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Edited taxomony section to reflect current understanding of N. maculosus and N. m. louisianensis, and also to conform to edits I made to the Red River mudpuppy wiki page. Removed suggestion that Chabarria et al. (2018) determined N. m. louisianensis as a distinct species, which it did not. Fixed and added citations, including Guyer et al. 2020.
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==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Necturus'' is under scrutiny by [[herpetology|herpetologists]].<ref name=Frost/> The relationship between the species is still being studied. In 1991 [[Joseph T. Collins|Collins]] reelevated ''N. maculosus louisianensis'' to full species status as ''N. louisianensis''. Originally described by [[Percy Viosca|Viosca]] as a species, it usually had been considered a [[subspecies]] of the common mudpuppy (''N. maculosus''). However, the interpretation of Collins was not largely followed.<ref name=Frost/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/><ref name=Petranka>[[species:James W. Petranka|Petranka, J.W.]] (1998). ''Salamanders of the United States and Canada''. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution Press. {{ISBN|1588343081}}.</ref> Then, a 2018 study confirmed it as a distinct species, with [[Darrel Frost|Amphibian Species of the World]] following these results, although other authorities do not.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=''Necturus louisianensis'' Viosca, 1938 {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Caudata/Proteidae/Necturus/Necturus-louisianensis|access-date=2021-12-16|website=amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chabarria|first1=Ryan E.|last2=Murray|first2=Christopher M.|author2-link=species:Christopher M. Murray|last3=Moler|first3=Paul E.|author3-link=species:Paul Edmunds Moler|last4=Bart|first4=Henry L.|last5=Crother|first5=Brian I.|author5-link=species:Brian I. Crother|last6=Guyer|first6=Craig|author6-link=species:Craig Guyer|date=2018|title=Evolutionary insights into the North American ''Necturus beyeri'' complex (Amphibia: Caudata) based on molecular genetic and morphological analyses|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|language=en|volume=56|issue=3|pages=352–363|doi=10.1111/jzs.12203|issn=1439-0469|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=AmphibiaWeb – ''Necturus maculosus ''|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Necturus&where-species=maculosus|access-date=2021-12-16|website=amphibiaweb.org}}</ref>''
The genus ''Necturus'' is under scrutiny by [[herpetology|herpetologists]].<ref name=Frost/> The relationship between the species is still being studied. In 1991, [[Joseph T. Collins|Collins]] recommended ''N. maculosus louisianensis'' be elevated to full species status as ''N. louisianensis''. Originally described by [[Percy Viosca|Viosca]] as a species, it is usually considered a [[subspecies]] of the common mudpuppy (''N. maculosus''). However, the interpretation of Collins was not largely followed.<ref name=Frost/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/><ref name=Petranka>[[species:James W. Petranka|Petranka, J.W.]] (1998). ''Salamanders of the United States and Canada''. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution Press. {{ISBN|1588343081}}.</ref> A 2018 study identified two lineages (Great Lakes and Mississippi River), but did not draw conclusions about species vs. subspecies status ("Our limited samples are consistent with either interpretation." pg. 360)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chabarria|first1=Ryan E.|last2=Murray|first2=Christopher M.|author2-link=species:Christopher M. Murray|last3=Moler|first3=Paul E.|author3-link=species:Paul Edmunds Moler|last4=Bart|first4=Henry L.|last5=Crother|first5=Brian I.|author5-link=species:Brian I. Crother|last6=Guyer|first6=Craig|author6-link=species:Craig Guyer|date=2018|title=Evolutionary insights into the North American ''Necturus beyeri'' complex (Amphibia: Caudata) based on molecular genetic and morphological analyses|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|language=en|volume=56|issue=3|pages=352–363|doi=10.1111/jzs.12203|issn=1439-0469|doi-access=free}}</ref>. Currently, the Society for the Study of Reptiles and Amphibians considers the [[Red River waterdog|Red River mudpuppy]] to be a subspecies of ''N. maculosus'', but notes that "its taxonomic status requires further research."<ref name=Crother/>


==Species==
==Species==
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|[[File:Necturus lewisi.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Necturus lewisi]]'' <small>[[species:Clement Samuel Brimley|Brimley]], 1924</small> || [[Neuse River waterdog]] ||[[North Carolina]].
|[[File:Necturus lewisi.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Necturus lewisi]]'' <small>[[species:Clement Samuel Brimley|Brimley]], 1924</small> || [[Neuse River waterdog]] ||[[North Carolina]].
|-
|-
|[[File:Red River Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) (42694782124).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Necturus louisianensis]]'' <br /><small>Viosca, 1938</small> || [[Red River waterdog]]. Sometimes considered a subspecies of ''N. maculosus''.''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />'' ||southeastern [[Kansas]], southern [[Missouri]], northeastern [[Oklahoma]], [[Arkansas]], and northcentral Louisiana.
|[[File:Red River Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) (42694782124).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Necturus maculosus louisianensis]]'' <br /><small>Viosca, 1938</small> || [[Red River mudpuppy]]. Currently considered a subspecies of ''N. maculosus''.''<ref name=Crother/>||southeastern [[Kansas]], southern [[Missouri]], northeastern [[Oklahoma]], [[Arkansas]], and northcentral Louisiana.
|-
|-
|[[File:Necturus maculosus 147397.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Necturus maculosus]]'' <small>([[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Rafinesque]], 1818)</small> || [[common mudpuppy]] || southern section of [[Canada]], as far south as [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].
|[[File:Necturus maculosus 147397.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Necturus maculosus]]'' <small>([[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Rafinesque]], 1818)</small> || [[common mudpuppy]] || southern section of [[Canada]], as far south as [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].
|-
|-
|[[File:Apalachicola waterdog from Florida.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Necturus moleri]]'' <br /><small>[[species:Craig Guyer|Guyer]] et al., 2020</small> || [[Apalachicola waterdog]] ||southeastern Alabama, the Panhandle of [[Florida]], and southwestern to north-central Georgia.
|[[File:Apalachicola waterdog from Florida.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Necturus moleri]]'' <br /><small>[[species:Craig Guyer|Guyer]] et al., 2020</small> || [[Apalachicola waterdog]]<ref name=Guyer/> ||southeastern Alabama, the Panhandle of [[Florida]], and southwestern to north-central Georgia.
|-
|-
| || ''[[Necturus mounti]]'' <small>Guyer et al., 2020</small> || [[Escambia waterdog]] ||southern Alabama and the Panhandle of Florida.
| || ''[[Necturus mounti]]'' <small>Guyer et al., 2020</small> || [[Escambia waterdog]]<ref name=Guyer/> ||southern Alabama and the Panhandle of Florida.
|-
|-
| || ''[[Necturus punctatus]]'' <small>([[species:Robert Wilson Gibbes|Gibbes]], 1850)</small> || [[dwarf waterdog]] ||from southeastern [[Virginia]] to southcentral Georgia.
| || ''[[Necturus punctatus]]'' <small>([[species:Robert Wilson Gibbes|Gibbes]], 1850)</small> || [[dwarf waterdog]] ||from southeastern [[Virginia]] to southcentral Georgia.
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<ref name="Vitt and Caldwell 2014">{{cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles |edition=4th |first1=Laurie J. |last1=Vitt |author1-link=species:Laurie Joseph Vitt |first2=Janalee P. |last2=Caldwell |author2-link=species:Janalee Paige Caldwell |publisher=Academic Press |year=2014 |pages=463–465}}</ref>
<ref name="Vitt and Caldwell 2014">{{cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles |edition=4th |first1=Laurie J. |last1=Vitt |author1-link=species:Laurie Joseph Vitt |first2=Janalee P. |last2=Caldwell |author2-link=species:Janalee Paige Caldwell |publisher=Academic Press |year=2014 |pages=463–465}}</ref>

}}
<ref name=Crother>{{cite book |last1=Crother |first1=Brian |title=Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding |date=2017 |publisher=Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles |location=Shoreview, MN |isbn=978-1-946681-00-3 |page=33 |edition=8th |url=https://ssarherps.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8th-Ed-2017-Scientific-and-Standard-English-Names.pdf |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>

<ref name=Guyer>{{cite journal |last1=Guyer |first1=Craig |last2=Murray |first2=Christopher |last3=Bart |first3=Henry L. |last4=Crother |first4=Brian I. |last5=Chabarria |first5=Ryan E. |last6=Bailey |first6=Mark A. |last7=Dunn |first7=Khorizon |title=Colour and size reveal hidden diversity of Necturus (Caudata: Proteidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States |journal=Journal of Natural History |date=17 January 2020 |volume=54 |issue=1-4 |pages=15–41 |doi=https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1736677 |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 19:31, 20 May 2024

For the publisher Mudpuppy, see Chronicle Books.

Necturus
Temporal range: Paleocene–present [1]
Necturus maculosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Proteidae
Genus: Necturus
Rafinesque, 1819
Species

Eight species (but see text)

Synonyms[2]

Necturus is a genus of aquatic salamanders in the family Proteidae. Species of the genus are native to the eastern United States and Canada.[2][3][4] They are commonly known as waterdogs and mudpuppies.[2][3] The common mudpuppy (N. maculosus) is probably the best-known species – as an amphibian with gill slits, it is often dissected in comparative anatomy classes. The common mudpuppy has the largest distribution of any fully aquatic salamander in North America.[5]

Taxonomy

The genus Necturus is under scrutiny by herpetologists.[2] The relationship between the species is still being studied. In 1991, Collins recommended N. maculosus louisianensis be elevated to full species status as N. louisianensis. Originally described by Viosca as a species, it is usually considered a subspecies of the common mudpuppy (N. maculosus). However, the interpretation of Collins was not largely followed.[2][6][7] A 2018 study identified two lineages (Great Lakes and Mississippi River), but did not draw conclusions about species vs. subspecies status ("Our limited samples are consistent with either interpretation." pg. 360)[8]. Currently, the Society for the Study of Reptiles and Amphibians considers the Red River mudpuppy to be a subspecies of N. maculosus, but notes that "its taxonomic status requires further research."[9]

Species

There are seven or eight species:[6]

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Necturus alabamensis
Viosca, 1937		 Alabama waterdog Alabama.
Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937
synonym: N. lodingi Viosca, 1937		 western waterdog (formerly the Gulf Coast waterdog) or Mobile mudpuppy. These two names have been recognised as independent species in the past.[3][10] Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.
Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 Neuse River waterdog North Carolina.
Necturus maculosus louisianensis
Viosca, 1938		 Red River mudpuppy. Currently considered a subspecies of N. maculosus.[9] southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, northeastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, and northcentral Louisiana.
Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) common mudpuppy southern section of Canada, as far south as Georgia.
Necturus moleri
Guyer et al., 2020		 Apalachicola waterdog[11] southeastern Alabama, the Panhandle of Florida, and southwestern to north-central Georgia.
Necturus mounti Guyer et al., 2020 Escambia waterdog[11] southern Alabama and the Panhandle of Florida.
Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) dwarf waterdog from southeastern Virginia to southcentral Georgia.

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Necturus.

Two known fossil species, N. krausei and an unnamed species, are respectively known from the Paleocene of Saskatchewan and from Florida during the Pleistocene.[12][13]

Description

Necturus are paedomorphic: adults retain larval-like morphology with external gills, two pairs of gill slits, and no eyelids. They are moderately robust and have two pairs of short but well-developed limbs and a large, laterally compressed tail. Lungs are present but small. Typical adult size is 20–25 cm (8–10 in) in total length, but Necturus maculosus is larger and may reach 40 cm (16 in).[4]

N. maculosus is brown to gray on its back with bluish black spots. There may be spots on its belly, but these spots range from heavily spotted to no spotting. There are dark red bushy gills. Four toes are present per hindlimb.[14]

Reproduction

Females lay eggs under rocks and other large cover objects in late spring and early summer.[15] Females guard nests at least until eggs hatch.[5] Females forage while nest-guarding, but they may eat some of their eggs as a source of energy if other food sources are not readily available.[5] Larvae are believed to stay under the rock as late as November.[5]

Ecology

Necturus occur in surface waters, preferentially with clear water and rocky substrates without silt. N. maculosus live in lakes, rivers, streams, and creeks.[15][16] They like shallow waters with low temperatures from autumn to early spring.[15] They are most active in cold temperatures, specifically between 9.1 and 20.2 degrees Celsius.[16][17] During the day, N. maculosus seeks refuge under rocks or logs and plant debris.[15] They forage during the night and eat a variety of prey, but have preference for crayfish.[4] During the winter and spring, N. maculosus will also eat fish.[5]

N. maculosus are good indicators of ecosystem health.[16] This species has frequently been harmed via bycatch events (primarily passive ice fishing), chemical pollutants, and siltation.[16] Amphibian chytrid fungus (Bd) has been known to affect captive N. maculosus, but it is currently unknown whether it has affected wild N. maculosus.[17]

References

  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Necturus".
  2. ^ a b c d e Frost, Darrel R. (2019). "Necturus Rafinesque, 1819". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "North American Herpetofauna: Amphibia: Caudata". Centre for North American Herpetology. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 463–465.
  5. ^ a b c d e Haines, Adam M.; Pennuto, Christopher M. (2022-09-26). "Common Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818)) in Western New York: A Seasonal Comparison of Diet, Body Condition, and Capture Methods". Journal of Herpetology. 56 (3). doi:10.1670/20-141. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 252586807.
  6. ^ a b "Proteidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  7. ^ Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1588343081.
  8. ^ Chabarria, Ryan E.; Murray, Christopher M.; Moler, Paul E.; Bart, Henry L.; Crother, Brian I.; Guyer, Craig (2018). "Evolutionary insights into the North American Necturus beyeri complex (Amphibia: Caudata) based on molecular genetic and morphological analyses". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 56 (3): 352–363. doi:10.1111/jzs.12203. ISSN 1439-0469.
  9. ^ a b Crother, Brian (2017). Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding (PDF) (8th ed.). Shoreview, MN: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-946681-00-3. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  10. ^ "Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  11. ^ a b Guyer, Craig; Murray, Christopher; Bart, Henry L.; Crother, Brian I.; Chabarria, Ryan E.; Bailey, Mark A.; Dunn, Khorizon (17 January 2020). "Colour and size reveal hidden diversity of Necturus (Caudata: Proteidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States". Journal of Natural History. 54 (1–4): 15–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1736677. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check |doi= value (help); External link in |doi= (help)
  12. ^ "Fossilworks: Necturus krausei ". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  13. ^ "PBDB". Necturus Rafinesque (mudpuppy).
  14. ^ VanDeWalle, Terry; Collins, Suzanne L. (2013). "Salamanders in Your Pocket: a Guide to Caudates of the Upper Midwest". University of Iowa Press.
  15. ^ a b c d Collins, Merri K.; Spear, Stephen F.; Groves, John D.; Williams, Lori A.; Kuchta, Shawn R. (2019-10-04). "Searching for a Salamander: Distribution and Habitat of the Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) in Southeast Ohio Using eDNA as a Rapid Assessment Technique". The American Midland Naturalist. 182 (2): 191. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-182.2.191. ISSN 0003-0031. S2CID 203658126.
  16. ^ a b c d Lennox, Robert J.; Twardek, William M.; Cooke, Steven J. (2018-08-28). "Observations of Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) bycatch in a recreational ice fishery in northern Ontario". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 132 (1): 61–66. doi:10.22621/cfn.v132i1.2040. ISSN 0008-3550.
  17. ^ a b Chatfield, Matthew W. H.; Moler, Paul; Richards-Zawacki, Corinne L. (2012-09-11). "The Amphibian Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in Fully Aquatic Salamanders from Southeastern North America". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e44821. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...744821C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044821. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3439441. PMID 22984569.
  • Media related to Necturus at Wikimedia Commons
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