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{{Short description|Family of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Cardinalfishes
| name = Cardinalfishes
| image = Pterapogon kauderni.jpg
| image = Pterapogon kauderni.jpg
| image_caption = [[Banggai cardinalfish]] (''Pterapogon kauderni'')
| image_width = 250px
| taxon = Apogonidae
| image_caption = [[Pterapogon kauderni]]
| authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1859
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Kurtiformes]]
| familia = '''Apogonidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1859
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamily
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamily
| subdivision =
| subdivision = * [[Pseudaminae]]
* [[Pseudaminae]]
* [[Apogoninae]]
* [[Apogoninae]]
}}
}}


'''Cardinalfishes''' are a family, '''Apogonidae''', of [[ray-finned fish]]es found in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]], and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] Oceans; they are chiefly marine, but some [[species]] are found in [[brackish water]] and a few (notably ''[[Glossamia]]'') are found in fresh water. A handful of species are kept in the [[aquarium]] and are popular as small, peaceful, and colourful fish. The family includes about 370 species.
'''Cardinalfishes''' are a family, '''Apogonidae''', of [[ray-finned fish]]es found in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]], and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] Oceans; they are chiefly marine, but some [[species]] are found in [[brackish water]] and a few (notably ''[[Glossamia]]'') are found in fresh water. A handful of species are kept in [[aquarium]]s and are popular as small, peaceful, and colourful fish. The family includes about 370 species.


They are generally small fish, with most species being less than {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and are often brightly coloured. They are distinguished by their large mouths, and the division of the [[dorsal fin]] into two separate fins. Most species live in [[tropical]] or [[subtropical]] waters, where they inhabit [[coral reef]]s and [[lagoon]]s.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Johnson, G.D. |author2=Gill, A.C.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|isbn= 0-12-547665-5|page= 183}}</ref>
They are generally small fish, with most species being less than {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, and are often brightly coloured. They are distinguished by their large mouths, and the division of the [[dorsal fin]] into two separate fins. Most species live in [[tropical]] or [[subtropical]] waters, where they inhabit [[coral reef]]s and [[lagoon]]s.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Johnson, G.D. |author2=Gill, A.C.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|isbn= 0-12-547665-5|page= 183}}</ref>


They are [[nocturnal]], spending the day in dark crevices within the reef. At least some species [[brooding|brood]] their [[Egg (biology)#Fish and amphibian eggs|eggs]] inside the mouths of the males.<ref name=EoF/>
They are [[nocturnal]], spending the day in dark crevices within the reef. At least some species [[brooding|brood]] their [[Egg (biology)#Fish and amphibian eggs|eggs]] inside the mouths of the males.<ref name=EoF/> Males do not feed during this incubation period. Males incubate the eggs in their mouth due to having longer heads and a larger jaw, which females do not acquire.<ref>Hoey, A., Bellwood, D., & Barnett, A. (2012). To feed or to breed: Morphological constraints of mouthbrooding in coral reef cardinalfishes. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2426-2432.</ref>
{{Further|List of fish species that protect their young}}


==Classification==
==Classification==
The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' recognises only two [[subfamily|subfamilies]] of the Apogonidae:<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=752 |publisher=Wiley |ISBN= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref>
The fifth edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' recognises only two [[subfamily|subfamilies]] of the Apogonidae:<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=752 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2018-09-17 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>


* [[Apogoninae]]
* [[Apogoninae]]
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** ''[[Cercamia]]'' <small> [[John Ernest Randall|J. E. Randall]] & [[Clarence Lavett Smith|C. L. Smith]], 1988</small>
** ''[[Cercamia]]'' <small> [[John Ernest Randall|J. E. Randall]] & [[Clarence Lavett Smith|C. L. Smith]], 1988</small>
** ''[[Cheilodipterus]]'' <small>Lacépède, 1801</small>
** ''[[Cheilodipterus]]'' <small>Lacépède, 1801</small>
** ''[[Fibramia]]'' <small>[[Thomas Henry Fraser|T. H. Fraser]] & [[Kohji Mabuchi|Mabuchi]], 2014</small> <ref name=Mabuchi2014>Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T.H., Song, H., Azuma, Y. & Nishida, M. (2014): [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2014/f/z03846p203f.pdf Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters.] ''Zootaxa, 3846 (2): 151–203.''</ref>
** ''[[Foa (genus)|Foa]]'' <small> [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]], 1905</small>
** ''[[Foa (fish)|Foa]]'' <small> [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]], 1905</small>
** ''[[Fowleria]]'' <small>D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1905</small>
** ''[[Fowleria]]'' <small>D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1905</small>
** ''[[Glossamia]]'' <small>T.N. Gill, 1863</small>
** ''[[Glossamia]]'' <small>T.N. Gill, 1863</small>
** ''[[Holapogon]]'' <small> [[Thomas Henry Fraser|T. H. Fraser]], 1973</small>
** ''[[Holapogon]]'' <small> [[Thomas Henry Fraser|T. H. Fraser]], 1973</small>
** ''[[Jaydia]]'' <small>J. L. B. Smith, 1961</small>
** ''[[Jaydia]]'' <small>J. L. B. Smith, 1961</small>
** ''[[Lachneratus]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser & Struhsaker, 1991<small/>
** ''[[Lachneratus]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser & Struhsaker, 1991</small>
** ''[[Lepidamia]]'' <small>T. N. Gill, 1863<small/>
** ''[[Lepidamia]]'' <small>T. N. Gill, 1863</small>
** ''[[Neamia]]'' <small> H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1912<small/>
** ''[[Neamia]]'' <small> H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1912</small>
** ''[[Nectamia]]'' <small>D. S. Jordan, 1917<small/>
** ''[[Nectamia]]'' <small>D. S. Jordan, 1917</small>
** ''[[Ostorhinchus]]'' <small>Lacépède, 1802<small/>
** ''[[Ostorhinchus]]'' <small>Lacépède, 1802</small>
** ''[[Phaeoptyx]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser & C. R. Robins, 1970<small/>
** ''[[Paroncheilus]]'' <small>J. L. B. Smith, 1964</small>
** ''[[Pristiapogon]]'' <small>[[Carl Benjamin Klunzinger|Klunzinger]], 1870<small/>
** ''[[Phaeoptyx]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser & C. R. Robins, 1970</small>
** ''[[Pristicon]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser, 1972<small/>
** ''[[Pristiapogon]]'' <small>[[Carl Benjamin Klunzinger|Klunzinger]], 1870</small>
** ''[[Pterapogon]]'' <small>Koumans, 1933<small/>
** ''[[Pristicon]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser, 1972</small>
** ''[[Rhabdamia]]'' <small>[[Max Carl Wilhelm Weber|M. C. W. Weber]], 1909<small/>
** ''[[Pterapogon]]'' <small>Koumans, 1933</small>
** ''[[Siphamia]]'' <small>M. C. W. Weber, 1909<small/>
** ''[[Rhabdamia]]'' <small>[[Frederik Petrus Koumans|Koumans]][[Max Carl Wilhelm Weber|M. C. W. Weber]], 1909</small>
** ''[[Sphaeramia]]'' <small>Fowler & [[Barton Appler Bean|B. A. Bean]], 1930<small/>
** ''[[Siphamia]]'' <small>M. C. W. Weber, 1909</small>
** ''[[Taeniamia]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser, 2013<small/>
** ''[[Sphaeramia]]'' <small>Fowler & [[Barton Appler Bean|B. A. Bean]], 1930</small>
** ''[[Vincentia (genus)|Vincentia]]'' <small>[[Francis de Laporte de Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1872<small/>
** ''[[Taeniamia]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser, 2013</small>
** ''[[Zapogon]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser, 1972<small/>
** ''[[Verulux]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser, 1972</small>
** ''[[Zoramia]]'' <small>D. S. Jordan, 1917<small/>
** ''[[Vincentia (fish)|Vincentia]]'' <small>[[Francis de Laporte de Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1872</small>
** ''[[Xeniamia]]'' <small>[[Thomas Henry Fraser|T. H. Fraser]] & [[Artem Mikhailovich Prokofiev|Prokofiev]], 2016<ref name=Fraser2016>Fraser, T.H. & Prokofiev, A.M. (2016): A new genus and species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha, Apogonidae, Sphaeramiini) from the coastal waters of Vietnam: luminescent or not? ''Zootaxa, 4144 (2): 227–242.''</ref></small>
** ''[[Yarica]]'' <small>[[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]] 1930</small>
** ''[[Zapogon]]'' <small>T. H. Fraser, 1972</small>
** ''[[Zoramia]]'' <small>D. S. Jordan, 1917</small>


*[[Pseudamiinae]]
*[[Pseudaminae]]
** ''[[Gymnapogon]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1905<small/>
** ''[[Gymnapogon]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1905</small>
** ''[[Paxton concilians|Paxton]]'' <small>[[Carole C. Baldwin|C. C. Baldwin]] & [[G. David Johnson|G. D. Johnson]], 1999<small/>
** ''[[Paxton concilians|Paxton]]'' <small>[[Carole C. Baldwin|C. C. Baldwin]] & [[G. David Johnson|G. D. Johnson]], 1999</small>
** ''[[Pseudamia]]'' <small> Bleeker, 1865<small/>
** ''[[Pseudamia]]'' <small> Bleeker, 1865</small>
** ''[[Pseudamiops]]'' <small>J. L. B. Smith, 1954<small/>
** ''[[Pseudamiops]]'' <small>J. L. B. Smith, 1954</small>

==Timeline==

<timeline>
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PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period = from:-65.5 till:10
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5
TimeAxis = orientation:hor
AlignBars = justify

Colors =
#legends
id:CAR value:claret
id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
id:HER value:teal
id:HAD value:green
id:OMN value:blue
id:black value:black
id:white value:white
id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)
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shift:(7,-4)
bar:periodtop
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]

bar:eratop
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]

PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Apogon]]

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]

bar:era
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]

</timeline>


==References==
==References==
Line 155: Line 68:


==External links==
==External links==
* Smith, J.L.B. (1961): [http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018952 Fishes of the family Apogonidae of the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 22]. ''Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.''
* Smith, J.L.B. (1961): [http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018952 "Fishes of the family Apogonidae of the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea". ''Ichthyological Bulletin''; No. 22]. Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
* Hoey, A., Bellwood, D., & Barnett, A. (2012). To feed or to breed: Morphological constraints of mouthbrooding in coral reef cardinalfishes. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2426-2432.


{{Non-Endemic Marine Fish of New Zealand}}
{{Non-Endemic Marine Fish of New Zealand}}
Line 161: Line 75:


[[Category:Apogonidae| ]]
[[Category:Apogonidae| ]]
[[Category:Percoidei]]
[[Category:Percomorpha families]]
[[Category:Marine fish families]]
[[Category:Marine fish families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]

Latest revision as of 16:48, 24 October 2024

Cardinalfishes
Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Kurtiformes
Family: Apogonidae
Günther, 1859
Subfamily

Cardinalfishes are a family, Apogonidae, of ray-finned fishes found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; they are chiefly marine, but some species are found in brackish water and a few (notably Glossamia) are found in fresh water. A handful of species are kept in aquariums and are popular as small, peaceful, and colourful fish. The family includes about 370 species.

They are generally small fish, with most species being less than 10 cm (4 in), and are often brightly coloured. They are distinguished by their large mouths, and the division of the dorsal fin into two separate fins. Most species live in tropical or subtropical waters, where they inhabit coral reefs and lagoons.[1]

They are nocturnal, spending the day in dark crevices within the reef. At least some species brood their eggs inside the mouths of the males.[1] Males do not feed during this incubation period. Males incubate the eggs in their mouth due to having longer heads and a larger jaw, which females do not acquire.[2]

Further information: List of fish species that protect their young

Classification

[edit]

The fifth edition of Fishes of the World recognises only two subfamilies of the Apogonidae:[3]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apogonidae.
  1. ^ a b Johnson, G.D.; Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  2. ^ Hoey, A., Bellwood, D., & Barnett, A. (2012). To feed or to breed: Morphological constraints of mouthbrooding in coral reef cardinalfishes. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2426-2432.
  3. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 752. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
  4. ^ Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T.H., Song, H., Azuma, Y. & Nishida, M. (2014): Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa, 3846 (2): 151–203.
  5. ^ Fraser, T.H. & Prokofiev, A.M. (2016): A new genus and species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha, Apogonidae, Sphaeramiini) from the coastal waters of Vietnam: luminescent or not? Zootaxa, 4144 (2): 227–242.
[edit]
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