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{{Short description|American endocrinologist (1926–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox medical person
{{Infobox medical person
|image = Andrew Schally portrait.jpg
|image = Andrew Schally portrait.jpg
|caption =
|birth_name = Andrzej Viktor Schally
|birth_name = Andrzej Viktor Schally
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1926|11|30|df=yes}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|1926|11|30|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Wilno]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]
|birth_place = [[Wilno]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] (now [[Vilnius]], Lithuania)
|death_date =
|death_date = {{death date and age|2024|10|17|1926|11|30|df=yes}}
|death_place =
|death_place = [[Miami Beach, Florida]], U.S.
|nationality = [[Polish people|Polish]]<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Schally"/><br>[[Canadians|Canadian]]<br>[[Americans|American]]<ref name="Onyx">Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger. ''The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901-1995''. Onyx Press. 1996. p. 372.</ref>
|nationality = [[Polish people|Polish]]<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Schally"/><br>[[Canadians|Canadian]]<br>[[Americans|American]]<ref name="Onyx">Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger. ''The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901-1995''. Onyx Press. 1996. p. 372.</ref>
|profession = [[Medicine]]
|profession = [[Medicine]]
Line 20: Line 21:
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1977)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1977)
}}
}}
|caption=Schally in 2000}}
|relations =
}}


'''Andrzej Viktor''' "'''Andrew'''" '''Schally''' (born 30 November 1926) is an American endocrinologist<ref name="Brit">Andrew V. Schally, [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrew-Schally "Andrew V. Schally"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> of [[Polish Americans|Polish]]<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Schally"/><ref name="Victor"/> ancestry, who was a corecipient, with [[Roger Guillemin]] and [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]], of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref name="Schally"/> This award recognized his research in the discovery that the [[hypothalamus]] controls hormone production and release by the pituitary gland, which controls the regulation of other hormones in the body.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/s/1762/news/interior.aspx?sid=1762&gid=2&pgid=2319|title = Nobel laureate not one to rest on his laurels}}</ref> Later in life Schally utilized his knowledge of hypothalamic hormones to research possible methods for birth control and cancer treatment.
'''Andrzej Viktor''' "'''Andrew'''" '''Schally''' (30 November 1926 – 17 October 2024) was a Polish-American endocrinologist who was a co-recipient, with [[Roger Guillemin]] and [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]], of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref name="Brit">Andrew V. Schally, [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrew-Schally "Andrew V. Schally"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref><ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Schally"/><ref name="Victor"/> This award recognized his research in the discovery that the [[hypothalamus]] controls hormone production and release by the [[pituitary gland]], which controls the regulation of other hormones in the body.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/s/1762/news/interior.aspx?sid=1762&gid=2&pgid=2319|title = Nobel laureate not one to rest on his laurels}}</ref> Later in life, Schally utilized his knowledge of hypothalamic hormones to research possible methods for birth control and cancer treatment.


==Life and career==
==Life and career==
Andrzej Wiktor Schally<ref name="Ziolkowska">Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm. ''Love for Family, Friends, and Books.'' Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NNFbCQAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PP1&pg=PA246#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 246.] {{ISBN|9780761865698}}</ref> was born in [[Wilno]] in the [[Second Polish Republic]]<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Schally"/><ref name="Victor"/> (now Vilnius, Lithuania), the son of Brigadier General [[Kazimierz Schally]], who was chief of the cabinet of President [[Ignacy Mościcki]] of Poland, and Maria (née Łącka).
Andrzej Wiktor Schally<ref name="Ziolkowska">Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm. ''Love for Family, Friends, and Books.'' Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NNFbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 p. 246.] {{ISBN|9780761865698}}</ref> was born in [[Wilno]] in the [[Second Polish Republic]]<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Schally"/><ref name="Victor"/> (now Vilnius, Lithuania), the son of Brigadier General [[Kazimierz Schally]], who was chief of the cabinet of President [[Ignacy Mościcki]] of Poland, and Maria (née Łącka).


In September 1939, when Poland was attacked by [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]], Schally escaped with Poland's President [[Ignacy Mościcki]], the prime minister and the whole cabinet to the neutral Romania, where they were interned [citation needed].
In September 1939, when Poland was attacked by [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]], Schally escaped with Poland's President [[Ignacy Mościcki]], the prime minister and the whole cabinet to the neutral [[Romania]], where they were interned {{citation needed|date=March 2023}}.
<blockquote>I was fortunate to survive the holocaust while living among the Jewish-Polish Community in Roumania. I used to speak Polish, Roumanian, Yiddish, Italian and some German and Russian, but I have almost completely forgotten them, and my French in which I used to excel is also now far from fluent.<ref name="Schally">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/schally-autobio.html |title=Andrew V. Schally - Autobiography |website=www.nobelprize.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814204504/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/schally-autobio.html |archive-date=2006-08-14}}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>I was fortunate to survive the holocaust while living among the Jewish-Polish Community in Roumania. I used to speak Polish, Roumanian, Yiddish, Italian and some German and Russian, but I have almost completely forgotten them, and my French in which I used to excel is also now far from fluent.<ref name="Schally">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/schally-autobio.html |title=Andrew V. Schally - Autobiography |website=www.nobelprize.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814204504/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/schally-autobio.html |archive-date=2006-08-14}}</ref></blockquote>


Immediately after the war, in 1945, he moved via Italy and France to the United Kingdom<ref name="Schally"/> where he changed his first name to Andrew.<ref name="Ziolkowska"/> Schally received his education in Scotland and England.<ref name="Schally"/> In 1952, he moved to Canada. He received his doctorate in [[endocrinology]] from [[McGill University]] in 1957.<ref name="Schally"/> That same year he left for a research career in the United States where he has worked principally at [[Tulane University]].<ref name="Schally"/> Schally currently conducts research in endocrinology at the Miami Veteran's Administration Medical Center in Miami, Florida.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} A Canadian citizen when he left Canada, Schally became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States in 1962.<ref name="Schally"/> He was affiliated with the [[Baylor College of Medicine]] for some years in Houston, Texas.<ref name="Schally"/>
Immediately after the war, in 1945, Schally moved via Italy and France to the United Kingdom<ref name="Schally"/> where he changed his first name to Andrew.<ref name="Ziolkowska"/> Schally received his education in Scotland and England.<ref name="Schally"/> In 1952, he moved to Canada. He received his doctorate in [[endocrinology]] from [[McGill University]] in 1957.<ref name="Schally"/> That same year he left for a research career in the United States where he has worked principally at [[Tulane University]].<ref name="Schally"/> Schally conducted research in endocrinology at the Miami Veteran's Administration Medical Center in Miami, Florida.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} A Canadian citizen when he left Canada, Schally became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States in 1962.<ref name="Schally"/> He was affiliated with the [[Baylor College of Medicine]] for some years in Houston, Texas.<ref name="Schally"/>


He developed a new realm of knowledge concerning the brain's control over the body chemistry. Schally explained in his 1977 Nobel Lecture that he, alongside his researchers, dissected 250,000 pig [[hypothalami]] in order to isolate 5&nbsp;mg of the hormone [[thyrotropin-releasing hormone]] (TRH) to determine the molecular structure of the hormone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Schally|first=Andrew|date=December 8, 1977|title=ASPECTS OF HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATION OF THE PITUITARY GLAND WITH MAJOR EMPHASIS ON ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/schally-lecture.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=April 11, 2021|website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> His work also addressed birth control methods and the effects of [[growth hormone]]s on the body. Together with [[Roger Guillemin]] he described the [[neurohormone]] gonadotropin-releasing hormone ([[GnRH]]) that controls follicle-stimulating hormone [[Follicle-stimulating hormone|(FSH)]] and luteinizing hormone ([[Luteinizing hormone|LH]]), two hormones that are integral parts of reproduction and growth and development.
Schally developed a new realm of knowledge concerning the brain's control over the body chemistry. Schally explained in his 1977 Nobel Lecture that he, alongside his researchers, dissected 250,000 pig [[hypothalami]] in order to isolate 5&nbsp;mg of the hormone [[thyrotropin-releasing hormone]] (TRH) to determine the molecular structure of the hormone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Schally|first=Andrew|date=8 December 1977|title=ASPECTS OF HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATION OF THE PITUITARY GLAND WITH MAJOR EMPHASIS ON ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/schally-lecture.pdf|access-date=11 April 2021|website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> His work also addressed birth control methods and the effects of [[growth hormone]]s on the body. Together with [[Roger Guillemin]] he described the [[neurohormone]] gonadotropin-releasing hormone ([[GnRH]]) that controls follicle-stimulating hormone [[Follicle-stimulating hormone|(FSH)]] and luteinizing hormone ([[Luteinizing hormone|LH]]), two hormones that are integral parts of reproduction and growth and development.


Schally received an ''honoris causa'' doctors degree from the [[Jagiellonian University]] in [[Kraków]].
Schally received an ''honoris causa'' doctors degree from the [[Jagiellonian University]] in [[Kraków]].


Recognized as a Fellow of the [[Kosciuszko Foundation]] of Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thekf.org/kf/programs/eminentscientists/ |title=Kosciuszko Foundation - American Center of Polish culture - Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry |access-date=2017-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509145002/https://www.thekf.org/kf/programs/eminentscientists/ |archive-date=2018-05-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Recognized as a Fellow of the [[Kosciuszko Foundation]] of Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thekf.org/kf/programs/eminentscientists/ |title=Kosciuszko Foundation - American Center of Polish culture - Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509145002/https://www.thekf.org/kf/programs/eminentscientists/ |archive-date=9 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


He was married to Margaret Rachel White (divorced), and Ana Maria de Medeiros-Comaru.<ref name="Victor">{{Cite web | url=http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/19/Andrew-V-Schally.html |title = Andrew V. Schally Biography (1926-)}}</ref>
Schally was married to Margaret Rachel White (divorced), and Ana Maria de Medeiros-Comaru.<ref name="Victor">{{Cite web | url=http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/19/Andrew-V-Schally.html |title = Andrew V. Schally Biography (1926-)}}</ref> He died at his home in [[Miami Beach, Florida]], on 17 October 2024, at the age of 97.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Brian |title=Andrew Schally, shared Nobel for brain-hormone links, dies at 97 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/10/20/andrew-schally-nobel-brain-guillemin-dies/ |access-date=20 October 2024 |publisher=The Washington Post |date=20 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Andrew Schally, Former Tulane Endocrinologist and Nobel Laureate, dies at 97 |url=https://medicine.tulane.edu/news/dr-andrew-schally-former-tulane-endocrinologist-and-nobel-laureate-dies-97 |website=Tulane University School of Medicine |access-date=20 October 2024 |date=18 October 2024}}</ref>


== Cancer research ==
==Cancer research==
In 1981 it was demonstrated that the [[gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] (GnRH) agonistic analogs that Schally had developed between the years of 1972-1978 inhibited the growth of prostate cancer in rats. Alongside Dr. George Tolis, Schally conducted the first clinical trial of GnRH for patients with advanced [[prostate cancer]] in 1982. This method is now the preferred treatment for advanced prostate carcinoma. About 70% of patients with prostate cancer receive an agonist as their primary method of treatment.<ref name=":0" /> According to Schally, his treatment causes fewer side effects than radiation and [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=":0" /> The previous method of treatment, [[orchiectomy]] or the administration of estrogens, was based on the research of [[Charles Brenton Huggins]].
In 1981, it was demonstrated that the [[gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] (GnRH) agonistic analogs that Schally had developed between the years of 1972 and 1978 inhibited the growth of prostate cancer in rats. Alongside Dr. George Tolis, Schally conducted the first clinical trial of GnRH for patients with advanced [[prostate cancer]] in 1982. This method is now the preferred treatment for advanced prostate carcinoma. About 70% of patients with prostate cancer receive an agonist as their primary method of treatment.<ref name=":0" /> According to Schally, his treatment causes fewer side effects than radiation and [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=":0" /> The previous method of treatment, [[orchiectomy]] or the administration of estrogens, was based on the research of [[Charles Brenton Huggins]].


In 2004, after the death of his wife due to [[thyroid cancer]], Schally found comfort in continuing his research.<ref name=":0" />
In 2004, after the death of his wife due to [[thyroid cancer]], Schally found comfort in continuing his research.<ref name=":0" />


==Awards and honors==
==Awards and honors==
* Van Meter Award of the [[American Thyroid Association]] (1969)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Van Meter Award|url=https://www.thyroid.org/about-american-thyroid-association/events-awards-lectures/van-meter-award/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=American Thyroid Association|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Van Meter Award of the [[American Thyroid Association]] (1969)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Van Meter Award|url=https://www.thyroid.org/about-american-thyroid-association/events-awards-lectures/van-meter-award/|access-date=18 November 2021|website=American Thyroid Association|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research|Albert Lasker Award]] (1975)
*[[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research|Albert Lasker Award]] (1975)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1977)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1977)
Line 55: Line 55:
{{Scholia|author}}
{{Scholia|author}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[[Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm|Aleksandra Ziółkowska]], ''Korzenie są polskie'' (The Roots Are Polish), Warsaw, 1992, {{ISBN|83-7066-406-7}}.
*[[Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm|Aleksandra Ziółkowska]], ''Korzenie są polskie'' (The Roots Are Polish), Warsaw, 1992, {{ISBN|83-7066-406-7}}.
*[[Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm]], ''The Roots Are Polish'', Toronto, 2004, {{ISBN|0-920517-05-6}}.
*[[Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm]], ''The Roots Are Polish'', Toronto, 2004, {{ISBN|0-920517-05-6}}.
*[[Nicholas Wade]], ''[[The Nobel Duel]]'', Garden City, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1981.
*[[Nicholas Wade]], ''[[The Nobel Duel]]'', Garden City, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1981.


== External links ==
==External links==
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1976-2000}}
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1976-2000}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Schally, Andrew}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schally, Andrew}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:American endocrinologists]]
[[Category:American endocrinologists]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
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[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:People with acquired American citizenship]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Polish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Polish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]]

Latest revision as of 05:31, 22 October 2024

Andrew Schally
Schally in 2000
Born
Andrzej Viktor Schally

(1926-11-30)30 November 1926
Wilno, Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania)
Died17 October 2024(2024-10-17) (aged 97)
Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.
NationalityPolish[1][2]
Canadian
American[3]
EducationMcGill University
Medical career
ProfessionMedicine
Institutions
Sub-specialtiesEndocrinology
Awards

Andrzej Viktor "Andrew" Schally (30 November 1926 – 17 October 2024) was a Polish-American endocrinologist who was a co-recipient, with Roger Guillemin and Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[1][1][2][4] This award recognized his research in the discovery that the hypothalamus controls hormone production and release by the pituitary gland, which controls the regulation of other hormones in the body.[5] Later in life, Schally utilized his knowledge of hypothalamic hormones to research possible methods for birth control and cancer treatment.

Life and career

[edit]

Andrzej Wiktor Schally[6] was born in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic[1][2][4] (now Vilnius, Lithuania), the son of Brigadier General Kazimierz Schally, who was chief of the cabinet of President Ignacy Mościcki of Poland, and Maria (née Łącka).

In September 1939, when Poland was attacked by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Schally escaped with Poland's President Ignacy Mościcki, the prime minister and the whole cabinet to the neutral Romania, where they were interned [citation needed].

I was fortunate to survive the holocaust while living among the Jewish-Polish Community in Roumania. I used to speak Polish, Roumanian, Yiddish, Italian and some German and Russian, but I have almost completely forgotten them, and my French in which I used to excel is also now far from fluent.[2]

Immediately after the war, in 1945, Schally moved via Italy and France to the United Kingdom[2] where he changed his first name to Andrew.[6] Schally received his education in Scotland and England.[2] In 1952, he moved to Canada. He received his doctorate in endocrinology from McGill University in 1957.[2] That same year he left for a research career in the United States where he has worked principally at Tulane University.[2] Schally conducted research in endocrinology at the Miami Veteran's Administration Medical Center in Miami, Florida.[citation needed] A Canadian citizen when he left Canada, Schally became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1962.[2] He was affiliated with the Baylor College of Medicine for some years in Houston, Texas.[2]

Schally developed a new realm of knowledge concerning the brain's control over the body chemistry. Schally explained in his 1977 Nobel Lecture that he, alongside his researchers, dissected 250,000 pig hypothalami in order to isolate 5 mg of the hormone thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to determine the molecular structure of the hormone.[7] His work also addressed birth control methods and the effects of growth hormones on the body. Together with Roger Guillemin he described the neurohormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that controls follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), two hormones that are integral parts of reproduction and growth and development.

Schally received an honoris causa doctors degree from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.

Recognized as a Fellow of the Kosciuszko Foundation of Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry.[8]

Schally was married to Margaret Rachel White (divorced), and Ana Maria de Medeiros-Comaru.[4] He died at his home in Miami Beach, Florida, on 17 October 2024, at the age of 97.[9][10]

Cancer research

[edit]

In 1981, it was demonstrated that the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonistic analogs that Schally had developed between the years of 1972 and 1978 inhibited the growth of prostate cancer in rats. Alongside Dr. George Tolis, Schally conducted the first clinical trial of GnRH for patients with advanced prostate cancer in 1982. This method is now the preferred treatment for advanced prostate carcinoma. About 70% of patients with prostate cancer receive an agonist as their primary method of treatment.[7] According to Schally, his treatment causes fewer side effects than radiation and chemotherapy.[7] The previous method of treatment, orchiectomy or the administration of estrogens, was based on the research of Charles Brenton Huggins.

In 2004, after the death of his wife due to thyroid cancer, Schally found comfort in continuing his research.[7]

Awards and honors

[edit]

References

[edit]
Scholia has an author profile for Andrew Schally.
  1. ^ a b c d Andrew V. Schally, "Andrew V. Schally", Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Andrew V. Schally - Autobiography". www.nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 14 August 2006.
  3. ^ Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger. The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901-1995. Onyx Press. 1996. p. 372.
  4. ^ a b c "Andrew V. Schally Biography (1926-)".
  5. ^ "Nobel laureate not one to rest on his laurels".
  6. ^ a b Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm. Love for Family, Friends, and Books. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. p. 246. ISBN 9780761865698
  7. ^ a b c d Schally, Andrew (8 December 1977). "ASPECTS OF HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATION OF THE PITUITARY GLAND WITH MAJOR EMPHASIS ON ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES" (PDF). The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  8. ^ "Kosciuszko Foundation - American Center of Polish culture - Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry". Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  9. ^ Murphy, Brian (20 October 2024). "Andrew Schally, shared Nobel for brain-hormone links, dies at 97". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  10. ^ "Dr. Andrew Schally, Former Tulane Endocrinologist and Nobel Laureate, dies at 97". Tulane University School of Medicine. 18 October 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  11. ^ "Van Meter Award". American Thyroid Association. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  12. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
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