Gammalsvenskby: Difference between revisions

Gammalsvenskby

Gammölsvänskbi
Старошведське (Staroshvedske)
Gammalsvenskby Gammölsvänskbi Старошведське (Staroshvedske)
Village
	Gammalsvenskby Location of the village Gammalsvenskby Gammalsvenskby (Ukraine)
	Coordinates: 46°52′28.83″N 33°35′15.59″E / 46.8746750°N 33.5876639°E
Country	Ukraine
Oblast	Kherson Oblast
Raion	Beryslav Raion
Hromada	Beryslav urban hromada
Village	Zmiivka
Elevation	55 m (180 ft)
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Post Code	74372

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Gammalsvenskby (Gammalsvenska: Gammölsvänskbi, lit. 'Old Swedish Village'; Ukrainian: Старошведське, romanized: Staroshvedske; German: Alt-Schwedendorf) is a former village that is now a neighbourhood of Zmiivka (Ukrainian: Зміївка) in Beryslav Raion of Kherson Oblast, Ukraine. It was briefly known as Verbivka (Ukrainian: Вербівка) prior to being integrated with Zmiivka. Gammalsvenskby is known for its Estonian Swedish cultural heritage.

Zmiyivka also includes three former villages settled by ethnic Germans: The Lutheran villages of Schlangendorf and Mühlhausendorf and the Roman Catholic village of Klosterdorf. In the nineteenth century, the whole region, and large parts of southern Russia, contained villages settled by Germans belonging to various Protestant faiths, particularly Lutherans and Mennonites, as well as Roman Catholics.

In April 2022, Russian military forces reached Gammalsvenskby as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[1] The village remained occupied until 11 November 2022, when it was reclaimed by the Ukrainian army.^[2] After the Ukrainian liberation, Russia has repeatedly targeted the civilian population in Gammalsvenskby with bombings including use of white phosphorus munitions.^[3]

History

Resettlement of Estonian Swedes and founding of Gammalsvenskby

The population of Gammalsvenskby traces its origins to Hiiumaa (Dagö) in present-day Estonia, once a part of the Duchy of Estonia. Under the Treaty of Nystad, the island was among the territory ceded to the Russian Empire in 1721 at the end of the Great Northern War.

A few decades later, a portion of the peasant population in conflict with the local aristocracy, answered Catherine the Great's 1762 ukase calling for settlers in Novorossiya on territory newly conquered from the Ottoman Empire; today this land is in Southern Ukraine.^[4]^[5]^[6] Enticed by promises of new fertile land along the Dnieper, about 1,200 people departed Dagö on 20 August 1780, and trekked overland to Novorossiya, arriving on 1 May 1781.^[7]^[8] Only about 400 Swedes remained behind in Dagö.^[9] While some sources call the Estonian Swedes' migration an outright expulsion from their Estonian homeland, other accounts stress the fact that these poor and oppressed serfs were given what may have seemed like a generous offer.^{[citation needed]}

Regardless of the impetus, the outcome of this mass migration was disastrous. Of the 1,200 villagers who left Estonia, only 900 made it to Novorossiya.^[4]^[7] On arrival, there was no trace of the houses they had expected to find. Moreover, during their first year in Ukraine, an even larger portion of the settlers died, mainly due to dysentery. That first year, 318 died along with another 116 the following year. By 1794, only 224 people remained in Gammalsvenskby. In 1802, the Russian government ordered all male Swedes to marry by the age of 30 in an effort to boost the population.^[7]

Maintaining the Swedish heritage

From 1787 to 1805, German colonists were invited to Gammalsvenskby to bolster the region's population. The Germans referred to the area as the "Schwedengebiet" (Swedish District) and the village as "Alt-Schwedendorf". They soon founded three neighbouring villages: Schlangendorf, Mühlhausendorf, and Klosterdorf. With the arrival of these Germans, the Swedes were quickly outnumbered and eventually many of the area's pastors and teachers were German-speakers who did not know Swedish.^[7]

Although the Swedes did not make full use of the arable land they had been allocated — they focused their industry more on fishing than farming^[7] — the reallocation of farm land to the German newcomers strained relations between Gammalsvenskby's Swedes and their German neighbors, although intermarriage between the communities did occur, as is evidenced by parish register entries for weddings in both communities' churches.^[10] While the Swedes and Germans were sometimes rivals, they were never enemies and the two communities cooperated when times were bad.^[11]

Despite this, the people of Gammalsvenskby maintained their traditions, Church of Sweden Lutheran faith, and old Swedish dialect. At the end of the 19th century, some ties with Sweden were re-established, with the Ukrainian Swedes viewed as a "lost tribe" that preserved older Swedish traditions, such as writing in runes and maintaining an older form of the Church of Sweden's liturgy.^[12] Prince Carl raised more than 6,000 rubles in Sweden and Finland to support construction of a new Swedish church in the village to replace the previous wooden church given by Prince Potemkin that burned in the mid-19th century.^[13] The new parish church of St. John opened in 1885. For a time, before the revolutions that followed World War I, visits from Sweden became frequent, and some villagers subscribed to Swedish newspapers.

Despite this, there were efforts by Russia to better integrate the Ukrainian Swedes with the Russian Empire. The original settlement plans exempted Ukrainian Swedes from conscription into the tsar's army, but this changed by the end of the 1800s and 130 men from Gammalsvenskby were inducted into the Russian army during World War I.^[14]

Relocation attempt to Sweden

Caricature of the Gammalsvenskby returnees published in the Swedish Communist newspaper *Folkets Dagblad Politiken*, August 1929. The picture portrays the settlers as entertainers, being put to display at a community fair in Ljungby.

During the Russian Civil War, Gammalsvenskby was largely held by the Red Army, although the village did come under artillery fire from the White Army under General Anton Denikin. After fighting moved away from the villages in 1921, villagers sought aid from Sweden, including writing to Archbishop of Uppsala Nathan Söderblom.^[15] In 1922, the Swedish Red Cross led an expedition to Gammalsvenskby to provide aid and guidance in developing the region and its farmland. Under this plan, two new Swedish villages, Nysvenskby ("New Swedish Village") and Svenskåker ("Swedish Field"), were established in part to preserve their right to the land. The neighboring German villages similarly established additional outposts, Friedenheim and Neuklosterdorf.^[15]

Conflicts with Soviet authorities over taxation, collectivization policies, and the right to maintain their Lutheran faith increased the efforts by some villagers to seek return to Sweden. On 1 September 1927, 136 farmers from the village petitioned "the people of Sweden, Finland, and America" for aid to reunite them with their fellow Swedes. These efforts were not immediately embraced by Sweden's representative to Moscow, Carl Gerhard von Heidenstam [sv], who urged caution.^[15] On 28 June 1928, 429 villagers voted to emigrate back to Sweden under the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia's support for ethnic self-determination. At this time, pressure in Sweden to allow the return of the people from Gammalsvenskby increased, and on 22 February 1929, the Riksdag approved their right to come to Sweden. By June 1929, the Soviet government reached an agreement with the Swedes regarding disposition of their property in Ukraine and passport fees, and most of the people of Gammalsvenskby began preparing to leave.^[15] The villagers could only take with them what could be packed on a passenger train.^[7]

On 22 July 1929, the Swedes of Gammalsvenskby who had received an exit permit were brought downriver to Kherson on two steamers. From there, the Swedish Red Cross brought them on the cargo ship Firuzan to Constanța, Romania, where the overland journey began. They travelled by train through Hungary and Austria to Germany, passing through Sinaia, Brașov, Lőkösháza, Budapest, Vienna, Passau, and Stralsund on the way to Sassnitz. From there, they took the ferry across the Baltic Sea to Sweden.^[10] On 1 August 1929, 885 Ukrainian Swedes arrived in Trelleborg, Sweden, where they were received by Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland.^[4] Of those who opted to remain in Gammalsvenskby, 19 families (94 people) soon moved on to Manitoba, Canada, where earlier emigrants from Gammalsvenskby had settled. Six of these families later returned to Sweden.^[10]

The majority of the villagers stayed in Sweden, many of them settling in Gotland, as well as in Västergötland and Småland.^[10] In an effort to integrate these "ancient Swedes" with modern Sweden, officials did not allow them to stay in a single, common settlement.^[16] Instead, the government took a very paternalistic approach towards the Gammalsvenskby emigrants, requiring them to apprentice with established farmers to learn Swedish agricultural practices.^[10]

About four months after arriving in Sweden, some emigrants requested to return to Ukraine. Peter Knutas and Waldemar Utas wrote to the Ukrainian SSR that the move to Sweden was a thoughtless step and sought permission for three families to return to Ukraine.^[12] Some emigrants also joined the Communist Party of Sweden in hope of reflecting their loyalty to Soviet authorities.^[4] The movement of Ukrainian Swedes — both to Sweden and then back to the Ukrainian SSR — was used for propaganda purposes by both anti-Soviet and pro-Soviet media.^[17]

Soviet repression, Holodomor, and World War II

Memorial to the 16 men and one woman from Gammalsvenskby who were killed or disappeared in the Stalinist purge of 1937–1938.^[18]

In total, around 250 villagers chose to return to Gammalsvenskby. With the support of the Communist Party of Sweden, they established a minor collective farm called Röd Svenskby (Red Swedish Village).^[16]

Life in the Soviet Union turned out to be hard. In 1929, the church in Gammalsvenskby was closed by the Soviet government. The famine of 1932–1933 renewed interest in the idea of returning to Sweden, and some villagers signed a list stating that they wanted to leave the country. This led to the arrest of 20 people by the secret police, the GPU. Five of them were sent to prison. Several villagers were killed in the Stalinist purge of the following years. In the 1930s, the majority of the 3,500 Scandinavian descendants living in the Southern Ukraine were accused of spying and sent with their families to katorga in Siberia and Karelia.^[4]

With the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, the German army arrived in Gammalsvenskby on 25 August 1941, where the soldiers were welcomed as liberators.^[14] During the Nazis's three-year occupation, they granted the Swedish Ukrainians German citizenship and many of the men from Gammalsvenskby joined the German forces — both voluntarily and through conscription. As Soviet troops advanced in October 1943, Swedes and Germans were removed from the Reichskommissariat Ukraine under Germany's evacuation plans.^[14] Many evacuees from Gammalsvenskby ended up in Krotoschyn, in the German Warthegau that had been annexed from Poland. Nearly 150 residents of Gammalsvenskby were caught by Soviet authorities at the end of the war and sent to labor camps, but were allowed to return to Ukraine as early as 1947. Others managed to go to Sweden or directly back to Gammalsvenskby.^[16]

In 1947, under a Soviet policy to remove Germanic place names, Schlangendorf became Zmiivka, Mühlhausendorf became Mykhailivka, and Klosterdorf became Kostirka. Gammalsvenskby was renamed Verbivka.^[16]^[19]

In 1951, after the exchange of territories by Poland and the Soviet Union, around 2,500 people were relocated to the area from the Drohobych Oblast villages of Lodyna, Dolyshni Berehy, and Naniv. Due to the resulting increase in population, the four villages were united under the name Zmiivka. With this migration, Zmiivka became home to the largest Boykos (Ukrainian Highlander) diaspora in Kherson Oblast, making up nearly 80% of the villagers. The newly relocated populace was officially prohibited from celebrating their traditional holidays, such as Vertep during Christmas. To make matters worse, the locals among whom they were settled considered the newcomers to be anti-Soviet nationalists.^[20]

In 1955 the Kakhovka Dam was constructed on the Dnieper, creating the Kakhovka Reservoir. This submerged part of the village along with several islands and fishing waters. On 6 June 2023, the dam was destroyed while it was under control of the Russian forces during the Russian invasion in 2022. ^[21]

Gammalsvenskby post-1991

Swedish Tre Kronor

Tre Kronor in Zmiivka

Tre Kronor in Beryslav Raion

Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union, contacts with Sweden and Canada were re-established, and in the 1990s the Church of Sweden, Gotland Municipality, and other Swedish organizations lent economic support and led relief efforts.^[22] Chumak, a Swedish-owned producer of oil, ketchup and canned food, was established in the nearby town of Kakhovka.^[23] In early October 2008, King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia visited Zmiivka and Gammalsvenskby as part of a state visit to Ukraine.^[24]

As of 2016^[update], the village had only around 108 people who share a Swedish cultural heritage. Only a few of them still speak the local Swedish dialect fluently and German is often used instead. However, the Swedish heritage is reflected in Zmiivka's emblem, which incorporates the Swedish national symbol (the Tre Kronor), as well as a blue cross on a yellow field, which inverses the Swedish flag's colors. On 15 April 2001, Gotland signed a sister city agreement with the village.^[25] Tourism from Sweden remains an important aspect of the village's economy and an impetus for preservation of the Gammalsvenska dialect.^[26]

The whole of Beryslav Raion is now heavily Ukrainianized due to the resettlement of many people from western Ukraine in the region, including to the local villages of Lvivski Otruby [uk], Lvove [uk], and Tarasa Shevchenka [uk].

Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Gammalsvenskby was occupied by Russian troops,^[1]^[27] who later destroyed a monument dedicated to Ukrainian independence in the village.^[28] During the 2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine, the Russian occupiers shut off the internet and mobile communications in the village, and the population of Gammalsvenskby refused to take part in the balloting. People reportedly locked themselves in their homes, refusing to open their doors, although some people did manage to vote no.^[29]

During the 2022 Kherson counteroffensive, the village was about 10 to 15 kilometres (6.2 to 9.3 mi) southeast of the frontlines, and it was reported that the population was hoping for liberation by Ukrainian forces.^[30] The village was liberated by the Ukrainian army on 11 November 2022, following Russian troops' withdrawal to the left (east) bank of the Dnipro.^[2]

After the liberation by Ukrainian forces, Russia has continued to target the village, in one attack destroying the local school in a bombing attack that killed one and wounded one of the school's employees. The village has also been the target of several attacks by Russia making use of white phosphorus munitions to deliberately cause as much devastation to the local civilian population as possible. These attacks have been described as direct terror bombings targeted at civilians as the village is not of any particular military value. These bombings are under investigation for possible war crimes.^[31] Russian drones have also targeted individual civilians walking the streets, as well as humanitarian aid cars. Due to the constant bombings, and lack of electricity and water, many residents have fled to neighbouring villages.^[32] Due to Gammalsvenskby's close proximity to the Kakhovka Dam, its destruction created another water supply threat for the village.^[33]

On 11 November 2023, exactly one year after the liberation of Gammalsvenskby, it was reported that 80% to 90% of the village had been destroyed and that only about 200 people remained, mostly elderly or ill.^[34]

Gammalsvenska dialect

References

^ ^a ^b Persson, Alexzandra (15 April 2022). "Ryska soldater har nått Gammalsvenskby" [Russian soldiers have reached Gammalsvenskby]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina har befriats" [Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine has been liberated]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). TT News Agency. 11 November 2022. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
^ TT Nyhetsbyrå (11 April 2023). "Gammalsvenskby utsatt för hård rysk beskjutning". Nyheter24. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Шама, Олег (6 October 2016). Как шведы Украины спасались от советской власти еще в 1930–х годах [How the Swedes of Ukraine Escaped the Soviet Regime Back in the 1930s]. Аргумент (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ Bartlett, Roger (1993). "The Russian and the Baltic German nobility in the eighteenth century" (PDF). Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. 34 (1/2): 233–243. doi:10.3406/cmr.1993.2349. JSTOR 20170857.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Malitska, Julia (2017). Negotiating Imperial Rule Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-century Black Sea Steppe (PDF) (PhD). Huddinge, Sweden: Södertörn University. ISBN 978-91-87843-93-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Giesinger, Adam (April 1975). "Villages in Which Our Forefathers Lived" (PDF). American Historical Society of Germans from Russia (17): 33–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^ Rudling, Per Anders (2005). "Ukrainian Swedes in Canada: Gammalsvenskby in the Swedish-Canadian Press 1929–1931". Scandiavian–Canadian Studies/Études scandinaves au Canada. 15: 62–91. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
^ Brunberg Rickul, Göte (27 January 2020). "Estlandssvenskarnas historia" [The History of Estonian Swedes]. Estlandssvenskarnas Kulturförening (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hedman, Jörgen (1994). Svenskbysläkter : släktförteckningar över familjerna från Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina [Swedish Village Families: Genealogies of Families from Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine] (in Swedish). Visby, Sweden: Ödins Förlag.
^ Malitska, Julia (2014). "People in Between: Baltic Islanders as Colonists on the Steppe". In Wawrzeniuk, Piotr; Malitska, Julia (eds.). The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine. Huddinge, Sweden: Södertörn University. pp. 61–85. ISBN 978-9186069858.
^ ^a ^b Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2014). In the Forge of Stalin: Swedish Colonists of Ukraine in Totalitarian Experiments of the Twentieth Century (PDF) (Report). Stockholms Studies in History, 100. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm University. ISBN 978-91-87235-96-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ "Gammal-Svenskbys nya stenkyrka" [Gammal-Svenskby's new stone church]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 13 January 1885. p. 2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gyllenhaal, Lars; Westberg, Lennart (2014). Swedes at War: Willing Warriors of a Neutral Nation, 1914–1945. Translated by Finstrom, Carl Gustav. Bedford, Pennsylvania: The Aberjona Press. ISBN 978-1-93884-7-02-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hedman, Jörgen (2000). "Gammalsvenskby: The True Story of the Swedish Settlement in the Ukraine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2014). "Little Red Sweden in Ukraine – the 1930s Comintern project in Gammalsvenskby". In Wawrzeniuk, Piotr; Malitska, Julia (eds.). The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine (PDF). Huddinge, Sweden: Södertörn University. pp. 111–149. ISBN 978-9186069858. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ Gardner, Nicky; Kries, Susanne (2017). "Letter from Europe: Swedes in Ukraine". Hidden Europe. No. 25. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
^ Svedberg, Göran (2008). "Inför kungabesöket" [Before the royal visit]. Gammalsvenskby.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
^ Шульган, Ольга Володимирівна (2017). Додаток Д (Appendix Д). Ойконімія України ХХ Століття (Еко- та Соціолінгвістичні Аспекти) [Economics of Ukraine in the 20th Century (Eco- and Sociolinguistic Aspects)] (PDF) (к.филол.н.) (in Ukrainian). Ternopil, Ukraine: Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2018). Along Ukraine's River: A Social and Environmental History of the Dnipro. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. pp. 208–209. ISBN 978-963-386-204-9. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^ Forsman, Ludvig (June 2016). "Language shift from a nonspeaker perspective: Themes in the accounts of linguistic practices of first-generation non-swedish speakers in Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine". Language in Society. 45 (3): 375–396. doi:10.1017/S0047404516000361. S2CID 147797560.
^ Knutas, Kjell (December 1994). "Hjälpsändning till Gammalsvenskby" [Auxiliary shipment to Gammalsvenskby] (PDF). Kustbon (in Swedish). Vol. 51, no. 4. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
^ Kuns, Brian (2010). Lines in the Landscape: Land reform and the landscape in southern Ukraine (PDF) (Master's). Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ "Political relations between Ukraine and the Kingdom of Sweden". Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of Sweden. 3 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
^ "Gammelsvenskby i Ukraina" [Gammelsvenskby in Ukraine] (in Swedish). Gotland Municipality. Archived from the original on 23 November 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Кашликов, Антон (29 November 2008). Старое шведское село [Staroshvedsky village]. Профиль (in Russian). No. 46. p. 65. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
^ Andersson, Peter Fällmar (5 March 2022). "Svenskbyn i den blodiga jorden" [The Swedish Village in the Bloody Earth]. Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
^ Ullsten, Maria; Fullman, Christine (29 July 2022). "Ryska soldater slog sönder viktigt monument i Gammelsvenskby" [Russian soldiers destroyed important monument in Gammalsvenskby]. Sveriges Radio. Radio Sweden. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "INTERVIEW: 'We know there are Russian tanks in Ukraine's Swedish village'". The Local. 4 November 2022. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
^ Palmborg, Martin (27 September 2022). "Svenskbyn vägrade delta i ryska "folkomröstningen" — låste dörrarna" [Svenskbyn refused to participate in the Russian "referendum" — locked the doors]. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ "Gammalsvenskby utsatt för hård rysk beskjutning". Nyheter24. TT Nyhetsbyrån. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
^ Widegren, Patrik (15 April 2023). "Skolan bombades i Gammalsvenskby: "Livsfarligt att ge sig ut"". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ "Vattenbrist hotar Gammalsvenskby" [Water shortage threatens Gammalsvenskby]. Nerikes Allehanda (in Swedish). TT. 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ Widegren, Patrik (11 November 2023). "Larmet från Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina: "Värre än någonsin"" [Alarm from Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine: "Worse than ever"]. SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

External links and further reading

The Svenskbyborna Society in Sweden (in Swedish)
Svenskbymuséet museum in Roma, Gotland
History of Gammalsvenskby
"Gammalsvenskby: A Swedish village in Ukraine" (PDF). Hidden Europe. No. 8. May 2006. pp. 40–43. Archived from the original on 13 July 2006.
Wawrzeniuk, Piotr; Malitska, Julia (2014). The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine. Södertörns högskola. ISBN 978-91-86069-85-8. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
Holmbro, Emma; Dahllof, Ake (7 August 2009). "Ukraine III – Gammalsvenskby". TravelBlog. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
Knutas, Kjell. "Gammalsvenskby i Ukrania" [Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine]. Norra Kyrketorps församling (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 5 February 2005.
Прядко, Инна (28 September 2011). "Шведская семья. Как живет шведская община в селе на Херсонщине" [Swedish family. How does the Swedish community live in a village in the Kherson region]. Корреспондент (in Russian). No. 37. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
Ullman, Tommie; Öhlén, Mats (28 October 2009). "A Swedish Village in Ukraine". Stockholm News. Archived from the original on 22 November 2009.

[SD20220415-1] Persson, Alexzandra (15 April 2022). "Ryska soldater har nått Gammalsvenskby" [Russian soldiers have reached Gammalsvenskby]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.

[TT20221111-2] "Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina har befriats" [Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine has been liberated]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). TT News Agency. 11 November 2022. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2022.

[3] TT Nyhetsbyrå (11 April 2023). "Gammalsvenskby utsatt för hård rysk beskjutning". Nyheter24. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.

[argsweua-4] Шама, Олег (6 October 2016). Как шведы Украины спасались от советской власти еще в 1930–х годах [How the Swedes of Ukraine Escaped the Soviet Regime Back in the 1930s]. Аргумент (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2021.

[5] Bartlett, Roger (1993). "The Russian and the Baltic German nobility in the eighteenth century" (PDF). Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. 34 (1/2): 233–243. doi:10.3406/cmr.1993.2349. JSTOR 20170857.^{[permanent dead link]}

[6] Malitska, Julia (2017). Negotiating Imperial Rule Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-century Black Sea Steppe (PDF) (PhD). Huddinge, Sweden: Södertörn University. ISBN 978-91-87843-93-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2021.

[Geisinger1975-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Giesinger, Adam (April 1975). "Villages in Which Our Forefathers Lived" (PDF). American Historical Society of Germans from Russia (17): 33–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.

[Rudling2005-8] Rudling, Per Anders (2005). "Ukrainian Swedes in Canada: Gammalsvenskby in the Swedish-Canadian Press 1929–1931". Scandiavian–Canadian Studies/Études scandinaves au Canada. 15: 62–91. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.

[9] Brunberg Rickul, Göte (27 January 2020). "Estlandssvenskarnas historia" [The History of Estonian Swedes]. Estlandssvenskarnas Kulturförening (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

[Hedman-10] Hedman, Jörgen (1994). Svenskbysläkter : släktförteckningar över familjerna från Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina [Swedish Village Families: Genealogies of Families from Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine] (in Swedish). Visby, Sweden: Ödins Förlag.

[11] Malitska, Julia (2014). "People in Between: Baltic Islanders as Colonists on the Steppe". In Wawrzeniuk, Piotr; Malitska, Julia (eds.). The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine. Huddinge, Sweden: Södertörn University. pp. 61–85. ISBN 978-9186069858.

[Forge-12] Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2014). In the Forge of Stalin: Swedish Colonists of Ukraine in Totalitarian Experiments of the Twentieth Century (PDF) (Report). Stockholms Studies in History, 100. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm University. ISBN 978-91-87235-96-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.

[13] "Gammal-Svenskbys nya stenkyrka" [Gammal-Svenskby's new stone church]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 13 January 1885. p. 2.

[AtWar-14] Gyllenhaal, Lars; Westberg, Lennart (2014). Swedes at War: Willing Warriors of a Neutral Nation, 1914–1945. Translated by Finstrom, Carl Gustav. Bedford, Pennsylvania: The Aberjona Press. ISBN 978-1-93884-7-02-8.

[Hedman2000-15] Hedman, Jörgen (2000). "Gammalsvenskby: The True Story of the Swedish Settlement in the Ukraine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

[RedSweden-16] Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2014). "Little Red Sweden in Ukraine – the 1930s Comintern project in Gammalsvenskby". In Wawrzeniuk, Piotr; Malitska, Julia (eds.). The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine (PDF). Huddinge, Sweden: Södertörn University. pp. 111–149. ISBN 978-9186069858. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.

[17] Gardner, Nicky; Kries, Susanne (2017). "Letter from Europe: Swedes in Ukraine". Hidden Europe. No. 25. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

[18] Svedberg, Göran (2008). "Inför kungabesöket" [Before the royal visit]. Gammalsvenskby.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.

[19] Шульган, Ольга Володимирівна (2017). Додаток Д (Appendix Д). Ойконімія України ХХ Століття (Еко- та Соціолінгвістичні Аспекти) [Economics of Ukraine in the 20th Century (Eco- and Sociolinguistic Aspects)] (PDF) (к.филол.н.) (in Ukrainian). Ternopil, Ukraine: Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.

[Cybriwsky2018-20] Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2018). Along Ukraine's River: A Social and Environmental History of the Dnipro. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. pp. 208–209. ISBN 978-963-386-204-9. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2021.

[Forsman2016-21] Forsman, Ludvig (June 2016). "Language shift from a nonspeaker perspective: Themes in the accounts of linguistic practices of first-generation non-swedish speakers in Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine". Language in Society. 45 (3): 375–396. doi:10.1017/S0047404516000361. S2CID 147797560.

[22] Knutas, Kjell (December 1994). "Hjälpsändning till Gammalsvenskby" [Auxiliary shipment to Gammalsvenskby] (PDF). Kustbon (in Swedish). Vol. 51, no. 4. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.

[23] Kuns, Brian (2010). Lines in the Landscape: Land reform and the landscape in southern Ukraine (PDF) (Master's). Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.

[24] "Political relations between Ukraine and the Kingdom of Sweden". Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of Sweden. 3 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.

[25] "Gammelsvenskby i Ukraina" [Gammelsvenskby in Ukraine] (in Swedish). Gotland Municipality. Archived from the original on 23 November 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2012.

[26] Кашликов, Антон (29 November 2008). Старое шведское село [Staroshvedsky village]. Профиль (in Russian). No. 46. p. 65. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

[27] Andersson, Peter Fällmar (5 March 2022). "Svenskbyn i den blodiga jorden" [The Swedish Village in the Bloody Earth]. Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.

[28] Ullsten, Maria; Fullman, Christine (29 July 2022). "Ryska soldater slog sönder viktigt monument i Gammelsvenskby" [Russian soldiers destroyed important monument in Gammalsvenskby]. Sveriges Radio. Radio Sweden. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.

[29] "INTERVIEW: 'We know there are Russian tanks in Ukraine's Swedish village'". The Local. 4 November 2022. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.

[Radio_2022-30] Palmborg, Martin (27 September 2022). "Svenskbyn vägrade delta i ryska "folkomröstningen" — låste dörrarna" [Svenskbyn refused to participate in the Russian "referendum" — locked the doors]. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

[31] "Gammalsvenskby utsatt för hård rysk beskjutning". Nyheter24. TT Nyhetsbyrån. 11 April 2023. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.

[Nyheter_2023_w908-32] Widegren, Patrik (15 April 2023). "Skolan bombades i Gammalsvenskby: "Livsfarligt att ge sig ut"". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.

[Nerikes_Allehanda_2023_w763-33] "Vattenbrist hotar Gammalsvenskby" [Water shortage threatens Gammalsvenskby]. Nerikes Allehanda (in Swedish). TT. 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.

[34] Widegren, Patrik (11 November 2023). "Larmet från Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina: "Värre än någonsin"" [Alarm from Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine: "Worse than ever"]. SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Rural neighborhood in Kherson Oblast, Ukraine, with historic ties to Sweden}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
 {{Infobox settlement
-| name                            = Gammalsvenskby
+| name               = Gammalsvenskby
-| other_name                      = {{lang|uk|Старошведське}} ({{transliteration|uk|Staroshvedske|italic=no}})
+| other_name         = {{lang|uk|Старошведське}} ({{transliteration|uk|Staroshvedske|italic=no}})
-| native_name                     = Gammölsvänskbi
+| native_name        = Gammölsvänskbi
-| native_name_lang                = Gammalsvenska Swedish dialect
+| native_name_lang   = Gammalsvenska Swedish dialect
-| settlement_type                 = Village
+| settlement_type    = Village
-| map_caption                     =
+| map_caption        =
-| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
+| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 | border                   = infobox
 | total_width              = 280
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
  | image2 =Старошведське (Gammölsvänskbi) (Зміївка).jpg
 }}
-| map_alt                         =
+| map_alt            =
+| image_map          =
+| coordinates        = {{coord|46|52|28.83|N|33|35|15.59|E|type:city|display=inline,title}}
-| image_map                       =
+| pushpin_label_position = Gammalsvenskby
-| coordinates                     = {{coord|46|52|28.83|N|33|35|15.59|E|type:city|display=inline,title}}
-| pushpin_label_position          = Gammalsvenskby
+| pushpin_map        = Ukraine Kherson Oblast#Ukraine
+| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the village
-| pushpin_map                     = Ukraine Kherson Oblast#Ukraine
+| pushpin_mapsize    =
-| pushpin_map_caption             = Location of the village
+| subdivision_name   = [[Ukraine]]
-| pushpin_mapsize                 =
+| subdivision_type   = Country
-| subdivision_name                = [[Ukraine]]
+| subdivision_name1  = [[Kherson Oblast]]
-| subdivision_type                = Country
-| subdivision_name1               = [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]
+| subdivision_type1  = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]]
+| subdivision_name2  = [[Beryslav Raion]]
-| subdivision_type1               = [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Oblast]]
+| subdivision_type2  = [[List of raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
-| subdivision_name2               = [[Beryslav Raion|Beryslav]]
+| subdivision_name3  = [[Beryslav urban hromada]]
-| subdivision_type2               = [[List of raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
+| subdivision_type3  = [[Hromada]]
-| subdivision_name3               = [[Zmiivka, Kherson Oblast|Zmiivka]]
+| elevation_m        = 55
-| subdivision_type3               = [[Populated places in Ukraine#Rural populated places|Village]]
+| elevation_footnotes =
-| elevation_m                     = 55
-| elevation_footnotes             =
+| postal_code        = 74372
+| postal_code_type   = Post Code
-| postal_code                     = 74372
+| utc_offset1_DST    = +03:00
-| postal_code_type                = Post Code
+| timezone1_DST      = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
-| utc_offset1_DST                 = +03:00
+| utc_offset1        = +02:00
-| timezone1_DST                   = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
-| utc_offset1                     = +02:00
+| timezone1          = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
+| subdivision_type4  = [[Populated places in Ukraine#Rural populated places|Village]]
-| timezone1                       = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
+| subdivision_name4  = [[Zmiivka, Kherson Oblast|Zmiivka]]
+| pushpin_relief     = y
+| module             = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=13 |height=230 |width= |point=none |stroke-width=1 |stroke-color=#676669 |shape-fill-opacity=0.1 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}} }}
 }}
 [[File:Церква Архангела Михаїла (Зміївка).jpg|thumb|The former Swedish church in Gammalsvenskby. St John's Lutheran parish church has been rebuilt and serves as an Orthodox church today]]
-'''Gammalsvenskby''' ({{lang-sv|Gammölsvänskbi|label=[[Gammalsvenska]]|lit=Old Swedish Village}}; {{lang-uk|Старошведське|translit=Staroshvedske}}; {{lang-de|Alt-Schwedendorf}}) is a former village that is now a neighbourhood of [[Zmiivka, Kherson Oblast|Zmiivka]] ({{lang-uk|Зміївка|links=no}}) in [[Beryslav Raion]] of [[Kherson Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]. It was briefly known as '''Verbivka''' ({{lang-uk|Вербівка|links=no}}) prior to being integrated with Zmiivka. Gammalsvenskby is known for its imperial [[Estonian Swedes|Estonian Swedish]] [[Kinship and descent|cultural heritage]].
+'''Gammalsvenskby''' ({{langx|sv|Gammölsvänskbi|label=[[Gammalsvenska]]|lit=Old Swedish Village}}; {{langx|uk|Старошведське|translit=Staroshvedske}}; {{langx|de|Alt-Schwedendorf}}) is a former village that is now a neighbourhood of [[Zmiivka, Kherson Oblast|Zmiivka]] ({{langx|uk|Зміївка|links=no}}) in [[Beryslav Raion]] of [[Kherson Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]. It was briefly known as '''Verbivka''' ({{langx|uk|Вербівка|links=no}}) prior to being integrated with Zmiivka. Gammalsvenskby is known for its [[Estonian Swedes|Estonian Swedish]] [[Kinship and descent|cultural heritage]].
 Zmiyivka also includes three former villages settled by ethnic [[Germans]]: The Lutheran villages of Schlangendorf and Mühlhausendorf and the Roman Catholic village of Klosterdorf. In the nineteenth century, the whole region, and large parts of southern Russia, contained villages settled by Germans belonging to various Protestant faiths, particularly [[Lutherans]] and [[Mennonites]], as well as [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]].
+In April 2022, Russian military forces reached Gammalsvenskby as part of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="SD20220415"/> The village remained occupied until 11 November 2022, when it was reclaimed by the Ukrainian army.<ref name="TT20221111">{{Cite news |title=Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina har befriats |language=sv |trans-title=Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine has been liberated |work=Aftonbladet |agency=TT News Agency |publication-date=11 November 2022 |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/APr28z |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417094405/https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/APr28z/gammalsvenskby-i-ukraina-har-befriats |url-status=live }}</ref> After the Ukrainian liberation, Russia has repeatedly [[Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|targeted the civilian population]] in Gammalsvenskby with bombings including use of [[white phosphorus munitions]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 April 2023|author=TT Nyhetsbyrå|access-date=11 April 2023|title=Gammalsvenskby utsatt för hård rysk beskjutning|newspaper=Nyheter24|url=https://www.msn.com/sv-se/nyheter/utrikes/gammalsvenskby-utsatt-f%C3%B6r-h%C3%A5rd-rysk-beskjutning/ar-AA1aXeCM?ocid=entnewsntp&pc=U531&cvid=10b3ebffe9394271cb876b7926f73290&ei=7|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511070307/https://www.msn.com/sv-se/nyheter/utrikes/gammalsvenskby-utsatt-f%C3%B6r-h%C3%A5rd-rysk-beskjutning/ar-AA1aXeCM?ocid=entnewsntp&pc=U531&cvid=10b3ebffe9394271cb876b7926f73290&ei=7|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The [[Askania-Nova]] [[biosphere reserve]] is located near the village.
+== History ==
-In March 2022, Russian military forces reached Gammalsvenskby as part of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="SD20220415"/> The village remained occupied until November 11, 2022, when it was reclaimed by the Ukrainian army.<ref name="TT20221111">{{Cite news |title=Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina har befriats |language=sv |trans-title=Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine has been liberated |work=Aftonbladet |agency=TT News Agency |publication-date=2022-11-11 |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/APr28z |access-date=2022-11-11}}https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/APr28z/gammalsvenskby-i-ukraina-har-befriats</ref>
-==Resettlement of Estonian Swedes and founding of Gammalsvenskby==
+=== Resettlement of Estonian Swedes and founding of Gammalsvenskby ===
 {{See also|Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia}}
 [[File:Oest.jpg|thumb|Dagö, Estonia|200px|left]]
 The population of Gammalsvenskby traces its origins to [[Hiiumaa]] (Dagö) in present-day [[Estonia]], once a part of the [[Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)|Duchy of Estonia]]. Under the [[Treaty of Nystad]], the island was among the territory ceded to the [[Russian Empire]] in 1721 at the end of the [[Great Northern War]].
-A few decades later, a portion of the peasant population in conflict with the local aristocracy, answered [[Catherine the Great]]'s 1762 ''[[ukase]]'' calling for settlers in [[Novorossiya]] on territory newly conquered from the [[Ottoman Empire]]; today this land is in [[Southern Ukraine]].<ref name=argsweua/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bartlett|first=Roger|title=The Russian and the Baltic German nobility in the eighteenth century|journal=Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique|volume=34|issue=1/2|date=1993|pages=233–243|jstor=20170857|doi=10.3406/cmr.1993.2349|url=http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/cmr_0008-0160_1993_num_34_1_2349.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|title=Negotiating Imperial Rule Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-century Black Sea Steppe|first=Julia|last=Malitska|type=PhD|date=2017|publisher=Södertörn University|location=Huddinge, Sweden|isbn=978-91-87843-93-8|url=https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1092923/FULLTEXT01.pdf|access-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref> Enticed by promises of new fertile land along the [[Dnieper]], about 1,200 people departed Dagö on August 20, 1780, and trekked overland to Novorossiya, arriving on May 1, 1781.<ref name="Geisinger1975" /><ref name="Rudling2005">{{cite journal|title=Ukrainian Swedes in Canada: Gammalsvenskby in the Swedish-Canadian Press 1929–1931|first=Per Anders|last=Rudling|journal=Scandiavian–Canadian Studies/Études scandinaves au Canada|volume=15|year=2005|pages=62–91|url=https://scancan.net/rudling_1_15.htm}}</ref> Only about 400 Swedes remained behind in Dagö.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estlandssvenskarnas historia|language=sv|trans-title=The History of Estonian Swedes|last=Brunberg Rickul|first=Göte|website=Estlandssvenskarnas Kulturförening|date=January 27, 2020|url=https://estlandssvenskarna.org/historik/estlandssvenskarnas-historia/|access-date=March 4, 2021}}</ref> While some sources call the [[Estonian Swedes]]' migration an outright expulsion from their Estonian homeland, other accounts stress the fact that these poor and oppressed [[serf]]s were given what may have seemed like a generous offer.
+A few decades later, a portion of the peasant population in conflict with the local aristocracy, answered [[Catherine the Great]]'s 1762 ''[[ukase]]'' calling for settlers in [[Novorossiya]] on territory newly conquered from the [[Ottoman Empire]]; today this land is in [[Southern Ukraine]].<ref name=argsweua/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bartlett|first=Roger|title=The Russian and the Baltic German nobility in the eighteenth century|journal=Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique|volume=34|issue=1/2|date=1993|pages=233–243|jstor=20170857|doi=10.3406/cmr.1993.2349|url=http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/cmr_0008-0160_1993_num_34_1_2349.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|title=Negotiating Imperial Rule Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-century Black Sea Steppe|first=Julia|last=Malitska|type=PhD|date=2017|publisher=Södertörn University|location=Huddinge, Sweden|isbn=978-91-87843-93-8|url=https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1092923/FULLTEXT01.pdf|access-date=3 March 2021|archive-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313012041/https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1092923/FULLTEXT01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Enticed by promises of new fertile land along the [[Dnieper]], about 1,200 people departed Dagö on 20 August 1780, and trekked overland to Novorossiya, arriving on 1 May 1781.<ref name="Geisinger1975" /><ref name="Rudling2005">{{cite journal|title=Ukrainian Swedes in Canada: Gammalsvenskby in the Swedish-Canadian Press 1929–1931|first=Per Anders|last=Rudling|journal=Scandiavian–Canadian Studies/Études scandinaves au Canada|volume=15|year=2005|pages=62–91|url=https://scancan.net/rudling_1_15.htm|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129223040/https://scancan.net/rudling_1_15.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Only about 400 Swedes remained behind in Dagö.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estlandssvenskarnas historia|language=sv|trans-title=The History of Estonian Swedes|last=Brunberg Rickul|first=Göte|website=Estlandssvenskarnas Kulturförening|date=27 January 2020|url=https://estlandssvenskarna.org/historik/estlandssvenskarnas-historia/|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124183143/https://estlandssvenskarna.org/historik/estlandssvenskarnas-historia/|url-status=live}}</ref> While some sources call the [[Estonian Swedes]]' migration an outright expulsion from their Estonian homeland, other accounts stress the fact that these poor and oppressed [[serf]]s were given what may have seemed like a generous offer.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
 Regardless of the impetus, the outcome of this mass migration was disastrous. Of the 1,200 villagers who left Estonia, only 900 made it to Novorossiya.<ref name=argsweua/><ref name="Geisinger1975" /> On arrival, there was no trace of the houses they had expected to find. Moreover, during their first year in Ukraine, an even larger portion of the settlers died, mainly due to [[dysentery]]. That first year, 318 died along with another 116 the following year. By 1794, only 224 people remained in Gammalsvenskby. In 1802, the Russian government ordered all male Swedes to marry by the age of 30 in an effort to boost the population.<ref name="Geisinger1975" />
-==Maintaining the Swedish heritage==
+=== Maintaining the Swedish heritage ===
 From 1787 to 1805, [[Black Sea Germans|German colonists]] were invited to Gammalsvenskby to bolster the region's population. The Germans referred to the area as the "{{lang|de|Schwedengebiet|italics=no}}" (''Swedish District'') and the village as "Alt-Schwedendorf". They soon founded three neighbouring villages: Schlangendorf, Mühlhausendorf, and Klosterdorf. With the arrival of these Germans, the Swedes were quickly outnumbered and eventually many of the area's pastors and teachers were German-speakers who did not know Swedish.<ref name="Geisinger1975" />
 Although the Swedes did not make full use of the [[arable land]] they had been allocated — they focused their industry more on fishing than farming<ref name="Geisinger1975" /> — the reallocation of farm land to the German newcomers strained relations between Gammalsvenskby's Swedes and their German neighbors, although intermarriage between the communities did occur, as is evidenced by parish register entries for weddings in both communities' churches.<ref name="Hedman">{{cite book|last=Hedman|first=Jörgen|date=1994|title=Svenskbysläkter : släktförteckningar över familjerna från Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina|language=sv|trans-title=Swedish Village Families: Genealogies of Families from Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine|publisher=Ödins Förlag|location=Visby, Sweden}}</ref> While the Swedes and Germans were sometimes rivals, they were never enemies and the two communities cooperated when times were bad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Malitska|first=Julia|editor-first1=Piotr|editor-last1=Wawrzeniuk|editor-first2=Julia|editor-last2=Malitska|title=The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine|year=2014|publisher=Södertörn University|location=Huddinge, Sweden|isbn=978-9186069858|pages=61–85|chapter=People in Between: Baltic Islanders as Colonists on the Steppe}}</ref>
-Despite this, the people of Gammalsvenskby maintained their traditions, [[Church of Sweden]] [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] faith, and [[Gammalsvenska|old Swedish dialect]]. At the end of the 19th century, some ties with Sweden were re-established, with the Ukrainian Swedes viewed as a "lost tribe" that preserved older Swedish traditions, such as writing in [[runes]] and maintaining an older form of the Church of Sweden's liturgy.<ref name="Forge" />  [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland|Prince Carl]] raised more than 6,000 rubles in Sweden and [[Finland]] to support construction of a new Swedish church in the village to replace the previous wooden church given by [[Prince Potemkin]] that burned in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gammal-Svenskbys nya stenkyrka|language=sv|trans-title=Gammal-Svenskby's new stone church|date=January 13, 1885|page=2|work=Svenska Dagbladet}}</ref> The new parish church of St. John opened in 1885. For a time, before the revolutions that followed World War I, visits from Sweden became frequent, and some villagers subscribed to [[Swedish newspapers]].
+Despite this, the people of Gammalsvenskby maintained their traditions, [[Church of Sweden]] [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] faith, and [[Gammalsvenska|old Swedish dialect]]. At the end of the 19th century, some ties with Sweden were re-established, with the Ukrainian Swedes viewed as a "lost tribe" that preserved older Swedish traditions, such as writing in [[runes]] and maintaining an older form of the Church of Sweden's liturgy.<ref name="Forge" />  [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland|Prince Carl]] raised more than 6,000 rubles in Sweden and [[Finland]] to support construction of a new Swedish church in the village to replace the previous wooden church given by [[Prince Potemkin]] that burned in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gammal-Svenskbys nya stenkyrka|language=sv|trans-title=Gammal-Svenskby's new stone church|date=13 January 1885|page=2|work=Svenska Dagbladet}}</ref> The new parish church of St. John opened in 1885. For a time, before the revolutions that followed World War I, visits from Sweden became frequent, and some villagers subscribed to [[Swedish newspapers]].
-Despite this, there were efforts by Russia to better integrate the Ukrainian Swedes with the Russian Empire. The original settlement plans exempted Ukrainian Swedes from conscription into the tsar's army, but this changed by the end of the 1800s and 130 men from Gammalsvenskby were inducted into the Russian army during [[World War I]].<ref name="AtWar">{{cite book|title=Swedes at War: Willing Warriors of a Neutral Nation, 1914–1945|last1=Gyllenhaal|first1=Lars|last2=Westberg|first2=Lennart|translator-last=Finstrom|translator-first=Carl Gustav|publisher=The Aberjona Press|location=Bedford, Pennsylvania|date=2014|isbn=978-1-93884-7-02-8}}</ref>
+Despite this, there were efforts by Russia to better integrate the Ukrainian Swedes with the Russian Empire. The original settlement plans exempted Ukrainian Swedes from conscription into the tsar's army, but this changed by the end of the 1800s and 130 men from Gammalsvenskby were inducted into the Russian army during [[World War I]].<ref name="AtWar">{{cite book|title=Swedes at War: Willing Warriors of a Neutral Nation, 1914–1945|last1=Gyllenhaal|first1=Lars|last2=Westberg|first2=Lennart|translator-last=Finstrom|translator-first=Carl Gustav|publisher=The Aberjona Press|location=Bedford, Pennsylvania|date=2014|isbn=978-1-93884-7-02-8}}</ref>{{clear}}
-==Relocation attempt to Sweden==
+=== Relocation attempt to Sweden ===
 [[File:Svenskybykarikatyr.png|thumb|Caricature of the Gammalsvenskby returnees published in the Swedish Communist newspaper ''[[Folkets Dagblad Politiken]]'', August 1929. The picture portrays the settlers as entertainers, being put to display at a community fair in [[Ljungby]].]]
-During the [[Russian Civil War]], Gammalsvenskby was largely held by the Red Army, although the village did come under artillery fire from the White Army under General [[Anton Denikin]]. After fighting moved away from the villages in 1921, villagers sought aid from Sweden, including writing to [[Archbishop of Uppsala]] [[Nathan Söderblom]].<ref name="Hedman2000">{{cite web|last=Hedman|first=Jörgen|title=Gammalsvenskby: The True Story of the Swedish Settlement in the Ukraine|url=http://media.wp.svenskbyborna.se/2014/03/The-story-of-Gammalsvenskby-Jorgen-Hedman.pdf|access-date=March 8, 2021|year=2000}}</ref> In 1922, the [[Swedish Red Cross]] led an expedition to Gammalsvenskby to provide aid and guidance in developing the region and its farmland. Under this plan, two new Swedish villages, Nysvenskby ("New Swedish Village") and Svenskåker ("Swedish Field"), were established in part to preserve their right to the land. The neighboring German villages similarly established additional outposts, Friedenheim and Neuklosterdorf.<ref name="Hedman2000" />
+During the [[Russian Civil War]], Gammalsvenskby was largely held by the Red Army, although the village did come under artillery fire from the White Army under General [[Anton Denikin]]. After fighting moved away from the villages in 1921, villagers sought aid from Sweden, including writing to [[Archbishop of Uppsala]] [[Nathan Söderblom]].<ref name="Hedman2000">{{cite web|last=Hedman|first=Jörgen|title=Gammalsvenskby: The True Story of the Swedish Settlement in the Ukraine|url=http://media.wp.svenskbyborna.se/2014/03/The-story-of-Gammalsvenskby-Jorgen-Hedman.pdf|access-date=8 March 2021|year=2000|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629193816/http://media.wp.svenskbyborna.se/2014/03/The-story-of-Gammalsvenskby-Jorgen-Hedman.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1922, the [[Swedish Red Cross]] led an expedition to Gammalsvenskby to provide aid and guidance in developing the region and its farmland. Under this plan, two new Swedish villages, Nysvenskby ("New Swedish Village") and Svenskåker ("Swedish Field"), were established in part to preserve their right to the land. The neighboring German villages similarly established additional outposts, Friedenheim and Neuklosterdorf.<ref name="Hedman2000" />
-Conflicts with Soviet authorities over taxation, [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization policies]], and the right to maintain their Lutheran faith increased the efforts by some villagers to seek return to Sweden. On September 1, 1927, 136 farmers from the village petitioned "the people of Sweden, Finland, and America" for aid to reunite them with their fellow Swedes. These efforts were not immediately embraced by Sweden's representative to Moscow, {{ill|Carl Gerhard von Heidenstam|sv|Carl von Heidenstam}}, who urged caution.<ref name="Hedman2000" /> On June 28, 1928, 429 villagers voted to emigrate back to Sweden under the [[Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia]]'s support for ethnic self-determination. At this time, pressure in Sweden to allow the return of the people from Gammalsvenskby increased, and on February 22, 1929, the [[Riksdag]] approved their right to come to Sweden. By June 1929, the Soviet government reached an agreement with the Swedes regarding disposition of their property in Ukraine and passport fees, and most of the people of Gammalsvenskby began preparing to leave.<ref name="Hedman2000" /> The villagers could only take with them what could be packed on a passenger train.<ref name="Geisinger1975">{{cite journal|title=Villages in Which Our Forefathers Lived|last=Giesinger|first=Adam|date=April 1975|journal=American Historical Society of Germans from Russia|issue=17|pages=33–37|url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.ahsgr.org/resource/resmgr/Work_Papers/WP1975_17.pdf|access-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
+Conflicts with Soviet authorities over taxation, [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization policies]], and the right to maintain their Lutheran faith increased the efforts by some villagers to seek return to Sweden. On 1 September 1927, 136 farmers from the village petitioned "the people of Sweden, Finland, and America" for aid to reunite them with their fellow Swedes. These efforts were not immediately embraced by Sweden's representative to Moscow, {{ill|Carl Gerhard von Heidenstam|sv|Carl von Heidenstam}}, who urged caution.<ref name="Hedman2000" /> On 28 June 1928, 429 villagers voted to emigrate back to Sweden under the [[Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia]]'s support for ethnic self-determination. At this time, pressure in Sweden to allow the return of the people from Gammalsvenskby increased, and on 22 February 1929, the [[Riksdag]] approved their right to come to Sweden. By June 1929, the Soviet government reached an agreement with the Swedes regarding disposition of their property in Ukraine and passport fees, and most of the people of Gammalsvenskby began preparing to leave.<ref name="Hedman2000" /> The villagers could only take with them what could be packed on a passenger train.<ref name="Geisinger1975">{{cite journal|title=Villages in Which Our Forefathers Lived|last=Giesinger|first=Adam|date=April 1975|journal=American Historical Society of Germans from Russia|issue=17|pages=33–37|url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.ahsgr.org/resource/resmgr/Work_Papers/WP1975_17.pdf|access-date=3 March 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129223038/https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.ahsgr.org/resource/resmgr/Work_Papers/WP1975_17.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-On July 22, 1929, the Swedes of Gammalsvenskby who had received an exit permit were brought downriver to [[Kherson]] on two steamers. From there, the Swedish Red Cross brought them on the cargo ship ''Firuzan'' to [[Constanța]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], where the overland journey began. They travelled by train through Hungary and Austria to Germany, passing through [[Sinaia]], [[Brașov]],  [[Lőkösháza]], [[Budapest]], [[Vienna]], [[Passau]], and [[Stralsund]] on the way to [[Sassnitz]]. From there, they took the ferry across the [[Baltic Sea]] to Sweden.<ref name="Hedman" /> On August 1, 1929, 885 Ukrainian Swedes arrived in [[Trelleborg]], Sweden, where they were received by [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland]].<ref name=argsweua/> Of those who opted to remain in Gammalsvenskby, 19 families (94 people) soon moved on to [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]], where earlier emigrants from Gammalsvenskby had settled. Six of these families later returned to Sweden.<ref name="Hedman" />
+On 22 July 1929, the Swedes of Gammalsvenskby who had received an exit permit were brought downriver to [[Kherson]] on two steamers. From there, the Swedish Red Cross brought them on the cargo ship ''Firuzan'' to [[Constanța]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], where the overland journey began. They travelled by train through Hungary and Austria to Germany, passing through [[Sinaia]], [[Brașov]],  [[Lőkösháza]], [[Budapest]], [[Vienna]], [[Passau]], and [[Stralsund]] on the way to [[Sassnitz]]. From there, they took the ferry across the [[Baltic Sea]] to Sweden.<ref name="Hedman" /> On 1 August 1929, 885 Ukrainian Swedes arrived in [[Trelleborg]], Sweden, where they were received by [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland]].<ref name=argsweua/> Of those who opted to remain in Gammalsvenskby, 19 families (94 people) soon moved on to [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]], where earlier emigrants from Gammalsvenskby had settled. Six of these families later returned to Sweden.<ref name="Hedman" />
-The majority of the villagers stayed in Sweden, many of them settling in [[Gotland]], as well as in [[Västergötland]] and [[Småland]].<ref name="Hedman" /> In an effort to integrate these "ancient Swedes" with modern Sweden, officials did not allow them to stay in a single, common settlement.<ref name="RedSweden">{{cite book|last=Kotljarchuk|first=Andrej|editor-first1=Piotr|editor-last1=Wawrzeniuk|editor-first2=Julia|editor-last2=Malitska|title=The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:704718/FULLTEXT01.pdf|access-date=March 2, 2021|year=2014|publisher=Södertörn University|location=Huddinge, Sweden|isbn=978-9186069858|pages=111–149|chapter=Little Red Sweden in Ukraine – the 1930s Comintern project in Gammalsvenskby}}</ref> Instead, the government took a very paternalistic approach towards the Gammalsvenskby emigrants, requiring them to apprentice with established farmers to learn Swedish agricultural practices.<ref name="Hedman" />
+The majority of the villagers stayed in Sweden, many of them settling in [[Gotland]], as well as in [[Västergötland]] and [[Småland]].<ref name="Hedman" /> In an effort to integrate these "ancient Swedes" with modern Sweden, officials did not allow them to stay in a single, common settlement.<ref name="RedSweden">{{cite book|last=Kotljarchuk|first=Andrej|editor-first1=Piotr|editor-last1=Wawrzeniuk|editor-first2=Julia|editor-last2=Malitska|title=The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:704718/FULLTEXT01.pdf|access-date=2 March 2021|year=2014|publisher=Södertörn University|location=Huddinge, Sweden|isbn=978-9186069858|pages=111–149|chapter=Little Red Sweden in Ukraine – the 1930s Comintern project in Gammalsvenskby|archive-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313001037/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:704718/FULLTEXT01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Instead, the government took a very paternalistic approach towards the Gammalsvenskby emigrants, requiring them to apprentice with established farmers to learn Swedish agricultural practices.<ref name="Hedman" />
-About four months after arriving in Sweden, some emigrants requested to return to Ukraine. Peter Knutas and Waldemar Utas wrote to the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] that the move to Sweden was a thoughtless step and sought permission for three families to return to Ukraine.<ref name="Forge">{{cite report|title=In the Forge of Stalin: Swedish Colonists of Ukraine in Totalitarian Experiments of the Twentieth Century|last=Kotljarchuk|first=Andrej|series=Stockholms Studies in History, 100|year=2014|publisher=Stockholm University|location=Stockholm, Sweden|isbn=978-91-87235-96-2|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:770629/FULLTEXT02.pdf|access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> Some emigrants also joined the [[Left Party (Sweden)|Communist Party of Sweden]] in hope of reflecting their loyalty to Soviet authorities.<ref name=argsweua/> The movement of Ukrainian Swedes — both to Sweden and then back to the Ukrainian SSR — was used for propaganda purposes by both anti-Soviet and pro-Soviet media.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Letter from Europe: Swedes in Ukraine|last1=Gardner|first1=Nicky|last2=Kries|first2=Susanne|magazine=Hidden Europe|date=2017|issue=25|url=https://www.hiddeneurope.eu/swedes-in-ukraine|access-date=March 4, 2021}}</ref>
+About four months after arriving in Sweden, some emigrants requested to return to Ukraine. Peter Knutas and Waldemar Utas wrote to the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] that the move to Sweden was a thoughtless step and sought permission for three families to return to Ukraine.<ref name="Forge">{{cite report|title=In the Forge of Stalin: Swedish Colonists of Ukraine in Totalitarian Experiments of the Twentieth Century|last=Kotljarchuk|first=Andrej|series=Stockholms Studies in History, 100|year=2014|publisher=Stockholm University|location=Stockholm, Sweden|isbn=978-91-87235-96-2|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:770629/FULLTEXT02.pdf|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212205125/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:770629/FULLTEXT02.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Some emigrants also joined the [[Left Party (Sweden)|Communist Party of Sweden]] in hope of reflecting their loyalty to Soviet authorities.<ref name=argsweua/> The movement of Ukrainian Swedes — both to Sweden and then back to the Ukrainian SSR — was used for propaganda purposes by both anti-Soviet and pro-Soviet media.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Letter from Europe: Swedes in Ukraine|last1=Gardner|first1=Nicky|last2=Kries|first2=Susanne|magazine=Hidden Europe|date=2017|issue=25|url=https://www.hiddeneurope.eu/swedes-in-ukraine|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418085157/https://hiddeneurope.eu/swedes-in-ukraine|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==Soviet repression, Holodomor, and World War II==
+=== Soviet repression, Holodomor, and World War II ===
 {{See also|Holodomor|Great Purge}}
-[[File:Minnesmärke.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial to the 16 men and one woman from Gammalsvenskby who were killed or disappeared in the Stalinist purge of 1937–1938.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inför kungabesöket|language=sv|trans-title=Before the royal visit|last=Svedberg|first=Göran|date=2008|website=Gammalsvenskby.se|url=http://www.gammalsvenskby.se/Aktuellt20081.htm|access-date=March 17, 2021}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Minnesmärke.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial to the 16 men and one woman from Gammalsvenskby who were killed or disappeared in the Stalinist purge of 1937–1938.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inför kungabesöket|language=sv|trans-title=Before the royal visit|last=Svedberg|first=Göran|date=2008|website=Gammalsvenskby.se|url=http://www.gammalsvenskby.se/Aktuellt20081.htm|access-date=17 March 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129223042/http://www.gammalsvenskby.se/Aktuellt20081.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
 In total, around 250 villagers chose to return to Gammalsvenskby. With the support of the Communist Party of Sweden, they established a minor [[collective farm]] called ''Röd Svenskby'' (Red Swedish Village).<ref name="RedSweden" />
-Life in the Soviet Union turned out to be hard. In 1929, the church in Gammalsvenskby was closed by the Soviet government. The [[Holodomor|famine of 1932–1933]] renewed interest in the idea of returning to Sweden, and some villagers signed a list stating that they wanted to leave the country. This led to the arrest of 20 people by the secret police, the [[State Political Directorate|GPU]]. Five of them were sent to prison. Several villagers were killed in the [[Great Purge|Stalinist purge]] of the following years. In the 1930s, the majority of the 3,500 Scandinavian descendants living in the [[Southern Ukraine]] were accused of spying and sent with their families to ''[[katorga]]'' in [[Siberia]] and [[Karelia]].<ref name=argsweua>{{cite news|last=Шама|first=Олег|script-title=ru:Как шведы Украины спасались от советской власти еще в 1930–х годах|language=ru|trans-title=How the Swedes of Ukraine Escaped the Soviet Regime Back in the 1930s|script-work=ru:Аргумент|date=October 6, 2016|url=http://argumentua.com/stati/kak-shvedy-ukrainy-spasalis-ot-sovetskoi-vlasti-eshche-v-1930-kh-godakh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029223848/http://argumentua.com/stati/kak-shvedy-ukrainy-spasalis-ot-sovetskoi-vlasti-eshche-v-1930-kh-godakh|archive-date=October 29, 2016|access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref>
+Life in the Soviet Union turned out to be hard. In 1929, the church in Gammalsvenskby was closed by the Soviet government. The [[Holodomor|famine of 1932–1933]] renewed interest in the idea of returning to Sweden, and some villagers signed a list stating that they wanted to leave the country. This led to the arrest of 20 people by the secret police, the [[State Political Directorate|GPU]]. Five of them were sent to prison. Several villagers were killed in the [[Great Purge|Stalinist purge]] of the following years. In the 1930s, the majority of the 3,500 Scandinavian descendants living in the [[Southern Ukraine]] were accused of spying and sent with their families to ''[[katorga]]'' in [[Siberia]] and [[Karelia]].<ref name=argsweua>{{cite news|last=Шама|first=Олег|script-title=ru:Как шведы Украины спасались от советской власти еще в 1930–х годах|language=ru|trans-title=How the Swedes of Ukraine Escaped the Soviet Regime Back in the 1930s|script-work=ru:Аргумент|date=6 October 2016|url=http://argumentua.com/stati/kak-shvedy-ukrainy-spasalis-ot-sovetskoi-vlasti-eshche-v-1930-kh-godakh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029223848/http://argumentua.com/stati/kak-shvedy-ukrainy-spasalis-ot-sovetskoi-vlasti-eshche-v-1930-kh-godakh|archive-date=29 October 2016|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
-With the [[Operation Barbarossa|Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union]], the [[Wehrmacht|German army]] arrived in Gammalsvenskby on August 25, 1941, where the soldiers were welcomed as liberators.<ref name="AtWar" /> During the Nazis's three-year occupation, they granted the Swedish Ukrainians German citizenship and many of the men from Gammalsvenskby joined the German forces — both voluntarily and through conscription. As Soviet troops advanced in October 1943, Swedes and Germans were removed from the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]] under [[German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe|Germany's evacuation plans]].<ref name="AtWar" /> Many evacuees from Gammalsvenskby ended up in [[Krotoszyn|Krotoschyn]], in the German [[Reichsgau Wartheland|Warthegau]] that had been annexed from [[Poland]]. Nearly 150 residents of Gammalsvenskby were caught by Soviet authorities at the end of the war and sent to [[labor camps]], but were allowed to return to Ukraine as early as 1947. Others managed to go to Sweden or directly back to Gammalsvenskby.<ref name="RedSweden" />
+With the [[Operation Barbarossa|Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union]], the [[Wehrmacht|German army]] arrived in Gammalsvenskby on 25 August 1941, where the soldiers were welcomed as liberators.<ref name="AtWar" /> During the Nazis's three-year occupation, they granted the Swedish Ukrainians German citizenship and many of the men from Gammalsvenskby joined the German forces — both voluntarily and through conscription. As Soviet troops advanced in October 1943, Swedes and Germans were removed from the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]] under [[German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe|Germany's evacuation plans]].<ref name="AtWar" /> Many evacuees from Gammalsvenskby ended up in [[Krotoszyn|Krotoschyn]], in the German [[Reichsgau Wartheland|Warthegau]] that had been annexed from [[Poland]]. Nearly 150 residents of Gammalsvenskby were caught by Soviet authorities at the end of the war and sent to [[labor camps]], but were allowed to return to Ukraine as early as 1947. Others managed to go to Sweden or directly back to Gammalsvenskby.<ref name="RedSweden" />
-In 1947, under a Soviet policy to remove Germanic place names, Schlangendorf became ''Zmiivka'', Mühlhausendorf became ''Mykhailivka'', and Klosterdorf became ''Kostirka''. Gammalsvenskby was renamed ''Verbivka''.<ref name="RedSweden" /><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Шульган|first=Ольга Володимирівна|script-title=uk:Ойконімія України ХХ Століття (Еко- та Соціолінгвістичні Аспекти)|language=uk|trans-title=Economics of Ukraine in the 20th Century (Eco- and Sociolinguistic Aspects)|date=2017|type=к.филол.н.|script-chapter=uk:Додаток Д (Appendix Д)|publisher= Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University|location= Ternopil, Ukraine|url=http://phd.znu.edu.ua/page//dis/02_2017/Shulhan_dis.pdf|access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref>
+In 1947, under a Soviet policy to remove Germanic place names, Schlangendorf became ''Zmiivka'', Mühlhausendorf became ''Mykhailivka'', and Klosterdorf became ''Kostirka''. Gammalsvenskby was renamed ''Verbivka''.<ref name="RedSweden" /><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Шульган|first=Ольга Володимирівна|script-title=uk:Ойконімія України ХХ Століття (Еко- та Соціолінгвістичні Аспекти)|language=uk|trans-title=Economics of Ukraine in the 20th Century (Eco- and Sociolinguistic Aspects)|date=2017|type=к.филол.н.|script-chapter=uk:Додаток Д (Appendix Д)|publisher=Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University|location=Ternopil, Ukraine|url=http://phd.znu.edu.ua/page//dis/02_2017/Shulhan_dis.pdf|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313005253/http://phd.znu.edu.ua/page//dis/02_2017/Shulhan_dis.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 1951, after the [[1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange|exchange of territories by Poland and the Soviet Union]], around 2,500 people were relocated to the area from the [[Drohobych Oblast]] villages of Lodyna, Dolyshni Berehy, and Naniv. Due to the resulting increase in population, the four villages were united under the name Zmiivka. With this migration, Zmiivka became home to the largest [[Boykos]] (Ukrainian Highlander) diaspora in Kherson Oblast, making up nearly 80% of the villagers. The newly relocated populace was officially prohibited from celebrating their traditional holidays, such as [[Vertep]] during [[Christmas]]. To make matters worse, the locals among whom they were settled considered the newcomers to be anti-Soviet nationalists.<ref name="Cybriwsky2018">{{cite book|last=Cybriwsky|first=Roman Adrian|title=Along Ukraine's River: A Social and Environmental History of the Dnipro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7pWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA208|access-date=March 3, 2021|year=2018|publisher=Central European University Press|location=Budapest, Hungary|isbn=978-963-386-204-9|pages=208–209}}</ref>
+In 1951, after the [[1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange|exchange of territories by Poland and the Soviet Union]], around 2,500 people were relocated to the area from the [[Drohobych Oblast]] villages of Lodyna, Dolyshni Berehy, and Naniv. Due to the resulting increase in population, the four villages were united under the name Zmiivka. With this migration, Zmiivka became home to the largest [[Boykos]] (Ukrainian Highlander) diaspora in Kherson Oblast, making up nearly 80% of the villagers. The newly relocated populace was officially prohibited from celebrating their traditional holidays, such as [[Vertep]] during [[Christmas]]. To make matters worse, the locals among whom they were settled considered the newcomers to be anti-Soviet nationalists.<ref name="Cybriwsky2018">{{cite book|last=Cybriwsky|first=Roman Adrian|title=Along Ukraine's River: A Social and Environmental History of the Dnipro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7pWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA208|access-date=3 March 2021|year=2018|publisher=Central European University Press|location=Budapest, Hungary|isbn=978-963-386-204-9|pages=208–209|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417094416/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7pWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA208|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 1955 a dam was constructed on the Dnieper, creating the [[Kakhovka Reservoir]]. This submerged part of the village along with several islands and fishing waters.<ref name="Forsman2016">{{cite journal|title=Language shift from a nonspeaker perspective: Themes in the accounts of linguistic practices of first-generation non-swedish speakers in Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine|last=Forsman|first=Ludvig|date=June 2016|journal=Language in Society|volume=45|issue=3|pages=375–396|doi=10.1017/S0047404516000361|s2cid=147797560}}</ref>
+In 1955 the [[Kakhovka Dam]] was constructed on the Dnieper, creating the [[Kakhovka Reservoir]]. This submerged part of the village along with several islands and fishing waters. On 6 June 2023, the dam was [[Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam|destroyed]] while it was under control of the Russian forces during the Russian invasion in 2022. <ref name="Forsman2016">{{cite journal|title=Language shift from a nonspeaker perspective: Themes in the accounts of linguistic practices of first-generation non-swedish speakers in Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine|last=Forsman|first=Ludvig|date=June 2016|journal=Language in Society|volume=45|issue=3|pages=375–396|doi=10.1017/S0047404516000361|s2cid=147797560}}</ref>{{clear}}
-==Gammalsvenskby today==
+=== Gammalsvenskby post-1991 ===
 {{multiple image
- | align     = right
+| align             = right
- | direction = horizontal
+| direction         = horizontal
- | image1    = Coat of arms of Sweden.svg
+| image1            = Coat of arms of Sweden.svg
- | width1    = 56
+| width1            = 56
- | caption1  = Swedish Tre Kronor
+| caption1          = Swedish Tre Kronor
- | image2    = Zmiyivka CoA.jpg
+| image2            = Zmiyivka CoA.jpg
- | width2    = 85
+| width2            = 85
- | caption2  = Tre Kronor in Zmiivka
+| caption2          = Tre Kronor in Zmiivka
- | image3    = Beryslavskiy rayon gerb.png
+| image3            = Beryslavskiy rayon gerb.png
- | width3    = 92
+| width3            = 92
- | caption3  = Tre Kronor in Beryslav Raion
+| caption3          = Tre Kronor in Beryslav Raion
 }}
-Prior to the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], contacts with Sweden and Canada were re-established, and in the 1990s the [[Church of Sweden]], [[Gotland Municipality]], and other Swedish organizations lent economic support and led relief efforts.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Hjälpsändning till Gammalsvenskby|language=sv|trans-title=Auxiliary shipment to Gammalsvenskby|last=Knutas|first=Kjell|magazine=Kustbon|date=December 1994|issue=4|volume=51|page=15|url=https://sverigeesterna.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kustbon_1994_4.pdf|access-date=March 17, 2021}}</ref> [[Chumak (company)|Chumak]], a Swedish-owned producer of oil, ketchup and canned food, was established in the nearby town of [[Kakhovka]].<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Lines in the Landscape: Land reform and the landscape in southern Ukraine|last=Kuns|first=Brian|date=2010|type=Master's|publisher=Stockholm University|location=Stockholm, Sweden|url=http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:322098/FULLTEXT01.pdf|access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> In 2008, King [[Carl XVI Gustaf]] and Queen [[Queen Silvia of Sweden|Silvia]] visited Zmiivka and Gammalsvenskby as part of a [[state visit]] to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Political relations between Ukraine and the Kingdom of Sweden|date=November 3, 2020|website=Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of Sweden|url=https://sweden.mfa.gov.ua/en/partnership/politichni-vidnosini-mizh-ukrajinoju-ta-shvecijeju|access-date=March 2, 2020}}</ref>
+Prior to the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], contacts with Sweden and Canada were re-established, and in the 1990s the [[Church of Sweden]], [[Gotland Municipality]], and other Swedish organizations lent economic support and led relief efforts.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Hjälpsändning till Gammalsvenskby|language=sv|trans-title=Auxiliary shipment to Gammalsvenskby|last=Knutas|first=Kjell|magazine=Kustbon|date=December 1994|issue=4|volume=51|page=15|url=https://sverigeesterna.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kustbon_1994_4.pdf|access-date=17 March 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126174554/https://sverigeesterna.se/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kustbon_1994_4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chumak (company)|Chumak]], a Swedish-owned producer of oil, ketchup and canned food, was established in the nearby town of [[Kakhovka]].<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Lines in the Landscape: Land reform and the landscape in southern Ukraine|last=Kuns|first=Brian|date=2010|type=Master's|publisher=Stockholm University|location=Stockholm, Sweden|url=http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:322098/FULLTEXT01.pdf|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208110948/http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:322098/FULLTEXT01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In early October 2008, King [[Carl XVI Gustaf]] and Queen [[Queen Silvia of Sweden|Silvia]] visited Zmiivka and Gammalsvenskby as part of a [[state visit]] to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Political relations between Ukraine and the Kingdom of Sweden|date=3 November 2020|website=Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of Sweden|url=https://sweden.mfa.gov.ua/en/partnership/politichni-vidnosini-mizh-ukrajinoju-ta-shvecijeju|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124084725/https://sweden.mfa.gov.ua/en/partnership/politichni-vidnosini-mizh-ukrajinoju-ta-shvecijeju|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Asof|2016}}, the village had only around 108 people who share a Swedish cultural heritage. Only a few of them still speak the local Swedish dialect fluently and German is often used instead. However, the Swedish heritage is reflected in Zmiivka's emblem, which incorporates the Swedish national symbol (the [[Three Crowns|Tre Kronor]]), as well as a blue cross on a yellow field, which inverses the [[Flag of Sweden|Swedish flag]]'s colors. On April 15, 2001, Gotland signed a [[sister city]] agreement with the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gotland.se/imcms/4540|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123152021/http://www.gotland.se/imcms/4540|archive-date=November 23, 2005|title=Gammelsvenskby i Ukraina|language=sv|trans-title=Gammelsvenskby in Ukraine|publisher=[[Gotland Municipality]]|access-date=March 25, 2012}}</ref> Tourism from Sweden remains an important aspect of the village's economy and an impetus for preservation of the [[Gammalsvenska|Gammalsvenska dialect]].<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Старое шведское село|language=ru|trans-title=Staroshvedsky village|first=Антон|last=Кашликов|date=November 29, 2008|script-work=ru:Профиль|number=46|page=65|url=http://arhiv.orthodoxy.org.ua/ru/2008/12/01/20741.html|access-date=March 4, 2021}}</ref>
+{{As of|2016}}, the village had only around 108 people who share a Swedish cultural heritage. Only a few of them still speak the local Swedish dialect fluently and German is often used instead. However, the Swedish heritage is reflected in Zmiivka's emblem, which incorporates the Swedish national symbol (the [[Three Crowns|Tre Kronor]]), as well as a blue cross on a yellow field, which inverses the [[Flag of Sweden|Swedish flag]]'s colors. On 15 April 2001, Gotland signed a [[sister city]] agreement with the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gotland.se/imcms/4540|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123152021/http://www.gotland.se/imcms/4540|archive-date=23 November 2005|title=Gammelsvenskby i Ukraina|language=sv|trans-title=Gammelsvenskby in Ukraine|publisher=[[Gotland Municipality]]|access-date=25 March 2012}}</ref> Tourism from Sweden remains an important aspect of the village's economy and an impetus for preservation of the [[Gammalsvenska|Gammalsvenska dialect]].<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Старое шведское село|language=ru|trans-title=Staroshvedsky village|first=Антон|last=Кашликов|date=29 November 2008|script-work=ru:Профиль|number=46|page=65|url=http://arhiv.orthodoxy.org.ua/ru/2008/12/01/20741.html|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129223050/http://arhiv.orthodoxy.org.ua/ru/2008/12/01/20741.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 The whole of [[Beryslav Raion]] is now heavily [[Ukrainization|Ukrainianized]] due to the resettlement of many people from western Ukraine in the region, including to the local villages of {{ill|Lvivski Otruby|uk|Львівські Отруби}}, {{ill|Lvove|uk|Львове (Бериславський район)}}, and {{ill|Tarasa Shevchenka|uk|Тараса Шевченка (Бериславський район)}}.
-===2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine===
+==== Russian invasion of Ukraine ====
-During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Gammalsvenskby was occupied by Russian troops,<ref name="SD20220415">{{cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/a/y4dmAJ/ryska-soldater-har-natt-gammalsvenskby|url-access=subscription|title=Ryska soldater har nått Gammalsvenskby|trans-title=Russian soldiers  have reached Gammalsvenskby|first=Alexzandra|last=Persson|newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]]|date=April 15, 2022|language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Andersson |first=Peter Fällmar |date=March 5, 2022 |title=Svenskbyn i den blodiga jorden |language=sv |trans-title=The Swedish Village in the Bloody Earth |work=Helsingborgs Dagblad |url=https://www.hd.se/2022-03-05/svenskbyn-i-den-blodiga-jorden}}</ref> who later destroyed a monument dedicated to Ukrainian independence in the village.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/ryska-soldater-slog-sonder-viktigt-monument-i-gammelsvenskby|last1=Ullsten|first1=Maria|last2=Fullman|first2=Christine|title=Ryska soldater slog sönder viktigt monument i Gammelsvenskby|newspaper=Sveriges Radio |trans-title=Russian soldiers destroyed important monument in Gammalsvenskby|publisher=[[Radio Sweden]]|date=July 29, 2022|access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref> During the [[2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine]], the Russian occupiers shut off the internet and mobile communications in the village, and the population of Gammalsvenskby refused to take part in the balloting. People reportedly locked themselves in their homes, refusing to open their doors, although some people did manage to vote no.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-04 |title=INTERVIEW: 'We know there are Russian tanks in Ukraine's Swedish village' |language=en-US |work=The Local |url=https://www.thelocal.se/20221104/interview-we-know-there-are-russian-tanks-in-ukraines-swedish-village/ |access-date=2022-11-11}}</ref>
+During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Gammalsvenskby was occupied by Russian troops,<ref name="SD20220415">{{cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/a/y4dmAJ/ryska-soldater-har-natt-gammalsvenskby|url-access=subscription|title=Ryska soldater har nått Gammalsvenskby|trans-title=Russian soldiers  have reached Gammalsvenskby|first=Alexzandra|last=Persson|newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]]|date=15 April 2022|language=sv|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502221655/https://www.svd.se/a/y4dmAJ/ryska-soldater-har-natt-gammalsvenskby|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Andersson |first=Peter Fällmar |date=5 March 2022 |title=Svenskbyn i den blodiga jorden |language=sv |trans-title=The Swedish Village in the Bloody Earth |work=Helsingborgs Dagblad |url=https://www.hd.se/2022-03-05/svenskbyn-i-den-blodiga-jorden |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921151417/https://www.hd.se/2022-03-05/svenskbyn-i-den-blodiga-jorden |url-status=live }}</ref> who later destroyed a monument dedicated to Ukrainian independence in the village.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/ryska-soldater-slog-sonder-viktigt-monument-i-gammelsvenskby|last1=Ullsten|first1=Maria|last2=Fullman|first2=Christine|title=Ryska soldater slog sönder viktigt monument i Gammelsvenskby|newspaper=Sveriges Radio|trans-title=Russian soldiers destroyed important monument in Gammalsvenskby|publisher=[[Radio Sweden]]|date=29 July 2022|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814123917/https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/ryska-soldater-slog-sonder-viktigt-monument-i-gammelsvenskby|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine]], the Russian occupiers shut off the internet and mobile communications in the village, and the population of Gammalsvenskby refused to take part in the balloting. People reportedly locked themselves in their homes, refusing to open their doors, although some people did manage to vote no.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2022 |title=INTERVIEW: 'We know there are Russian tanks in Ukraine's Swedish village' |language=en-US |work=The Local |url=https://www.thelocal.se/20221104/interview-we-know-there-are-russian-tanks-in-ukraines-swedish-village/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111140434/https://www.thelocal.se/20221104/interview-we-know-there-are-russian-tanks-in-ukraines-swedish-village/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-During the [[2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive]], the village was about {{convert|10|to|15|km|mi}} southeast of the frontlines, and it was reported that the population was hoping for liberation by Ukrainian forces.<ref name="Radio 2022">{{cite news | last= | first= | title=Svenskbyn vägrade delta i ryska "folkomröstningen" – låste dörrarna - Nyheter (Ekot) | website=Sveriges Radio | date=September 27, 2022 | url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/svenskbyn-vagrade-delta-i-ryska-folkomrostningen-laste-dorrarna | language=sv | access-date=September 27, 2022| last1= Palmborg| first1= Martin}}</ref> The village was liberated by the Ukrainian army on November 11, 2022, following Russian troops' withdrawal to the west bank of the Dnipro.<ref name="TT20221111" />
+During the [[2022 Kherson counteroffensive]], the village was about {{convert|10|to|15|km|mi}} southeast of the frontlines, and it was reported that the population was hoping for liberation by Ukrainian forces.<ref name="Radio 2022">{{cite news | last= | first= | title=Svenskbyn vägrade delta i ryska "folkomröstningen" — låste dörrarna | website=Sveriges Radio | date=27 September 2022 | url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/svenskbyn-vagrade-delta-i-ryska-folkomrostningen-laste-dorrarna | language=sv | trans-title=Svenskbyn refused to participate in the Russian "referendum" — locked the doors | access-date=27 September 2022 | last1=Palmborg | first1=Martin | archive-date=27 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927110920/https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/svenskbyn-vagrade-delta-i-ryska-folkomrostningen-laste-dorrarna | url-status=live }}</ref> The village was liberated by the Ukrainian army on 11 November 2022, following Russian troops' withdrawal to the left (east) bank of the Dnipro.<ref name="TT20221111" />
+After the liberation by Ukrainian forces, Russia has continued to target the village, in one attack destroying the local school in a bombing attack that killed one and wounded one of the school's employees. The village has also been the target of several attacks by Russia making use of [[white phosphorus munitions]] to deliberately cause as much [[Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|devastation to the local civilian population]] as possible. These attacks have been described as direct [[Terror Bombing|terror bombings]] targeted at civilians as the village is not of any particular military value. These bombings are under investigation for  possible [[War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|war crimes]].<ref>{{cite web|date=11 April 2023|agency=TT Nyhetsbyrån|access-date=11 April 2023|title=Gammalsvenskby utsatt för hård rysk beskjutning|work=Nyheter24|url=https://www.msn.com/sv-se/nyheter/utrikes/gammalsvenskby-utsatt-f%C3%B6r-h%C3%A5rd-rysk-beskjutning/ar-AA1aXeCM|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511070307/https://www.msn.com/sv-se/nyheter/utrikes/gammalsvenskby-utsatt-f%C3%B6r-h%C3%A5rd-rysk-beskjutning/ar-AA1aXeCM?ocid=entnewsntp&pc=U531&cvid=10b3ebffe9394271cb876b7926f73290&ei=7|url-status=live}}</ref> Russian drones have also targeted individual civilians walking the streets, as well as humanitarian aid cars. Due to the constant bombings, and lack of electricity and water, many residents have fled to neighbouring villages.<ref name="Nyheter 2023 w908">{{cite web | last=Widegren | first=Patrik | title=Skolan bombades i Gammalsvenskby: "Livsfarligt att ge sig ut" | website=SVT Nyheter | date=15 April 2023 | url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/ost/skolan-bombades-i-gammalsvenskby-livsfarligt-att-ge-sig-ut | language=sv | access-date=4 July 2023 | archive-date=5 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605171707/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/ost/skolan-bombades-i-gammalsvenskby-livsfarligt-att-ge-sig-ut | url-status=live }}</ref> Due to Gammalsvenskby's close proximity to the [[Kakhovka Dam]], its [[Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam|destruction]] created another water supply threat for the village.<ref name="Nerikes Allehanda 2023 w763">{{cite web |agency=TT |title=Vattenbrist hotar Gammalsvenskby |trans-title=Water shortage threatens Gammalsvenskby |website=Nerikes Allehanda | date=6 June 2023 | url=https://www.na.se/2023-06-06/vattenbrist-hotar-gammalsvenskby | language=sv | access-date=4 July 2023 | archive-date=4 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704015945/https://www.na.se/2023-06-06/vattenbrist-hotar-gammalsvenskby | url-status=live }}</ref>
+On 11 November 2023, exactly one year after the liberation of Gammalsvenskby, it was reported that 80% to 90% of the village had been destroyed and that only about 200 people remained, mostly elderly or ill.<ref>{{cite web|last=Widegren|first=Patrik|title=Larmet från Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina: "Värre än någonsin"|trans-title=Alarm from Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine: "Worse than ever"|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/ost/larmet-fran-gammalsvenskby-i-ukraina-varre-an-nagonsin--z5iwj4|work=SVT Nyheter|language=sv|date=11 November 2023|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112023344/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/ost/larmet-fran-gammalsvenskby-i-ukraina-varre-an-nagonsin--z5iwj4|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Gammalsvenska dialect==
@@ Line 138: / Line 147: @@
 *[http://www.svenskbyborna.se/en/museet-och-svenskbygarden/svenskbymuseet-i-roma/ Svenskbymuséet museum] in [[Roma, Gotland]]
 *[http://www.svenskbyborna.se/en/history/ History of Gammalsvenskby]
-*{{cite magazine|title=Gammalsvenskby: A Swedish village in Ukraine|url=https://www.hiddeneurope.eu/gammalsvenskby-a-swedish-village-in-ukraine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713093419/http://www.svenskbyborna.com/ARTIKLAR/hidden_europe_8_gammalsvenskby.pdf|author=<!--no byline-->|magazine=Hidden Europe|date=May 2006|issue=8|pages=40–43|archive-date=July 13, 2006}}
+*{{cite magazine|title=Gammalsvenskby: A Swedish village in Ukraine|url=https://www.hiddeneurope.eu/gammalsvenskby-a-swedish-village-in-ukraine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713093419/http://www.svenskbyborna.com/ARTIKLAR/hidden_europe_8_gammalsvenskby.pdf|author=<!--no byline-->|magazine=Hidden Europe|date=May 2006|issue=8|pages=40–43|archive-date=13 July 2006}}
-*{{cite book|title=The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine|website=Södertörns högskola|date=2014|isbn=978-91-86069-85-8|url=https://bibl.sh.se/skriftserier/hogskolans_skriftserier/The_Lost_Swedish_Tribe/diva2_703599.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201074517/https://bibl.sh.se/skriftserier/hogskolans_skriftserier/The_Lost_Swedish_Tribe/diva2_703599.aspx|archive-date=February 1, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=February 1, 2022|last1=Wawrzeniuk |first1=Piotr |last2=Malitska |first2=Julia }}
+*{{cite book|title=The Lost Swedish Tribe: Reapproaching the history of Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine|publisher=Södertörns högskola|date=2014|isbn=978-91-86069-85-8|url=https://bibl.sh.se/skriftserier/hogskolans_skriftserier/The_Lost_Swedish_Tribe/diva2_703599.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201074517/https://bibl.sh.se/skriftserier/hogskolans_skriftserier/The_Lost_Swedish_Tribe/diva2_703599.aspx|archive-date=1 February 2022|url-status=live|access-date=1 February 2022|last1=Wawrzeniuk |first1=Piotr |last2=Malitska |first2=Julia }}
-*{{cite web|title=Ukraine III – Gammalsvenskby|first1=Emma|last1=Holmbro|first2=Ake|last2=Dahllof|date=August 7, 2009|website=TravelBlog|url=http://www.travelblog.org/Europe/Ukraine/Kherson/Gammalsvenskby/blog-420726.html|access-date=March 4, 2021}}
+*{{cite web|title=Ukraine III – Gammalsvenskby|first1=Emma|last1=Holmbro|first2=Ake|last2=Dahllof|date=7 August 2009|website=TravelBlog|url=http://www.travelblog.org/Europe/Ukraine/Kherson/Gammalsvenskby/blog-420726.html|access-date=4 March 2021}}
-*{{cite web|title=Gammalsvenskby i Ukrania|language=sv|trans-title=Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine|last=Knutas|first=Kjell|website=Norra Kyrketorps församling|url=http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/norrakyrketorp/gsvby/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205044441/http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/norrakyrketorp/gsvby/|archive-date=February 5, 2005}}
+*{{cite web|title=Gammalsvenskby i Ukrania|language=sv|trans-title=Gammalsvenskby in Ukraine|last=Knutas|first=Kjell|website=Norra Kyrketorps församling|url=http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/norrakyrketorp/gsvby/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205044441/http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/norrakyrketorp/gsvby/|archive-date=5 February 2005}}
-*{{cite news|title=Шведская семья. Как живет шведская община в селе на Херсонщине|language=ru|trans-title=Swedish family. How does the Swedish community live in a village in the Kherson region|last=Прядко|first=Инна|date=September 28, 2011|work=Корреспондент|issue=37|url=https://korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1265840-korrespondent-shvedskaya-semya-kak-zhivet-shvedskaya-obshchina-v-sele-na-hersonshchine|access-date=March 4, 2021}}
+*{{cite news|title=Шведская семья. Как живет шведская община в селе на Херсонщине|language=ru|trans-title=Swedish family. How does the Swedish community live in a village in the Kherson region|last=Прядко|first=Инна|date=28 September 2011|work=Корреспондент|issue=37|url=https://korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1265840-korrespondent-shvedskaya-semya-kak-zhivet-shvedskaya-obshchina-v-sele-na-hersonshchine|access-date=4 March 2021}}
-*{{cite news|title=A Swedish Village in Ukraine|date=October 28, 2009|last1=Ullman|first1=Tommie|last2=Öhlén|first2=Mats|work=Stockholm News|url=http://www.stockholmnews.com/more.aspx?nid=4219|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122081350/http://www.stockholmnews.com/more.aspx?nid=4219|archive-date=November 22, 2009}}
+*{{cite news|title=A Swedish Village in Ukraine|date=28 October 2009|last1=Ullman|first1=Tommie|last2=Öhlén|first2=Mats|work=Stockholm News|url=http://www.stockholmnews.com/more.aspx?nid=4219|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122081350/http://www.stockholmnews.com/more.aspx?nid=4219|archive-date=22 November 2009}}
+{{SwedishDiaspora}}
+{{Beryslav Raion}}
-{{SwedishDiaspora}}{{Beryslav Raion}}{{Authority control}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ukraine]]

v t e Swedes abroad and their descendants
Europe	Estonia Finland Russia Varangians Ukraine dialect United Kingdom
Asia	Japan
Americas	Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Costa Rica Mexico United States Venezuela
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See also: Nordic diaspora and Swedes

v t e Beryslav Raion
Administrative center: Beryslav
Cities	Beryslav	Coat of arms of Beryslav Raion
Rural settlements	Novoraisk
Villages	Andriivka Bilohirka Bilyayivka Blahodatne Borozenske Bruskynske Burhunka Davydiv Brid Dobrianka Dudchany Havrylivka Khreshchenivka Kochubeivka Kostromka Liubymivka Lozove Mala Seidemynukha Mykhailivka Mykolaivka Mylove Myroliubivka Novohrednyeve Novooleksandrivka Novopetrivka Novovoznesenske Olhyne Osokorivka Petropavlivka Sukhyi Stavok Tiahynka Trudolyubivka Tryfonivka Ukrainka Vysoke Zelenyi Hai Zmiivka (Gammalsvenskby) Zolota Balka
Hromadas	Beryslav Borozenske Kalynivske Kochubeivka Mylove Novooleksandrivka Novoraisk Novovorontsovka Tiahynka Velyka Oleksandrivka Vysokopillia

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