite news |title=Alky in Medicine Defeats Dry Law: Chicago doctors say prohibition won't be success until it's removed |work=Mitchell Evening Republic |date=May 9, 1929 |location=South Dakota |page=6}}</ref>
Cramp advocated truth in advertising, particularly for general consumption (patent) medicines containing "secret formulas,"<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /><ref name="Cramp, Arthur (December 1933)" /> including alcohol.<ref name="Mitchell Evening Republic (May 1929)">{{cite news |title=Alky in Medicine Defeats Dry Law: Chicago doctors say prohibition won't be success until it's removed |work=Mitchell Evening Republic |date=May 9, 1929 |location=South Dakota |page=6}}</ref>
He and his office called for the standardization of medicines (ingredients and dosages) and educating the public on appropriate use. He wrote, "When the public is properly informed, so that it knows what preparations to call for in order to treat its simpler ailments, advertising of secret remedies will be entirely unnecessary."<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /> He considered the emotive nature of radio advertisements of quack medicine more harmful than newspaper advertisements. According to Cramp, unlike radio, newspapers had "developed standards of decency and censorship" when determining whether or not to run the advertisements.<ref name="NYT (May 1935)">{{cite news |title=Would bar 'Quacks' from radio talks: Doctors urge federal commission and broadcasters to revise programs |work=New York Times |date=May 16, 1935 |pages=32}}</ref> The Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906, followed by the 1912 [[Consumer health laws|Sherley Amendment]], was an attempt to address these issues.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> However, Cramp warned that federal legislation attempting to address false advertising and interstate trafficking of products did not fully protect the public.<ref name="Santa Ana Register (April 1923)">{{cite news |title=Health Notes |work=Santa Ana Register |date=April 27, 1923 |location=Santa Ana, California |page=22}}</ref>
He and his office called for the standardization of medicines (ingredients and dosages) and educating the public on appropriate use. He wrote, "When the public is properly informed, so that it knows what preparations to call for in order to treat its simpler ailments, advertising of secret remedies will be entirely unnecessary."<ref name="Young, James Harvey" /> He considered the emotive nature of radio advertisements of quack medicine more harmful than newspaper advertisements. According to Cramp, unlike radio, newspapers had "developed standards of decency and censorship" when determining whether or not to run the advertisements.<ref name="NYT (May 1935)">{{cite news |title=Would bar 'Quacks' from radio talks: Doctors urge federal commission and broadcasters to revise programs |work=New York Times |date=May 16, 1935 |pages=32}}</ref> The Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906, followed by the 1912 [[Consumer health laws|Sherley Amendment]], was an attempt to address these issues.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> However, Cramp warned that federal legislation attempting to address false advertising and interstate trafficking of products did not fully protect the public.<ref name="Santa Ana Register (April 1923)">{{cite news |title=Health Notes |work=Santa Ana Register |date=April 27, 1923 |location=Santa Ana, California |page=22}}</ref>


{{Quotation|"No man has any moral right to so advertise as to make well persons think they are sick and sick persons thing they are very sick. Such advertising is an offense against the public health."|Arthur J. Cramp<ref name="Ogden Standard (October 1918)">{{cite news |title=Dr. Cramp Declares Promoting Sale of "Patent Medicines" Denounces Advertising of So-Called Cures |work=The Ogden Standard |date=October 18, 1918 |location=Ogden, Utah |page=8}}</ref><ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" />}}
{{Quotation|"No man has any moral right to so advertise as to make well persons think they are sick and sick persons thing they are very sick. Such advertising is an offense against the public health."|Arthur J. Cramp<ref name="Ogden Standard (October 1918)">{{cite news |title=Dr. Cramp Declares Promoting Sale of "Patent Medicines" Denounces Advertising of So-Called Cures |work=The Ogden Standard |date=October 18, 1918 |location=Ogden, Utah |page=8}}</ref><ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" />}}


In 1936, Cramp retired from the Bureau due to ill health, after suffering from a heart attack in 1934.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> Upon hearing of his retirement, the British Medical Journal published this statement: "The quack nostrum trade is international in its activities, and the British medical profession owes a great debt to Dr. Cramp for providing it with the information necessary for combating both home-produced and imported frauds. We can only state our thanks and express the hope that he will enjoy the leisure he has earned by his many years of strenuous combat."<ref name="BMJ (March 1937)">{{cite journal |title=The Work of Dr. Cramp |journal=The British Medical Journal |date=March 13, 1937 |volume=1 |issue=3975 |page=565 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25356046 |accessdate=19 December 2018 |publisher=BMJ}}</ref>
In 1936, Cramp retired from the Bureau due to ill health, after suffering from a heart attack in 1934.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> Upon hearing of his retirement, the British Medical Journal published this statement: "The quack nostrum trade is international in its activities, and the British medical profession owes a great debt to Dr. Cramp for providing it with the information necessary for combating both home-produced and imported frauds. We can only state our thanks and express the hope that he will enjoy the leisure he has earned by his many years of strenuous combat."<ref name="BMJ (March 1937)">{{cite journal |title=The Work of Dr. Cramp |journal=The British Medical Journal |date=March 13, 1937 |volume=1 |issue=3975 |page=565 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25356046 |accessdate=19 December 2018 |publisher=BMJ}}</ref>


==Nostrums and Quackery==
==Nostrums and Quackery==
In 1911, Cramp published the first of three volumes called ''Nostrums and Quackery'',<ref name="Jackson, Charles (1970)">{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Charles O. |title=Food and Drug Legislation in the New Deal |date=1970 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=19-20 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x1b4x.4 |accessdate=23 December 2018 |chapter=Through the Looking Glass}}</ref> which would become "a veritable encyclopedia on the nostrum evil and quackery."<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> The first volume contained the educational materials, case histories, and testimonials his department had been collecting.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /<ref name="Young, James Harvey" />
In 1911, Cramp published the first of three volumes called ''Nostrums and Quackery'',<ref name="Jackson, Charles (1970)">{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Charles O. |title=Food and Drug Legislation in the New Deal |date=1970 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=19–20 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x1b4x.4 |accessdate=23 December 2018 |chapter=Through the Looking Glass}}</ref> which would become "a veritable encyclopedia on the nostrum evil and quackery."<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /> The first volume contained the educational materials, case histories, and testimonials his department had been collecting.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" /<ref name="Young, James Harvey" />


''Nostrums and Quackery'', Volume II, published in 1921, was a collection of legal reports of case law involving nostrums and patent medicine reprinted from the Journal of the American Medical Association meant to educate the general public. As reviewer Joseph MacQueen stated, "The matter that appears has been prepared and written in no spirit of malice, and with no object except that of laying before the public certain facts, the knowledge of which is essential to a proper concept of community health."<ref name="MacQueen, Joseph (January 1922)">{{cite news |last1=MacQueen |first1=Joseph |title=Books |work=Oregonian |publisher=Morning Oregonian |date=January 22, 1922 |location=Portland, Oregon |page=3}}</ref>
''Nostrums and Quackery'', Volume II, published in 1921, was a collection of legal reports of case law involving nostrums and patent medicine reprinted from the Journal of the American Medical Association meant to educate the general public. As reviewer Joseph MacQueen stated, "The matter that appears has been prepared and written in no spirit of malice, and with no object except that of laying before the public certain facts, the knowledge of which is essential to a proper concept of community health."<ref name="MacQueen, Joseph (January 1922)">{{cite news |last1=MacQueen |first1=Joseph |title=Books |work=Oregonian |publisher=Morning Oregonian |date=January 22, 1922 |location=Portland, Oregon |page=3}}</ref>


Cramp's ''Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine'', Volume III, foreword by [[George H. Simmons]], Editor Emeritus of the Journal of the American Medical Association,<ref name="BMJ (March 1937)" /> was published in 1936. As described in the Science News Letter, the book contained "terse, simple and factual accounts of hundreds of nostrums and the ways of pseudo-medical practitioners."<ref name="Science Newsletter (April 1937)">{{cite journal |title=First Glances at New Books. |journal=The Science Newsletter |date=April 24, 1937 |volume=31 |issue=837 |pages=271-272 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3913679 |accessdate=23 December 2018 |publisher=Society for Science and the Public}}</ref> This volume, more condensed than the first two volumes, indexed 1,500 "remedies."<ref name="BMJ (March 1937)"/> W.A. Evans, in his review, wrote "When you have read this book you will consider credulity based on fiction rather drab."<ref name="Evans, W.A. (March 1922)">{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Dr. W.A. |title=How to Keep Well |work=Times-Picayune |date=March 14, 1922 |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |page=8}}</ref>
Cramp's ''Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine'', Volume III, foreword by [[George H. Simmons]], Editor Emeritus of the Journal of the American Medical Association,<ref name="BMJ (March 1937)" /> was published in 1936. As described in the Science News Letter, the book contained "terse, simple and factual accounts of hundreds of nostrums and the ways of pseudo-medical practitioners."<ref name="Science Newsletter (April 1937)">{{cite journal |title=First Glances at New Books. |journal=The Science Newsletter |date=April 24, 1937 |volume=31 |issue=837 |pages=271–272 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3913679 |accessdate=23 December 2018 |publisher=Society for Science and the Public}}</ref> This volume, more condensed than the first two volumes, indexed 1,500 "remedies."<ref name="BMJ (March 1937)"/> W.A. Evans, in his review, wrote "When you have read this book you will consider credulity based on fiction rather drab."<ref name="Evans, W.A. (March 1922)">{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Dr. W.A. |title=How to Keep Well |work=Times-Picayune |date=March 14, 1922 |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |page=8}}</ref>


A sampling of "quack cures" which Cramp included in his books and lectures: deafness "cures" (subjecting individuals with hearing loss to airplane nose-dives),<ref name="NYT (June 1930)">{{cite news |title=Ridicules flying as deafness cure: Dr. Cramp tells association for hard of hearing air stunts may be harmful |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/18/archives/ridicules-flying-as-deafness-cure-dr-cramp-tells-association-for.html |accessdate=18 December 2018 |work=New York Times |date=June 18, 1930 |pages=34}}</ref>, beauty "cures" (hair dyes, freckle removers, and reducing lotions containing harmful ingredients or promoted with false claims about their efficacy),<ref name="NYT (June 1930)"/>{ obesity "cures" (including tapeworms, products containing [[2,4-Dinitrophenol|dinitrophenol]], [[arsenic]], and other dangerous subtances),<ref name="Farrell, Amy (2011)">{{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Amy Edman |title=Fat Shame: Stigma and the Fat Body in American Culture |date=2011 |publisher=NYU Press |pages=24-58 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg7v0.5 |accessdate=18 December 2018 |chapter=Fat, Modernity, and the Problem of Excess}}</ref> cancer "quackery" (alternate cancer therapies),<ref name="Clow, Barbara (2001)">{{cite book |last1=Clow |first1=Barbara |title=Negotiating Disease: Power and Cancer Care, 1900-1950 |date=2001 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80vkn.7 |accessdate=18 December 2018 |chapter=The Contours of Legitimate Medicine: Doctors, Alternative Practitioners, and Cancer}}</ref> "consumption cure quackery" (elixirs from a bottle whose "alleged cures for consumption are born weekly"),<ref name="The Daily Herald (September 1928)">{{cite news |title=Quackery Cure for TB Scored |work=The Daily Herald |date=September 14, 1928 |location=Biloxi, Mississippi |pages=14}}</ref>, and the Wilshire [[Ionaco|I-ON-A-CO]] (a magnetic belt purported to cure cancer, [[Bright's disease]] and paralysis, [[Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia|pernicious anemia]] to health, deafness, muteness, and [[Sydenham's chorea|St. Vitus' dance]]).<ref name="Fishbein, Morris (October 1927)">{{cite journal |last1=Fishbein |first1=Morris |title=The Month in Midical Science |journal=Scientific American |date=October 1927 |volume=137 |issue=4 |pages=314-315 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26121489 |publisher=Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="Davis, Donald (December 1967)">{{cite journal |last1=Davis, Jr. |first1=Donald G. |title=The Ionaco of Gaylord Wilshire |journal=Southern California Quarterly |date=December 1967 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=425-453 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41170129 |accessdate=19 December 2018 |publisher=University of California Press on behalf of the Historical Society of Southern California}}</ref>
A sampling of "quack cures" which Cramp included in his books and lectures: deafness "cures" (subjecting individuals with hearing loss to airplane nose-dives),<ref name="NYT (June 1930)">{{cite news |title=Ridicules flying as deafness cure: Dr. Cramp tells association for hard of hearing air stunts may be harmful |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/18/archives/ridicules-flying-as-deafness-cure-dr-cramp-tells-association-for.html |accessdate=18 December 2018 |work=New York Times |date=June 18, 1930 |pages=34}}</ref> beauty "cures" (hair dyes, freckle removers, and reducing lotions containing harmful ingredients or promoted with false claims about their efficacy),<ref name="NYT (June 1930)"/>{ obesity "cures" (including tapeworms, products containing [[2,4-Dinitrophenol|dinitrophenol]], [[arsenic]], and other dangerous subtances),<ref name="Farrell, Amy (2011)">{{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Amy Edman |title=Fat Shame: Stigma and the Fat Body in American Culture |date=2011 |publisher=NYU Press |pages=24–58 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg7v0.5 |accessdate=18 December 2018 |chapter=Fat, Modernity, and the Problem of Excess}}</ref> cancer "quackery" (alternate cancer therapies),<ref name="Clow, Barbara (2001)">{{cite book |last1=Clow |first1=Barbara |title=Negotiating Disease: Power and Cancer Care, 1900-1950 |date=2001 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80vkn.7 |accessdate=18 December 2018 |chapter=The Contours of Legitimate Medicine: Doctors, Alternative Practitioners, and Cancer}}</ref> "consumption cure quackery" (elixirs from a bottle whose "alleged cures for consumption are born weekly"),<ref name="The Daily Herald (September 1928)">{{cite news |title=Quackery Cure for TB Scored |work=The Daily Herald |date=September 14, 1928 |location=Biloxi, Mississippi |pages=14}}</ref> and the Wilshire [[Ionaco|I-ON-A-CO]] (a magnetic belt purported to cure cancer, [[Bright's disease]] and paralysis, [[Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia|pernicious anemia]] to health, deafness, muteness, and [[Sydenham's chorea|St. Vitus' dance]]).<ref name="Fishbein, Morris (October 1927)">{{cite journal |last1=Fishbein |first1=Morris |title=The Month in Midical Science |journal=Scientific American |date=October 1927 |volume=137 |issue=4 |pages=314–315 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26121489 |publisher=Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="Davis, Donald (December 1967)">{{cite journal |last1=Davis, Jr. |first1=Donald G. |title=The Ionaco of Gaylord Wilshire |journal=Southern California Quarterly |date=December 1967 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=425–453 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41170129 |accessdate=19 December 2018 |publisher=University of California Press on behalf of the Historical Society of Southern California}}</ref>


{{Quotation|"The remedy for the menace of the fake consumption cure is education - and more education. People are gullible not because they lack brains, but because they lack knowledge. Iteration and reiteration of the fundamental facts regarding the prevention and cure of tuberculosis is the only way of overcoming the present toll of human life taken by the consumption quack cure."|Arthur J. Cramp<ref name="The Daily Herald (September 1928)" />}}
{{Quotation|"The remedy for the menace of the fake consumption cure is education - and more education. People are gullible not because they lack brains, but because they lack knowledge. Iteration and reiteration of the fundamental facts regarding the prevention and cure of tuberculosis is the only way of overcoming the present toll of human life taken by the consumption quack cure."|Arthur J. Cramp<ref name="The Daily Herald (September 1928)" />}}



==Memberships==
==Memberships==
As reported in J.A.M.A.,<ref name="J.A.M.A. (1951)" /> Cramp was a member of the following:
As reported in JAMA,<ref name="JAMA (1951)" /> Cramp was a member of the following:
*Associate Fellow of the American Medical Association
*Associate Fellow of the American Medical Association
*Indiana State Medical Association
*Indiana State Medical Association
Line 60: Line 59:
*Chicago Library Club
*Chicago Library Club


==Personal Life==
==Personal life==
Cramp was married to Lilly Torrey of Skidmore, Missouri, <ref name="Maryville Forum (November 1951)">{{cite news |title=Dr. Arthur J. Cramp |work=The Maryville Daily Forum |issue=42 (140) |date=November 28, 1951 |page=1}}</ref> daughter of L.N. Torrey.<ref name="Maryville Daily Forum (August 1924)">{{cite news |title=Mrs. Cramp Visits Here |work=Maryville Daily Democrat Forum |date=August 16, 1924 |location=Maryville, Missouri}}</ref> They had a daughter, Torrey, who died on January 2, 1900. The infant's death was caused by seizures related to meningitis.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" />
Cramp was married to Lilly Torrey of Skidmore, Missouri,<ref name="Maryville Forum (November 1951)">{{cite news |title=Dr. Arthur J. Cramp |work=The Maryville Daily Forum |issue=42 (140) |date=November 28, 1951 |page=1}}</ref> daughter of L.N. Torrey.<ref name="Maryville Daily Forum (August 1924)">{{cite news |title=Mrs. Cramp Visits Here |work=Maryville Daily Democrat Forum |date=August 16, 1924 |location=Maryville, Missouri}}</ref> They had a daughter, Torrey, who died on January 2, 1900. The infant's death was caused by seizures related to meningitis.<ref name="Blaskiewicz and Jarsulic (2018)" />


==Death==
==Death==
Cramp died on November 25, 1951 in Hendersonville, North Carolina. He was 79. The cause of death was, reportedly, arteriosclerosis and urema.<ref name="J.A.M.A. (1951)" />
Cramp died on November 25, 1951 in Hendersonville, North Carolina. He was 79. The cause of death was, reportedly, arteriosclerosis and urema.<ref name="JAMA (1951)" />


==Selected Articles==
==Selected Articles==
*''Modern Advertising and the Nostrum'' (1918)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (October 1918)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Modern Advertising and the Nostrum |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=October 1, 1918 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=756-58 |url=https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.8.10.756 |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref>
*''Modern Advertising and the Nostrum'' (1918)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (October 1918)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Modern Advertising and the Nostrum |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=October 1, 1918 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=756–58 |url=https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.8.10.756 |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref>
*''The Nostrum and the Public Health'' (1919)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (May 1919)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=The Nostrum and the Public Health |journal=JAMA |date=May 24, 1919 |volume=72 |issue=21 |page=1531 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/221130 |accessdate=17 December 2018}}</ref>
*''The Nostrum and the Public Health'' (1919)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (May 1919)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=The Nostrum and the Public Health |journal=JAMA |date=May 24, 1919 |volume=72 |issue=21 |page=1531 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/221130 |accessdate=17 December 2018}}</ref>
*''Self-Doctoring'' (1920)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (May 1920)">{{cite news |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Self-Doctoring |work=New Castle News |date=May 19, 1920 |location=New Castle, Pennsylvania}}</ref>
*''Self-Doctoring'' (1920)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (May 1920)">{{cite news |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Self-Doctoring |work=New Castle News |date=May 19, 1920 |location=New Castle, Pennsylvania}}</ref>
*''Patent Medicines: What is a 'Patent Medicine' and Why?'' (1923) <ref name="Cramp, Arthur (April 1923)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Patent Medicines: What is a 'Patent Medicine' and Why? |journal=Hygeia |date=April 1923 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=43-45 |publisher=American Medical Association |location=Chicago, IL}}</ref>
*''Patent Medicines: What is a 'Patent Medicine' and Why?'' (1923) <ref name="Cramp, Arthur (April 1923)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Patent Medicines: What is a 'Patent Medicine' and Why? |journal=Hygeia |date=April 1923 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=43–45 |publisher=American Medical Association |location=Chicago, IL}}</ref>
*''Patent Medicines: What Protection Does the National Food and Drugs Act Give?'' (1923)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (May 1923)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Patent Medicines: What Protection Does the National Food and Drugs Act Give? |journal=Hygeia |date=May 1923 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=106}}</ref>
*''Patent Medicines: What Protection Does the National Food and Drugs Act Give?'' (1923)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (May 1923)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Patent Medicines: What Protection Does the National Food and Drugs Act Give? |journal=Hygeia |date=May 1923 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=106}}</ref>
*Therapeutic Thaumaturgy (1924)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur J. (1924)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Therapeutic Thaumaturgy |journal=American Mercury |date=1924 |volume=3 |pages=423-30}}</ref>
*Therapeutic Thaumaturgy (1924)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur J. (1924)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Therapeutic Thaumaturgy |journal=American Mercury |date=1924 |volume=3 |pages=423–30}}</ref>
*''I-ON-A-CO - The Magic Horse Collar?'' (1927)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (February 1927)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=I-ON-A-CO - The Magic Horse Collar? |journal=Hygeia |date=February 1927 |volume=V |page=70}}</ref>
*''I-ON-A-CO - The Magic Horse Collar?'' (1927)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (February 1927)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=I-ON-A-CO - The Magic Horse Collar? |journal=Hygeia |date=February 1927 |volume=V |page=70}}</ref>
*The Nostrum and the Public Health (1929)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (December 1929)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=The Nostrum and the Public Health |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=December 26, 1929 |volume=201 |issue=26 |pages=1297-1300 |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM192912262012611 |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref>
*The Nostrum and the Public Health (1929)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (December 1929)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=The Nostrum and the Public Health |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=December 26, 1929 |volume=201 |issue=26 |pages=1297–1300 |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM192912262012611 |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref>
*''The Bureau of Investigation of the American Medical Association'' (1931)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (1931)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=The Bureau of Investigation of the American Medical Association |journal=The American Journal of Police Science |date=July-August 1931 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=285-289 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1147355 |accessdate=17 December 2018 |publisher=Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law}}</ref>
*''The Bureau of Investigation of the American Medical Association'' (1931)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (1931)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=The Bureau of Investigation of the American Medical Association |journal=The American Journal of Police Science |date=July–August 1931 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=285–289 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1147355 |accessdate=17 December 2018 |publisher=Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law}}</ref>
*''The Work of the Bureau of Investigation'' (1933)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (December 1933)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=The Work of the Bureau of Investigation |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |date=December 1933 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=51-54 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol1/iss1/7/}}</ref>
*''The Work of the Bureau of Investigation'' (1933)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (December 1933)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=The Work of the Bureau of Investigation |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |date=December 1933 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=51–54 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol1/iss1/7/}}</ref>
*''Salts and Crystals Quackery'' (1935)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (July 1935)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Salts and Crystals Quackery |journal=Hygeia |date=July 1935 |volume=13 |page=617}}</ref>
*''Salts and Crystals Quackery'' (1935)<ref name="Cramp, Arthur (July 1935)">{{cite journal |last1=Cramp |first1=Arthur J. |title=Salts and Crystals Quackery |journal=Hygeia |date=July 1935 |volume=13 |page=617}}</ref>


Line 83: Line 82:
*''Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil, Quackery and Allied Matters Affecting the Public Health'', Volume 2 (1921)
*''Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil, Quackery and Allied Matters Affecting the Public Health'', Volume 2 (1921)
*''Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine'', Volume 3 (1936)
*''Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine'', Volume 3 (1936)

==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
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[[Category:19th-century American physicians]]
[[Category:19th-century American physicians]]
[[Category:American skeptics]]
[[Category:American skeptics]]
[[Category: 1951 deaths]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category: American Medical Association people]]
[[Category:American Medical Association people]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]

Revision as of 21:31, 5 January 2019

Arthur J. Cramp
Born10 September 1872
London, England
Died25 November 1951 (aged 79)
Hendersonville, North Carolina
NationalityEnglish
Alma materWisconsin College of Physicians and Surgeons
Occupation(s)Medical Researcher and Writer
Known forDirector of the Bureau of Investigation of the American Medical Association
SpouseLillian Torrey
ChildrenTorrey

Arthur J. Cramp (September 10, 1872 – November 25, 1951) was a medical doctor, researcher, and writer. He served as director of the American Medical Association's (AMA) Propaganda for Reform Department (later, the Bureau of Investigation and, then the Department of Investigation)[1] from 1906 to 1936. He was a regular contributor to the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA).[2] Cramp was "a bitter opponent of proprietary and medicinal abuses."[3] His three volume series on 'Nostrums and Quackery', along with his public lectures to schools, professional groups, and civic organizations across the country,[1] helped bring awareness to the problem of patent medicines or nostrums, by subjecting the claims (made by predominantly non-medical people) to scientific analysis. He was critical the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, and advocated stronger regulation of product labeling and advertising.[1] In an article announcing his death, the AMA called him "a pioneer in the fight against quackery and fraud in the healing arts."[2]

Early Life and Education

Arthur Joseph Cramp was born in London, England.[4] His father was a blacksmith. He received his "preliminary education" in England[4] before moving to the United States in his late teens,[5] around 1891.[2]

Cramp, purportedly, decided to enter medical school after his infant daughter became ill and was treated by a quack. She subsequently died.[5][1] Cramp received his training as a medical doctor from the Wisconsin College of Physicians and Surgeons at Milwaukee, where he graduated in 1906.[6][5][4]

Career

Cramp taught science at the high school level in Milwaukee, Wisconsin[5][2] and at the Seminary and the Maryville, Missouri high school.[7] He also worked at the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory high school in Waukesha, Wisconsin before entering medical school.[1] While at the Wisconsin College of Physicians and Surgeons, Cramp worked as an assistant in chemistry.[2]

Cramp joined the American Medical Association staff in 1906 as an editorial assistant.[5] He then became the Director for the newly-formed Propaganda for Reform Department.[8] Cramp made it his mission to correspond with professionals and members of the public regarding medical treatments, products, and the business practices of individuals and companies involved in marketing them.[1] His office also maintained a laboratory for testing various products.[4] He wrote about many of these interactions and investigations in the Journal of the American Medical Association and Hygeia, a health magazine.[2][9]

By 1910, Cramp's "Fake File," listing "products, firms, and names of promoters", contained over 12,000 entries. He kept a "Testimonial File" for doctors who endorsed proprietary drugs through testimonials; over 13,000 American doctors and 3,000 foreign doctors.[5] His office became a clearing house for information regarding untested and, sometimes, dangerous practices. His department was aware of the health risks, as well as the financial losses to consumers who were duped by fake medicine vendors.[10]

Cramp advocated truth in advertising, particularly for general consumption (patent) medicines containing "secret formulas,"[5][11] including alcohol.[12] He and his office called for the standardization of medicines (ingredients and dosages) and educating the public on appropriate use. He wrote, "When the public is properly informed, so that it knows what preparations to call for in order to treat its simpler ailments, advertising of secret remedies will be entirely unnecessary."[5] He considered the emotive nature of radio advertisements of quack medicine more harmful than newspaper advertisements. According to Cramp, unlike radio, newspapers had "developed standards of decency and censorship" when determining whether or not to run the advertisements.[13] The Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906, followed by the 1912 Sherley Amendment, was an attempt to address these issues.[1] However, Cramp warned that federal legislation attempting to address false advertising and interstate trafficking of products did not fully protect the public.[14]

"No man has any moral right to so advertise as to make well persons think they are sick and sick persons thing they are very sick. Such advertising is an offense against the public health."

— Arthur J. Cramp[15][1]

In 1936, Cramp retired from the Bureau due to ill health, after suffering from a heart attack in 1934.[1] Upon hearing of his retirement, the British Medical Journal published this statement: "The quack nostrum trade is international in its activities, and the British medical profession owes a great debt to Dr. Cramp for providing it with the information necessary for combating both home-produced and imported frauds. We can only state our thanks and express the hope that he will enjoy the leisure he has earned by his many years of strenuous combat."[8]

Nostrums and Quackery

In 1911, Cramp published the first of three volumes called Nostrums and Quackery,[3] which would become "a veritable encyclopedia on the nostrum evil and quackery."[1] The first volume contained the educational materials, case histories, and testimonials his department had been collecting.[5]

Nostrums and Quackery, Volume II, published in 1921, was a collection of legal reports of case law involving nostrums and patent medicine reprinted from the Journal of the American Medical Association meant to educate the general public. As reviewer Joseph MacQueen stated, "The matter that appears has been prepared and written in no spirit of malice, and with no object except that of laying before the public certain facts, the knowledge of which is essential to a proper concept of community health."[16]

Cramp's Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine, Volume III, foreword by George H. Simmons, Editor Emeritus of the Journal of the American Medical Association,[8] was published in 1936. As described in the Science News Letter, the book contained "terse, simple and factual accounts of hundreds of nostrums and the ways of pseudo-medical practitioners."[17] This volume, more condensed than the first two volumes, indexed 1,500 "remedies."[8] W.A. Evans, in his review, wrote "When you have read this book you will consider credulity based on fiction rather drab."[18]

A sampling of "quack cures" which Cramp included in his books and lectures: deafness "cures" (subjecting individuals with hearing loss to airplane nose-dives),[19] beauty "cures" (hair dyes, freckle removers, and reducing lotions containing harmful ingredients or promoted with false claims about their efficacy),[19]{ obesity "cures" (including tapeworms, products containing dinitrophenol, arsenic, and other dangerous subtances),[20] cancer "quackery" (alternate cancer therapies),[21] "consumption cure quackery" (elixirs from a bottle whose "alleged cures for consumption are born weekly"),[22] and the Wilshire I-ON-A-CO (a magnetic belt purported to cure cancer, Bright's disease and paralysis, pernicious anemia to health, deafness, muteness, and St. Vitus' dance).[23][24]

"The remedy for the menace of the fake consumption cure is education - and more education. People are gullible not because they lack brains, but because they lack knowledge. Iteration and reiteration of the fundamental facts regarding the prevention and cure of tuberculosis is the only way of overcoming the present toll of human life taken by the consumption quack cure."

— Arthur J. Cramp[22]

Memberships

As reported in JAMA,[2] Cramp was a member of the following:

  • Associate Fellow of the American Medical Association
  • Indiana State Medical Association
  • Society of Medical History of Chicago
  • Institute of Medicine of Chicago
  • Royal Institute of Public Health
  • Chicago Ornithology Society
  • Phi Rho Sigma
  • Chicago Library Club

Personal life

Cramp was married to Lilly Torrey of Skidmore, Missouri,[7] daughter of L.N. Torrey.[25] They had a daughter, Torrey, who died on January 2, 1900. The infant's death was caused by seizures related to meningitis.[1]

Death

Cramp died on November 25, 1951 in Hendersonville, North Carolina. He was 79. The cause of death was, reportedly, arteriosclerosis and urema.[2]

Selected Articles

  • Modern Advertising and the Nostrum (1918)[26]
  • The Nostrum and the Public Health (1919)[27]
  • Self-Doctoring (1920)[28]
  • Patent Medicines: What is a 'Patent Medicine' and Why? (1923) [29]
  • Patent Medicines: What Protection Does the National Food and Drugs Act Give? (1923)[30]
  • Therapeutic Thaumaturgy (1924)[31]
  • I-ON-A-CO - The Magic Horse Collar? (1927)[32]
  • The Nostrum and the Public Health (1929)[33]
  • The Bureau of Investigation of the American Medical Association (1931)[34]
  • The Work of the Bureau of Investigation (1933)[11]
  • Salts and Crystals Quackery (1935)[35]

Books

  • Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil, Quackery and Allied Matters Affecting the Public Health, Volume 1 (1911)
  • Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil, Quackery and Allied Matters Affecting the Public Health, Volume 2 (1921)
  • Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine, Volume 3 (1936)

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Blaskiewicz, Robert; Jarsulic, Mike (November 2018). "Arthur J. Cramp: The Quackbuster Who Professionalized American Medicine". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (6): 45–50. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Deaths. Cramp, Arthur Joseph". JAMA. 147 (17): 1773. December 29, 1951.
  3. ^ a b Jackson, Charles O. (1970). "Through the Looking Glass". Food and Drug Legislation in the New Deal. Princeton University Press. pp. 19–20. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d "Dr. Cramp to Speak Here". Dubuque Telegraph Herald and Times Journal. Dubuque, Iowa. November 12, 1933. p. 12.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Young, James Harvey (1967). "The New Muckrackers". The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Medical Quackery in 20th Century America. Princeton University Press. pp. 66–87. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  6. ^ Fishbein, Morris (December 1933). "The Protection of the Consumer of Food and Drugs: A Symposium". Law and Contemporary Problems. 1 (1). Duke University School of Law: 50–51. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  7. ^ a b "Dr. Arthur J. Cramp". The Maryville Daily Forum. No. 42 (140). November 28, 1951. p. 1.
  8. ^ a b c d "The Work of Dr. Cramp". The British Medical Journal. 1 (3975). BMJ: 565. March 13, 1937. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  9. ^ "Medical News". The British Journal. 1 (3250). BMJ: 665. April 14, 1923. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  10. ^ Gibbons, Roy J. (March 6, 1926). "Pink Pills and Quacks cost Americans millions". Iowa City Press Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 3.
  11. ^ a b Cramp, Arthur J. (December 1933). "The Work of the Bureau of Investigation". Law and Contemporary Problems. 1 (1): 51–54.
  12. ^ "Alky in Medicine Defeats Dry Law: Chicago doctors say prohibition won't be success until it's removed". Mitchell Evening Republic. South Dakota. May 9, 1929. p. 6.
  13. ^ "Would bar 'Quacks' from radio talks: Doctors urge federal commission and broadcasters to revise programs". New York Times. May 16, 1935. p. 32.
  14. ^ "Health Notes". Santa Ana Register. Santa Ana, California. April 27, 1923. p. 22.
  15. ^ "Dr. Cramp Declares Promoting Sale of "Patent Medicines" Denounces Advertising of So-Called Cures". The Ogden Standard. Ogden, Utah. October 18, 1918. p. 8.
  16. ^ MacQueen, Joseph (January 22, 1922). "Books". Oregonian. Portland, Oregon: Morning Oregonian. p. 3.
  17. ^ "First Glances at New Books". The Science Newsletter. 31 (837). Society for Science and the Public: 271–272. April 24, 1937. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  18. ^ Evans, Dr. W.A. (March 14, 1922). "How to Keep Well". Times-Picayune. New Orleans, Louisiana. p. 8.
  19. ^ a b "Ridicules flying as deafness cure: Dr. Cramp tells association for hard of hearing air stunts may be harmful". New York Times. June 18, 1930. p. 34. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  20. ^ Farrell, Amy Edman (2011). "Fat, Modernity, and the Problem of Excess". Fat Shame: Stigma and the Fat Body in American Culture. NYU Press. pp. 24–58. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  21. ^ Clow, Barbara (2001). "The Contours of Legitimate Medicine: Doctors, Alternative Practitioners, and Cancer". Negotiating Disease: Power and Cancer Care, 1900-1950. McGill-Queen's University Press. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  22. ^ a b "Quackery Cure for TB Scored". The Daily Herald. Biloxi, Mississippi. September 14, 1928. p. 14.
  23. ^ Fishbein, Morris (October 1927). "The Month in Midical Science". Scientific American. 137 (4). Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.: 314–315.
  24. ^ Davis, Jr., Donald G. (December 1967). "The Ionaco of Gaylord Wilshire". Southern California Quarterly. 49 (4). University of California Press on behalf of the Historical Society of Southern California: 425–453. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  25. ^ "Mrs. Cramp Visits Here". Maryville Daily Democrat Forum. Maryville, Missouri. August 16, 1924.
  26. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (October 1, 1918). "Modern Advertising and the Nostrum". American Journal of Public Health. 8 (10): 756–58. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  27. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (May 24, 1919). "The Nostrum and the Public Health". JAMA. 72 (21): 1531. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  28. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (May 19, 1920). "Self-Doctoring". New Castle News. New Castle, Pennsylvania.
  29. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (April 1923). "Patent Medicines: What is a 'Patent Medicine' and Why?". Hygeia. 1 (1). Chicago, IL: American Medical Association: 43–45.
  30. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (May 1923). "Patent Medicines: What Protection Does the National Food and Drugs Act Give?". Hygeia. 1 (2): 106.
  31. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (1924). "Therapeutic Thaumaturgy". American Mercury. 3: 423–30.
  32. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (February 1927). "I-ON-A-CO - The Magic Horse Collar?". Hygeia. V: 70.
  33. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (December 26, 1929). "The Nostrum and the Public Health". New England Journal of Medicine. 201 (26): 1297–1300. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  34. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (July–August 1931). "The Bureau of Investigation of the American Medical Association". The American Journal of Police Science. 2 (4). Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law: 285–289. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  35. ^ Cramp, Arthur J. (July 1935). "Salts and Crystals Quackery". Hygeia. 13: 617.
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