USS Dolphin (AGSS-555): Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Submarine of the United States}} |
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{{other ships|USS Dolphin}} |
{{other ships|USS Dolphin}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} |
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{|{{Infobox ship begin|infobox caption=yes}} |
{|{{Infobox ship begin|infobox caption=yes}} |
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{{Infobox ship image |
{{Infobox ship image |
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|Ship image= |
|Ship image=USS Dolphin AGSS-555.jpg |
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|Ship caption= |
|Ship caption=USS ''Dolphin'' |
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{{Infobox ship career |
{{Infobox ship career |
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|Ship laid down=9 November 1962 |
|Ship laid down=9 November 1962 |
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|Ship launched=8 June 1968 |
|Ship launched=8 June 1968 |
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|Ship sponsor=Mrs. |
|Ship sponsor=Mrs. Maggie Shinobu Inouye |
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|Ship christened= |
|Ship christened= |
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|Ship completed= |
|Ship completed= |
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|Ship honors= |
|Ship honors= |
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|Ship fate= |
|Ship fate= |
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|Ship status=[[Museum |
|Ship status=[[Museum ship]] at the [[Maritime Museum of San Diego]] |
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|Ship notes= |
|Ship notes= |
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|Ship badge=[[ |
|Ship badge=[[File:USS Dolphin AGSS-555 Badge.jpg|180px]] |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Infobox ship characteristics |
{{Infobox ship characteristics |
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|Hide header= |
|Hide header= |
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|Header caption= |
|Header caption= |
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|Ship class=Dolphin-class submarine |
|Ship class=''Dolphin''-class submarine |
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|Ship type= |
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|Ship displacement=*{{convert|805|LT|t|abbr=on}} light |
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|805|LT|t|abbr=on}} light |
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*{{convert|861|LT|t|abbr=on}} full load |
*{{convert|861|LT|t|abbr=on}} full load |
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|Ship propulsion=*2 × [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] V71 12-cylinder diesel engines, {{convert|425|hp|abbr=on}} |
|Ship propulsion=*2 × [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] V71 12-cylinder diesel engines, {{convert|425|hp|abbr=on}} |
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*2 × electric main motors |
*2 × electric main motors |
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*330-cell [[silver-oxide battery]]<ref name=proceedings>Lindsey |
*330-cell [[silver-oxide battery]]<ref name=proceedings>{{citation |last=Lindsey |first=E.E. |title=USS ''DOLPHIN'' (AGSS-555) – The Navy's New Deep Diver |work=Naval Institute Proceedings |volume=95 |number=9 |date=September 1969 |pages=138–141}}</ref> |
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|Ship speed=*{{convert|10|kn |
|Ship speed=*{{convert|10|kn|lk=in}} surfaced |
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*{{convert|7.5|kn |
*{{convert|7.5|kn}} submerged |
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*({{convert|10|kn |
*({{convert|10|kn}}, {{convert|3|-|4|kn}} sustained{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}{{clarify|date=August 2015|reason=sprint/sustained surfaced or dived?}} |
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|Ship range= |
|Ship range= |
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|Ship endurance=15 days |
|Ship endurance=15 days |
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|Ship test depth={{convert|3000|ft|m|abbr=on}} (unclassified) |
|Ship test depth={{convert|3000|ft|m|abbr=on}} (unclassified) |
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|Ship capacity=12 tons on external mounting pads, six port, six starboard, forward and aft of sail{{clarify|date=August 2015|12 pads each fore & aft? 1 ton capacity each?}} |
|Ship capacity=12 tons on external mounting pads, six port, six starboard, forward and aft of sail{{clarify|date=August 2015|12 pads each fore & aft? 1 ton capacity each?}} |
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|Ship complement=3 officers, 20 |
|Ship complement=3 officers, 20 [[Naval rating|ratings]], 4 scientists<ref name=proceedings/> |
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|Ship armament= |
|Ship armament=Small arms. No internal [[torpedo tube]]s. An external tube could be mounted to be used for experiments. |
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|Ship notes=fitted with a 20-ton keel section to be jettisoned by explosive bolts for surfacing under emergency conditions<ref name=proceedings/>}} |
|Ship notes=fitted with a 20-ton keel section to be jettisoned by explosive bolts for surfacing under emergency conditions<ref name=proceedings/>}} |
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'''USS ''Dolphin'' (AGSS-555)''' was a [[United States Navy]] [[Diesel-electric transmission|diesel-electric]] deep-diving research and development [[submarine]]. She was commissioned in 1968 and decommissioned in 2007. Her 38 |
'''USS ''Dolphin'' (AGSS-555)''' was a [[United States Navy]] [[Diesel-electric transmission|diesel-electric]] deep-diving research and development [[submarine]]. She was commissioned in 1968 and decommissioned in 2007. Her 38-year career was the longest in history for a US Navy submarine to that point. She was the Navy's last operational conventionally powered submarine.<ref>{{Cite journal| last =Stillwell| first =Paul| title =The Last Diesel Boat| url= https://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2008-02/looking-back|journal =Naval History Magazine| date =February 2008| issue =February 2008}}</ref> |
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==Construction and service== |
==Construction and service== |
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''Dolphin''{{ |
''Dolphin'' was designed under project [[Ship Characteristics Board|SCB 207]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Friedman|first=Norman |author-link= |title=U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |year=1994|location=[[Annapolis, Maryland]] |url= |doi= |isbn=1-55750-260-9}}, pp. 122</ref> Her [[keel]] was laid on 9 November 1962 at the [[Portsmouth Navy Yard]], [[Kittery, Maine]]. She was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 8 June 1968, sponsored by Mrs. Maggie Shinobu Inouye, (née Awamura), wife of [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Daniel K. Inouye]], and [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 17 August 1968 with Lieutenant Commander J.R. McDonnell in command. |
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''Dolphin''{{'}}s hull number, "555", is unusual in that it was taken out of sequence. At the time of her 1968 commissioning, the five other new submarines commissioned that year, all of the {{sclass|Sturgeon|submarine|4}}, had hull numbers ranging from 638 to 663. ''Dolphin''{{'}}s hull number was taken from a block of cancelled hull numbers from the World War II-vintage {{sclass|Tench|submarine|4}}, the last of which was commissioned in 1951. The reason for the selection of "555" as ''Dolphin''{{'}}s hull number is not known. |
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Despite a recent repair and upgrade, ''Dolphin'' was [[Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] on 15 January 2007 and stricken from the [[Naval Vessel Register]] on the same date. She is now a [[museum ship]] in [[San Diego Bay]] under the management of the [[San Diego Maritime Museum]]. |
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==Design== |
==Design== |
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The single most significant technical achievement in the development of ''Dolphin'' is the [[Pressure vessel|pressure hull]] itself. It is a constant |
The single most significant technical achievement in the development of ''Dolphin'' is the [[Pressure vessel|pressure hull]] itself. It is a constant-diameter cylinder, closed at its ends with hemispherical heads, and uses deep frames instead of [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkheads]]. The entire design of the pressure hull was kept as simple as possible to facilitate its use in structural experiments and trials. Hull openings were minimized for structural strength and minimum hull weight, in addition to eliminating possible sources for flooding casualties. The submarine has no [[Submarine snorkel|snorkel]] mast; the main hatch had to be open when the diesel engines were running.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} |
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==Use== |
==Use== |
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Employed |
Employed in both civilian and Navy activities, ''Dolphin'' was equipped with an extensive instrumentation suite that supported missions such as acoustic deep-water and [[littoral]] research, near-bottom and ocean surveys, weapons launches, sensor trials, and engineering evaluations.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Because she was designed as a test platform, ''Dolphin'' could be modified both internally and externally to allow installation of up to 12 tons of special research and test equipment. She has internal and external mounting points, multiple electronic hull connectors, and up to 10 equipment racks for project use.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} |
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Because she was designed as a test platform, ''Dolphin'' could be modified both internally and externally to allow installation of up to 12 tons of special research and test equipment. She has internal and external mounting points, multiple electronic hull connectors, and up to ten equipment racks for project use. |
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==Service record== |
==Service record== |
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In August 1969, ''Dolphin'' launched a [[torpedo]] from the deepest depth that one has ever been fired. |
In August 1969, ''Dolphin'' launched a [[torpedo]] from the deepest depth that one has ever been fired. Other examples of ''Dolphin''{{'}}s work include:{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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Other examples of ''Dolphin'''s work include |
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* first successful submarine-to-aircraft optical communications |
* first successful submarine-to-aircraft optical communications |
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* development of a |
* development of a laser imaging system of photographic clarity |
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* development of an |
* development of an extreme low frequency antenna for {{sclass|Ohio|submarine|1}}s |
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* evaluation of various |
* evaluation of various nonacoustic ASW techniques |
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* evaluation of various low probability of interception active sonars |
* evaluation of various low probability of interception active sonars |
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* first submarine launch of a [[mobile submarine simulator]] |
* first submarine launch of a [[mobile submarine simulator]] system |
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* first successful submarine test of BQS-15 sonar system |
* first successful submarine test of BQS-15 sonar system |
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* development of highly accurate (10 cm) towed body position monitoring system |
* development of highly accurate (10 cm) towed body position monitoring system |
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* development of a new |
* development of a new obstacle-avoidance sonar system |
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* development of a highly accurate target management system |
* development of a highly accurate target management system |
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* evaluation of a possible "[[fifth force]] of nature" |
* evaluation of a possible "[[fifth force]] of nature" |
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* first successful submarine-to-aircraft two-way laser communication |
* first successful submarine-to-aircraft two-way laser communication |
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* deepest submarine |
* deepest submarine (i.e. [[Submersible|[non-submersible]]) dive; more than {{convert|3000|ft|m}}<ref>{{cite news|author=Burge, Michael|title=Sub Dolphin Surfaces As Museum Piece|publisher=[[San Diego Union-Tribune]]|date=4 July 2009|page=B1|url=http://www3.signonsandiego.com/stories/2009/jul/04/sub-dolphin-surfaces-museum-piece/|access-date=23 September 2009|archive-date=15 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715104504/http://www3.signonsandiego.com/stories/2009/jul/04/sub-dolphin-surfaces-museum-piece/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
''Dolphin'' was overhauled in 1993. |
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⚫ | |||
===Fire and evacuation at sea=== |
===Fire and evacuation at sea=== |
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On 21 May 2002, |
[[File:USS Dolphin (AGSS-555) diving plane control station.jpg|thumb|USS Dolphin (AGSS-555) diving plane control station]]On 21 May 2002, around 23:30 PDT, while operating roughly {{convert|100|mi|km|-1}} off the coast of [[San Diego, California]], ''Dolphin'' was cruising on the surface, recharging her batteries, when a torpedo shield door gasket failed, and the boat began to flood. Due to high winds and {{convert|10|to|11|ft|m|adj=on}} swells in the ocean, around 75 tons of seawater entered the ship, an amount perilously close to the boat's reserve [[buoyancy]]. The flooding shorted electrical panels and started fires.<ref name=Hoehne>{{Cite news|url=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=5397|title=Navy Recognizes USS Dolphin's Modest Hero|last=Hoehne|first=Trevor, Journalist 2nd Class|date=16 January 2003|work=Navy Region Southwest Public Affairs|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> |
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Chief Machinist's Mate (SS) John D. Wise Jr. dove into the {{convert|57|F|adj=on}} water of the flooded pump room. With less than a foot of breathable space in the compartment, he ensured the seawater valves were lined up, allowing pumping out to commence. Once the valves were aligned, he remained in the pump room for more than 90 minutes |
Chief Machinist's Mate (SS) John D. Wise, Jr., dove into the {{convert|57|F|adj=on}} water of the flooded pump room. With less than a foot of breathable space in the compartment, he ensured the seawater valves were lined up, allowing pumping out to commence. Once the valves were aligned, he remained in the pump room for more than 90 minutes to keep a submersible pump from becoming clogged. His courageous efforts prevented the loss of the ship and crew. Wise received the [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]] for his efforts.<ref name=Hoehne/> |
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After 90 minutes,<!--starting when?--> with fire and flooding beyond the ability of the crew to control, Commander Stephen Kelety, ''Dolphin'''s commanding officer, ordered the crew of 41 and two civilian Navy employees to abandon ship. The Oceanographic Research ship |
After 90 minutes,<!--starting when?--> with fire and flooding beyond the ability of the crew to control, Commander Stephen Kelety, ''Dolphin''{{'}}s commanding officer, ordered the crew of 41 and two civilian Navy employees to abandon ship. The Oceanographic Research ship {{MV|William McGaw||2}} was operating in the vicinity, and immediately responded to Kelety's call for assistance. They were evacuated by boat to ''William McGaw'' after the hatches<!--which ones? The interior compartment hatches, I presume--> had been secured. All crewmembers were safely recovered with only a few minor injuries. Two were recovered from the water by [[United States Coast Guard]] [[helicopter]] during the transfer. ''William McGaw'' transported the crew to San Diego. {{USS|Thach|FFG-43|6}} also came alongside ''Dolphin'' and rescued several crewman from the water, but the seas were too rough for full recovery or towing operations.<ref name=Hoehne/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/navy-sub-catches-fire/|title=Navy Sub Catches Fire|last=Hancock|first=David|date=22 May 2002|work=CBS News/AP|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref><ref name=SFPF>{{Cite news|url=https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=1766|title=Crew of Research Sub Safely Evacuated After Fire, Flooding|last=Submarine Force|first=Pacific Fleet Representative, West Coast|date=22 May 2002|work=Navy Press Release|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> |
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The quick response of the crew placed the submarine in a stable condition. Submarine Support Vessel |
The quick response of the crew placed the submarine in a stable condition. Submarine Support Vessel {{MV|Kellie Chouest||2}} got underway from San Diego early on 22 May to assist in recovery. ''Dolphin'' was towed back to San Diego the following day.<ref name=SFPF/> |
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==Retirement== |
==Retirement== |
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[[File:Berkeley Ferry and U.S.S. Dolphin at the Maritime Museum of San Diego.jpg|thumbnail| |
[[File:Berkeley Ferry and U.S.S. Dolphin at the Maritime Museum of San Diego.jpg|thumbnail|right|''Dolphin'' berthed next to ''[[Berkeley (ferryboat)|Berkeley]]'' at the [[San Diego Maritime Museum]]]] |
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''Dolphin'' underwent three and a half years of repairs and upgrades at a cost of $50 million, then completed sea |
''Dolphin'' underwent three and a half years of repairs and upgrades at a cost of $50 million, then completed sea trials during the summer of 2005, and returned to her duties for one year.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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⚫ | In mid-2006, the Navy decided to retire ''Dolphin'', citing the $18 million her operations cost annually. She was deactivated on 22 September 2006, and [[ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] and struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register]] on 15 January 2007. Her 38-year career was the longest in history for a US Navy submarine.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} |
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⚫ | ''Dolphin'' was officially transferred to the [[San Diego Maritime Museum]] in September 2008, to become the eighth vessel in their floating collection. She was opened to the public for the first time on 4 July 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sdmaritime.org/contentpage.asp?ContentID=725 |title=San Diego Maritime Museum |access-date=4 July 2009 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217053516/https://sdmaritime.org/contentpage.asp?ContentID=725 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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⚫ | In mid-2006, the Navy decided to retire ''Dolphin'', citing the $18 million her operations cost annually. |
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==Awards== |
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⚫ | ''Dolphin'' was officially transferred to the [[San Diego Maritime Museum]] in September 2008, to become the eighth vessel in their floating collection. She was opened to the public for the first time on 4 July 2009.<ref> |
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*[[National Defense Service Medal]] with two stars |
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*[[Global War on Terrorism Service Medal]] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Maritime Museum of San Diego}} |
{{Maritime Museum of San Diego}} |
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{{US submarine classes after 1945}} |
{{US submarine classes after 1945}} |
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{{coord|32.721084|-117.173764|display=title}} |
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{{Surviving ocean going ships}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dolphin (Agss-555)}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dolphin (Agss-555)}} |
Latest revision as of 19:16, 15 October 2024
USS Dolphin
| |
History | |
---|---|
United States | |
Namesake | Dolphin |
Ordered | 10 August 1960 |
Builder | Portsmouth Naval Shipyard |
Laid down | 9 November 1962 |
Launched | 8 June 1968 |
Sponsored by | Mrs. Maggie Shinobu Inouye |
Commissioned | 17 August 1968 |
Decommissioned | 15 January 2007 |
Out of service | 22 September 2006 |
Stricken | 15 January 2007 |
Status | Museum ship at the Maritime Museum of San Diego |
Badge | |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Dolphin-class submarine |
Displacement |
|
Length | 46.3 m (151 ft 11 in) |
Beam | 6 m (19 ft 8 in) |
Draft | 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in) |
Propulsion |
|
Speed |
|
Endurance | 15 days |
Test depth | 3,000 ft (910 m) (unclassified) |
Capacity | 12 tons on external mounting pads, six port, six starboard, forward and aft of sail[clarification needed] |
Complement | 3 officers, 20 ratings, 4 scientists[1] |
Armament | Small arms. No internal torpedo tubes. An external tube could be mounted to be used for experiments. |
Notes | fitted with a 20-ton keel section to be jettisoned by explosive bolts for surfacing under emergency conditions[1] |
USS Dolphin (AGSS-555) was a United States Navy diesel-electric deep-diving research and development submarine. She was commissioned in 1968 and decommissioned in 2007. Her 38-year career was the longest in history for a US Navy submarine to that point. She was the Navy's last operational conventionally powered submarine.[2]
Construction and service
[edit]Dolphin was designed under project SCB 207.[3] Her keel was laid on 9 November 1962 at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine. She was launched on 8 June 1968, sponsored by Mrs. Maggie Shinobu Inouye, (née Awamura), wife of U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye, and commissioned on 17 August 1968 with Lieutenant Commander J.R. McDonnell in command.
Dolphin's hull number, "555", is unusual in that it was taken out of sequence. At the time of her 1968 commissioning, the five other new submarines commissioned that year, all of the Sturgeon class, had hull numbers ranging from 638 to 663. Dolphin's hull number was taken from a block of cancelled hull numbers from the World War II-vintage Tench class, the last of which was commissioned in 1951. The reason for the selection of "555" as Dolphin's hull number is not known.
Despite a recent repair and upgrade, Dolphin was decommissioned on 15 January 2007 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on the same date. She is now a museum ship in San Diego Bay under the management of the San Diego Maritime Museum.
Design
[edit]The single most significant technical achievement in the development of Dolphin is the pressure hull itself. It is a constant-diameter cylinder, closed at its ends with hemispherical heads, and uses deep frames instead of bulkheads. The entire design of the pressure hull was kept as simple as possible to facilitate its use in structural experiments and trials. Hull openings were minimized for structural strength and minimum hull weight, in addition to eliminating possible sources for flooding casualties. The submarine has no snorkel mast; the main hatch had to be open when the diesel engines were running.[citation needed]
Use
[edit]Employed in both civilian and Navy activities, Dolphin was equipped with an extensive instrumentation suite that supported missions such as acoustic deep-water and littoral research, near-bottom and ocean surveys, weapons launches, sensor trials, and engineering evaluations.[citation needed] Because she was designed as a test platform, Dolphin could be modified both internally and externally to allow installation of up to 12 tons of special research and test equipment. She has internal and external mounting points, multiple electronic hull connectors, and up to 10 equipment racks for project use.[citation needed]
Service record
[edit]In August 1969, Dolphin launched a torpedo from the deepest depth that one has ever been fired. Other examples of Dolphin's work include:[citation needed]
- first successful submarine-to-aircraft optical communications
- development of a laser imaging system of photographic clarity
- development of an extreme low frequency antenna for Ohio-class submarines
- evaluation of various nonacoustic ASW techniques
- evaluation of various low probability of interception active sonars
- first submarine launch of a mobile submarine simulator system
- first successful submarine test of BQS-15 sonar system
- development of highly accurate (10 cm) towed body position monitoring system
- development of a new obstacle-avoidance sonar system
- development of a highly accurate target management system
- evaluation of a possible "fifth force of nature"
- first successful submarine-to-aircraft two-way laser communication
- deepest submarine (i.e. [non-submersible) dive; more than 3,000 feet (910 m)[4]
Dolphin was overhauled in 1993.[citation needed] In the late 1990s, Dolphin tested a new sonar system. As a result of Dolphin's efforts, this new system will now be retrofitted into the fleet.[when?][citation needed]
Fire and evacuation at sea
[edit]On 21 May 2002, around 23:30 PDT, while operating roughly 100 miles (160 km) off the coast of San Diego, California, Dolphin was cruising on the surface, recharging her batteries, when a torpedo shield door gasket failed, and the boat began to flood. Due to high winds and 10-to-11-foot (3.0 to 3.4 m) swells in the ocean, around 75 tons of seawater entered the ship, an amount perilously close to the boat's reserve buoyancy. The flooding shorted electrical panels and started fires.[5]
Chief Machinist's Mate (SS) John D. Wise, Jr., dove into the 57 °F (14 °C) water of the flooded pump room. With less than a foot of breathable space in the compartment, he ensured the seawater valves were lined up, allowing pumping out to commence. Once the valves were aligned, he remained in the pump room for more than 90 minutes to keep a submersible pump from becoming clogged. His courageous efforts prevented the loss of the ship and crew. Wise received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his efforts.[5]
After 90 minutes, with fire and flooding beyond the ability of the crew to control, Commander Stephen Kelety, Dolphin's commanding officer, ordered the crew of 41 and two civilian Navy employees to abandon ship. The Oceanographic Research ship William McGaw was operating in the vicinity, and immediately responded to Kelety's call for assistance. They were evacuated by boat to William McGaw after the hatches had been secured. All crewmembers were safely recovered with only a few minor injuries. Two were recovered from the water by United States Coast Guard helicopter during the transfer. William McGaw transported the crew to San Diego. USS Thach also came alongside Dolphin and rescued several crewman from the water, but the seas were too rough for full recovery or towing operations.[5][6][7]
The quick response of the crew placed the submarine in a stable condition. Submarine Support Vessel Kellie Chouest got underway from San Diego early on 22 May to assist in recovery. Dolphin was towed back to San Diego the following day.[7]
Retirement
[edit]Dolphin underwent three and a half years of repairs and upgrades at a cost of $50 million, then completed sea trials during the summer of 2005, and returned to her duties for one year.[citation needed]
In mid-2006, the Navy decided to retire Dolphin, citing the $18 million her operations cost annually. She was deactivated on 22 September 2006, and decommissioned and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 January 2007. Her 38-year career was the longest in history for a US Navy submarine.[citation needed]
Dolphin was officially transferred to the San Diego Maritime Museum in September 2008, to become the eighth vessel in their floating collection. She was opened to the public for the first time on 4 July 2009.[8]
Awards
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Lindsey, E.E. (September 1969), "USS DOLPHIN (AGSS-555) – The Navy's New Deep Diver", Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 95, no. 9, pp. 138–141
- ^ Stillwell, Paul (February 2008). "The Last Diesel Boat". Naval History Magazine (February 2008).
- ^ Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 1-55750-260-9., pp. 122
- ^ Burge, Michael (4 July 2009). "Sub Dolphin Surfaces As Museum Piece". San Diego Union-Tribune. p. B1. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
- ^ a b c Hoehne, Trevor, Journalist 2nd Class (16 January 2003). "Navy Recognizes USS Dolphin's Modest Hero". Navy Region Southwest Public Affairs. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Hancock, David (22 May 2002). "Navy Sub Catches Fire". CBS News/AP. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- ^ a b Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet Representative, West Coast (22 May 2002). "Crew of Research Sub Safely Evacuated After Fire, Flooding". Navy Press Release. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "San Diego Maritime Museum". Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2009.