Olivetti: Difference between revisions

Olivetti S.p.A.
	Olivetti headquarters in Ivrea, Italy
Company type	Subsidiary
Industry	Information technology
Founded	1908; 116 years ago
Founder	Camillo Olivetti
Headquarters	Ivrea, Italy
Area served	Europe and South America
Key people	Alessandro Picardi (chairman); Quang Ngo Dinh (CEO);
Products	Personal computers; Computer printers; Typewriters; Calculators; Microsystems; Photocopiers; Computer peripherals; Hardware;
Revenue	€227 million (2014)
Number of employees	582 (2014)
Parent	Telecom Italia
Website	www.olivetti.com

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Olivetti S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of computers, tablets, smartphones, printers and other such business products as calculators and fax machines.^[4] Headquartered in Ivrea, in the Metropolitan City of Turin, the company has been part of the Telecom Italia Group since 2003.^[5]

The company is known for innovative product design, ranging from the 1950s Lettera 22 portable typewriter, to some of the first commercial programmable desktop calculators, such as the 1964 Programma 101, as well as the pop-art inspired Valentine typewriter of 1969. Between 1954 and 2001, Italy's Association of Industrial Design (ADI) awarded 16 Compasso d'Oro prizes to Olivetti products and designs – more than any other company or designer.^[6]^[7]

History

Founding

The company was founded as a typewriter manufacturer by Camillo Olivetti in 1908 in the Turin commune of Ivrea, Italy.^[8] The firm was mainly developed by his son Adriano Olivetti.^[9]

Olivetti opened its first overseas manufacturing plant in 1930, and its Divisumma electric calculator was launched in 1948. Olivetti produced Italy's first electronic computer, the transistorised Elea 9003, in 1959, and purchased the Underwood Typewriter Company that year. In 1964 the company sold its electronics division to the American company General Electric. In order to qualify for new loans, bankers made it a condition that the company's electronic division be sold to General Electric.^[10] It continued to develop new computing products on its own; one of these was Programma 101, one of the first commercially produced programmable calculators.^[11]^[12]^[13] In the 1970s and 1980s, they were the biggest manufacturer for office machines in Europe and 2nd biggest PC vendor behind IBM in Europe. Olivetti also inspired Thomas J. Watson Jr. to change IBM's approach to industrial design beginning in the 1950s.^[14]

In 1980, Olivetti began distributing in Indonesia through Dragon Computer & Communication.

In 1981, Olivetti installed the electronic voting systems for the European Parliament in Strasburg and Luxembourg.^[15]

In 1986, the company acquired Triumph-Adler, a major office equipment manufacturer based in Germany that also produced typewriters, from Litton Industries of the United States.^[16]^[17] With this acquisition, Olivetti grabbed 50 percent of the European typewriter market.^[18]

In September 1994, the company launched Olivetti Telemedia chaired by Elserino Piol.^[19]

Since 2003, Olivetti has been part of the Telecom Italia Group through a merger.^[20]

Design

[A] preoccupation with design developed into a comprehensive corporate philosophy, which embraced everything from the shape of a space bar to the color scheme for an advertising poster.
— Jonathan Martin, International Directory of Company Histories, Olivetti S.p.A., vol. 34, p.316

Olivetti became famous for the meticulous attention it paid to the design of its products, through collaborations with notable architects and designers, over a nearly 60-year period starting in the late 1930s.^[9] An early example is the portable 1932 Olivetti MP1 (Modello Portatile in Italian).

From the 1940s to the 1960s, Olivetti industrial design was led by Marcello Nizzoli, who was responsible for the Lexicon 80 and the portable Lettera 22 typewriters, which were released in 1948 and 1950 respectively.^[23] The architect and designer Ettore Sottsass began consulting for Olivetti in the late 1950s and designed a series of products including the Tekne 3 typewriter in 1958, the Elea 9003 computer in 1959, and later, the Praxis 48 typewriter in 1964 and the Valentine portable typewriter in 1969.^[24]^[25]

In 1954, Mario Tchou joined Olivetti and was in put in charge of a team responsible for creating a commercial computer. In 1957, the team created the Elea 9001. Tchou went on to lead a team of 500 engineers, and decided to include transistors in the Elea 9003.^[10]

Mario Bellini joined Sottsass at Olivetti in 1963. He designed the Programma 101 (1965), the Divisumma 18 (1973), and the Logos 68 (1973) calculators,^[12]^[26] and in 1966 the TCV-250 video display terminal.^[27] Mario Bellini and Ettore Sottsass, who by then directed design for Olivetti, hired designers such as George Sowden and James Irvine. Sowden worked for Olivetti from 1970 until 1990 and designed the company's first desktop computer, the Olivetti L1, in 1978 (following ergonomic research lasting two years). In 1991, Sowden's design for the Olivetti fax OFX420 won the ADI Compasso d'Oro Award.^[28]^[7] In 1999 Michele De Lucchi designed the Art Jet 10 inkjet printer, which was also awarded the Compasso d'Oro, and in 2001,^[7] the Gioconda calculator.^[29]^[30]

In 1952, the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA) held an exhibit titled "Olivetti: Design in Industry"^[31] Another exhibit was mounted by the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris in 1969 and later toured five other cities.^[32] Many Olivetti products and archival material related to design are held in museum collections including the MoMA design collection, the Cooper Hewitt in New York,^[33] and the Centre Pompidou in Paris.^[34] Between 1954 and 2001, Olivetti won 16 Compasso d'Oro awards for design.^[7] In May 2022, ADI Design Museum in Milan paid tribute to this achievement with an exhibition titled Podium 16.^[35]

Olivetti paid attention to more than product design. Graphic design and architectural design was also considered pivotal to the company, which engaged architects and designers such as Gae Aulenti, Walter Ballmer [it], BBPR, Egon Eiermann, Figini e Pollini [it], Ignazio Gardella, Louis Kahn, Le Corbusier, Carlo Scarpa, Giovanni Pintori, Bob Noorda, and Lella and Massimo Vignelli to design factories, office buildings, showrooms, and publicity materials.^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]

Giovanni Pintori was hired by Adriano Olivetti in 1936 to work in the publicity department. Pintori was the creator of the Olivetti logo and many promotional posters used to advertise the company and its products. During his activity as Art Director from 1950, Olivetti's graphic design obtained several international awards, and he designed works that created the Olivetti image and became emblematic Italian reference in the history of 20th-century design.^[42]

Those designers also created the Olivetti Synthesis office furniture series which mainly were used to be installed in the firm's own headquarters, worldwide branch offices and showrooms. Olivetti also produced some industrial production machinery, including metalworking machines of the Horizon series.

Typewriters

First poster of the Olivetti M1 typewriter

Olivetti began with mechanical typewriters when the company was founded in 1909, and produced them until the mid-1990s. Until the mid-1960s, they were fully mechanical, and models such as the portable Olivetti Valentine were designed by Ettore Sottsass.

With the Tekne/Editor series and Praxis 48, some of the first electromechanical typewriters were introduced. The Editor series was used for speed typing championship competition. The Editor 5 from 1969 was the top model of that series, with proportional spacing and the ability to support justified text borders. In 1972 the electromechanical typeball machines of the Lexicon 90 to 94C series were introduced, as competitors to the IBM Selectric typewriters, the top model 94c supported proportional spacing and justified text borders like the Editor 5, as well as lift-off correction.

In 1978 Olivetti was one of the first manufacturers to introduce electronic daisywheel printer-based word processing machines, called TES 401 and TES 501. Later the ET series typewriters without (or with) LCD and different levels of text editing capabilities were popular in offices. Models in that line were ET 121, ET 201, ET 221, ET 225, ET 231, ET 351, ET 109, ET 110, ET 111, ET 112, ET 115, ET 116, ET 2000, ET 2100, ET 2200, ET 2250, ET 2300, Et 2400 and ET 2500. For home users in 1982 the Praxis 35, Praxis 40 and 45D were some of the first portable electronic typewriters. Later, Olivetti added the Praxis 20, ET Compact 50, ET Compact 60, ET Compact 70, ET Compact 65/66, the ET Personal series and Linea 101. The top models were 8 lines LCD based portables like Top 100 and Studio 801, with the possibility to save the text to a 3.5-inch floppy disk.

The professional line was upgraded with the ETV series video typewriters based on CP/M operating system, ETV 240, ETV 250, ETV 300, ETV 350 and later MS-DOS operating system based ETV 260, ETV 500, ETV 2700, ETV 2900, ETV 4000s word processing systems having floppy drives or hard disks. Some of them (ETV 300, 350, 500, 2900) were external boxes that could be connected through an optional serial interface to many of the ET series office typewriters, the others were fully integrated with an external monitor which could be installed on a holder over the desk. Most of the ET/ETV/Praxis series electronic typewriters were designed by Marion Bellini.

By the 1970s and 1980s, the typewriter market had matured under the market dominance of large companies from Europe and the United States. Before the advent of dailywheel and electronic machines (and subsequently the personal computers and word processing software) — Olivetti and the other major manufacturers faced strong competition from typewriters from Asia, including Brother Industries and Silver Seiko Ltd. of Japan.

By 1994, Olivetti stopped production of typewriters, as most users had transitioned to personal computers.^{[citation needed]}

Olivetti Lettera 22 Typewriter (Marcello Nizzoli)
Olivetti Lettera 32 Typewriter
Olivetti Lettera 33 Typewriter (Ettore Sottsass)
Olivetti Praxis 48 Typewriter (Ettore Sottsass)
Olivetti Lettera 36c Typewriter (Mario Bellini)
Olivetti Lettera 35i (Mario Bellini)
Olivetti Lettera Praxis DLX (Mario Bellini design)
Olivetti Valentine (Ettore Sottsass with Perry A. King, Albert Leclerc)

Computers

Between 1955 and 1964 Olivetti developed some of the first transistorized mainframe computer systems, such as the Elea 9003. Although 40 large commercial 9003 and over 100 smaller 6001 scientific machines were completed and leased to customers to 1964, low sales, loss of two key managers and financial instability caused Olivetti to withdraw from the field in 1964.

In 1965 Olivetti released the Programma 101, considered one of the first commercial desktop programmable calculators.^[43] It was saved from the sale of the computer division to GE thanks to an employee, Gastone Garziera, who spent successive nights changing the internal categorization of the product from "computer" to "calculator", so leaving the small team in Olivetti and creating some awkward situations in the office, since that space was now owned by GE.^[44] In 1974 the firm released the TC800, an intelligent terminal designed to be attached to a mainframe and used in the finance sector. It was followed in 1977 by the TC1800.

During the 1970s Olivetti also manufactured and sold two ranges of minicomputers. The 'A' series started with the typewriter-sized A4 through to the large A8, and the desk-sized DE500 and DE700 series.

Olivetti's first modern personal computer, the M20, featuring a Zilog Z8000 CPU, was released in 1982.^[45] The M20 was followed in 1983 by the M24,^[46] a clone of the IBM PC using DOS and the Intel 8086 processor (at 8 MHz) instead of the Intel 8088 used by IBM (at 4.77 MHz). The M24 was sold in North America as the AT&T 6300. Olivetti also manufactured the AT&T 6300 Plus, which could run both DOS and Unix.^[47] The M24 in the US also was sold as Xerox 6060. The Olivetti M28 was the firm's first PC to have the Intel 80286 processor. The same year Olivetti produced its M10 laptop computer,^[48] a 8085-based workalike of the successful Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100, which it marketed in Europe.^[49] These were the first laptops to sell in million-unit quantities, though the Olivetti M10 [it] itself only attained sales figures in the tens of thousands and went out of production within two years.

During the 1980s and 1990s Olivetti continued to release PC compatible machines, facing mounting competition from other brands. It turned to laptops, introducing in 1991 the D33, a laptop in a carry case, and continuing with the M111, M211, S20, D33, Philos and Echos series. A very interesting subnotebook was the Quaderno, about the same size as an A5 paper – it was the grandfather of the netbooks introduced 20 years later.

Olivetti did attempt to recover its position by introducing the Envision in 1995,^[50] a full multimedia PC, to be used in the living room; this project was a failure. Gateway also introduced a similar product in the U.S., called the Destination 2000, around the same period, to a similarly mixed commercial reception.^[51]^: 156

The company continued to develop personal computers until it sold its PC business in 1997.

End of Olivetti as a separate company

In the 1990s, Olivetti's computer businesses were in great difficulty, reportedly because of the competition from US vendors and new cheap manufacturers for PC components in Taiwan like ASUS, MSI, Gigabyte and so on from which local system builders profited much to offer cheaper PCs than Olivetti did with their own designs. It was on the brink of collapse and had needed government support to stay afloat.^{[citation needed]}

In 1992, Digital Equipment Corporation announced its intention to invest in Olivetti, approximating to a 10% stake valued at around $300 million, amidst a wave of investment in European companies by their US counterparts. Digital were already reselling Olivetti personal computer models in Europe, and the investment presented an opportunity for the adoption of Digital's Alpha processor in Olivetti's workstation products.^[52] The investment programme was to be conducted in two steps over an 18 month period, augmented by additional share purchases.^[53] The partnership between the companies, regarded as a way of supporting Olivetti whilst cementing a development relationship around Digital's Alpha platform, developed in the following two years, although the balance of revenue from selling products to each other was reported as being strongly in Olivetti's favour, it having generated 125.3 billion lire from Digital in 1993, but with Digital only selling products worth 9.9 billion lire to Olivetti. Digital remained a significant purchaser of laser printers and laptops from Olivetti, but had begun to manufacture its own personal computers and planned to produce its own laptop products. Meanwhile, Olivetti had been slow to introduce Alpha-based products, eventually shipping models based on Digital's own products. With Digital's finances under pressure, posting quarterly losses and incurring costs around redundancies, the company sold its stake – noted as amounting to 7.8% – for $150 million.^[54]

A company in transition, it had moved out of the typewriter business into personal computers before embracing telecoms between 1997 and 1999, spinning off its personal computer business in 1997 and divesting its computer services business in 1998.^[55] In the process it had lost around three-quarters of its staff.^{[citation needed]}

In 1999, The Luxembourg-based company Bell S.A. acquired a controlling stake in Olivetti, but sold it to a consortium including the Pirelli and Benetton groups two years later. Olivetti then launched a hostile bid for Telecom Italia in February 1999, despite being less than a seventh of the size of its target. In a take-over battle against Deutsche Telekom and other potential bidders that initially seem to have been settled in Deutsche Telecom's favour, with an $82 billion merger reportedly agreed in April 1999,^[55] Olivetti won out and controlled 52.12% of former monopoly Telecom Italia, Italy's #1 fixed-line and mobile phone operator. However, the ownership structure of the merged Olivetti / Telecom Italia was complex and multi-layered with Olivetti took on around $16 billion of extra debt. It was then referred to as the "Olivetti/Telecom Italia affair" because of the unpleasant secret affairs behind.

After a 2003 reorganization, Olivetti became the office equipment and systems services subsidiary of Telecom Italia. In 2003 Olivetti was absorbed into the Telecom Italia group, maintaining a separate identity as Olivetti Tecnost.

Rebirth and resumption of computer production

In 2005, Telecom Italia relaunched the company in the information technology sector, investing €200 million, at first restoring the original Olivetti brand, then replacing it with Olivetti Tecnost in 2003. In 2007, Olivetti launched the "LINEA_OFFICE", designed by Jasper Morrison for Olivetti; a new line of PCs, notebooks, printers, fax machines and calculators. Olivetti today operates in Italy and Switzerland, and has sales associates in 83 countries. Research and development are located in Agliè, Carsoli and Scarmagno in Italy, and Yverdon, Switzerland.

In March 2011 Olivetti began producing the OliPad, its first tablet computer, featuring a ten-inch screen, 3G, WiFi, Bluetooth connectivity, Nvidia Tegra 2, Android 2.2.2 and a 1024 x 600 display. It also features an application store, with apps specifically designed by Olivetti for 'business & government'.^[56] In 2014 the R&D department in Arnad was sold to SICPA.^[57]

Smartphones

In 2013, Olivetti launched a series of smartphones called Oliphone:^[58]

Olivetti Oliphone M8140
Olivetti Oliphone Q8145
Olivetti Oliphone Q8150
Olivetti Oliphone Q9047
Olivetti Oliphone WG451
Olivetti Oliphone WG501

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "I 16 Compassi d'Oro Olivetti". Associazione Archivio Storico Olivetti. 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
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^ "Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator". The Old Calculator Web Museum. Archived from the original on 2003-05-09. Retrieved 2020-02-27. It appears that the Mathatronics Mathatron calculator preceeded [sic] the Programma 101 to market.
^ McElvenny, Ralph; Wortman, Marc (2023). The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived. PublicAffairs. pp. 299–318. ISBN 978-1-5417-6852-9.
^ "European Parliament electronic voting system". Retrieved August 26, 2019 – via www.youtube.com.^{[dead YouTube link]}
^ Staff writer (23 April 1986). "Olivetti to Acquire Triumph-Adler". The New York Times: D5. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015.
^ Lewis, Paul (7 November 1986). "Italian Enters Paris Fasion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015.
^ Mozley Roche, Edward (1992). Managing Information Technology in Multinational Corporations. Macmillan. p. 183. ISBN 9780024026903 – via Google Books.
^ Ramu, S. Shiva (1999). Cyberspace & Repositioning Of Corporations. Universities Press. ISBN 9788173710384. Archived from the original on 2024-07-01. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
^ Sylvers, Eric (2003-03-13). "Olivetti-Telecom Italia Merger Planned". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
^ "Olivetti's New Branches". Cullinan Studio. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
^ Carlisle City Council (July 2012). "Botchergate Conservation Appraisal and Management Plan" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 2021-03-22. page 28 "The former Pagoda building, a 1970's office for Olivetti by Ted Cullinan Architects, now Edenside Carpets, is of some interest as a distinctive 20th Century building."
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^ Haber, Carol (29 August 1994). "DEC Sells Olivetti Stake As Alpha Struggle Festers". Electronic News. pp. 1, 2, 4. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
^ ^a ^b Cases in Corporate Acquisitions, Buyouts, Mergers, & Takeovers. Gale Group. 1999. pp. 958–962. ISBN 0-7876-3894-3. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
^ "Olivetti launches OliPad tablet, second coming of the typewriter?". Mar 6, 2011. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
^ "SICPA". SICPA. Archived from the original on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2020-03-13.
^ "Telefoni e Smartphone" [Telephones & smartphones] (in Italian). Olivetti. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2013-09-24.

External links

[1] "Management | Olivetti SPA". www.olivetti.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved Nov 14, 2020.

[2] "Roberto Tundo – nuovo amministratore delegato di Olivetti". Key4biz (in Italian). 2020-08-03. Archived from the original on 2021-01-10. Retrieved 2021-01-07.

[Olivetti-3] "Olivetti: The Company". Olivetti S.p.A. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23.

[4] "About us | Olivetti SPA". www.olivetti.com. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-09-24.

[5] "Olivetti SpA", Profile, Hoovers, archived from the original on 2013-09-28, retrieved 2013-01-31

[compasso-6] Lorenzo Ottone (June 21, 2022). "Olivetti as the mirror of the evolution of Italian design". Domus. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024.

[Archivio_Storico_Olivetti-7] "I 16 Compassi d'Oro Olivetti". Associazione Archivio Storico Olivetti. 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

[8] Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005). Design of the 20th Century (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. p. 527. ISBN 9783822840788. OCLC 809539744.

[maxxi.art-9] "Universo Olivetti. Community as a Concrete Utopia | MAXXI". www.maxxi.art. 2020-12-01. Archived from the original on 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

[scmp.com-10] "Unsung Chinese engineer behind first desktop". 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

[11] "Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator". The Old Calculator Web Museum. Archived from the original on 2003-05-09. Retrieved 2020-02-27. technically, the machine was a programmable calculator, not a computer.

[Powerhouse_Museum-12] "2008/107/1 Computer, Programma 101, and documents (3), plastic / metal / paper / electronic components, hardware architect Pier Giorgio Perotto, designed by Mario Bellini, made by Olivetti, Italy, 1965–1971". www.powerhousemuseum.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2016-03-20.

[13] "Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator". The Old Calculator Web Museum. Archived from the original on 2003-05-09. Retrieved 2020-02-27. It appears that the Mathatronics Mathatron calculator preceeded [sic] the Programma 101 to market.

[14] McElvenny, Ralph; Wortman, Marc (2023). The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived. PublicAffairs. pp. 299–318. ISBN 978-1-5417-6852-9.

[15] "European Parliament electronic voting system". Retrieved August 26, 2019 – via www.youtube.com.^{[dead YouTube link]}

[16] Staff writer (23 April 1986). "Olivetti to Acquire Triumph-Adler". The New York Times: D5. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015.

[17] Lewis, Paul (7 November 1986). "Italian Enters Paris Fasion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015.

[18] Mozley Roche, Edward (1992). Managing Information Technology in Multinational Corporations. Macmillan. p. 183. ISBN 9780024026903 – via Google Books.

[19] Ramu, S. Shiva (1999). Cyberspace & Repositioning Of Corporations. Universities Press. ISBN 9788173710384. Archived from the original on 2024-07-01. Retrieved 2020-11-18.

[20] Sylvers, Eric (2003-03-13). "Olivetti-Telecom Italia Merger Planned". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2021-03-30.

[21] "Olivetti's New Branches". Cullinan Studio. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2019.

[22] Carlisle City Council (July 2012). "Botchergate Conservation Appraisal and Management Plan" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 2021-03-22. page 28 "The former Pagoda building, a 1970's office for Olivetti by Ted Cullinan Architects, now Edenside Carpets, is of some interest as a distinctive 20th Century building."

[23] "Marcello Nizzoli. Lettera 22 Portable Typewriter. 1950 | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[24] "Praxis 48 Electric Typewriter". SFMOMA. Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[25] "Ettore Sottsass, Perry King. Valentine Portable Typewriter. 1968 | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[26] "Mario Bellini. Divisumma 18 Electronic Printing Calculator. 1972 | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[27] Walker, John. (1992) "Olivetti" Archived 2012-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945, 3rd. ed.

[28] "OFX 420". ADI Design Museum (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[29] "ARTJET 10". ADI Design Museum (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[30] "History & Culture Photo Archive". Telecom Italia. Archived from the original on 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2008-04-22.

[31] "Olivetti: Design in Industry | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[32] Woodham, Jonathan (1997). Twentieth Century Design. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-19-284204-8.

[33] "Ribbons in the Sky | Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum". www.cooperhewitt.org. 2013-07-30. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[34] "Affiche Lettera 32". Centre Pompidou. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[35] "Podium 16. Olivetti's Compasso d'Oro Awards". ADI Design Museum. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.

[36] Nathan H. Shapira, Renzo Zorzi, Design Process: Olivetti 1908–1978, catalogue of a show at the Frederick S. Wight Art Gallery of UCLA, 1979.

[37] "Archivio Grafica Italiana • Vignelli Design". Archivio Grafica Italiana. Archived from the original on 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

[38] "Olivetti Showroom, Milan, Italy – Vignelli, Massimo and Unimark International". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on 2022-09-29. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

[39] "Scarpa/Olivetti | MAXXI". www.maxxi.art. 2021-10-22. Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

[40] "Archivio Grafica Italiana • Walter Ballmer". Archivio Grafica Italiana. Archived from the original on 2022-09-29. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

[41] "L'utopia di Olivetti e Le Corbusier". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 2014-06-13. Archived from the original on 2015-10-13. Retrieved 2024-02-05.

[42] Musina, Massimiliano. (2014) Giovanni Pintori. The Stark Tension Between Flair and Discretion. Bologna: Fausto Lupetti Editore.

[43] "Quando la Olivetti inventò il pc e conquistò New York". La Stampa (in Italian). 2019-04-05. Archived from the original on 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2022-09-02.

[44] "Programma 101 Memory of the Future: Quando Olivetti Inventò il PC" [When Olivetti invented the PC] (Google You tube). History Channel (in Italian). June 26, 2011. Archived from the original on July 1, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2016.

[45] "Olivetti M20 D - Computer - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2024-04-28. Retrieved 2024-07-01.

[46] "Olivetti M24 – Computer – Computing History". Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-06-01.

[47] InfoWorld (Google Books). 1986-12-01. Retrieved 2012-03-10.

[48] "Olivetti M10 – Computer – Computing History". Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-06-01.

[49] "The Olivetti M10". Yet Another Computer Museum. fjkraan.

[50] "Olivetti Envision". Ultimate Console Database. Archived from the original on 2009-04-13. Retrieved 2012-03-10.

[Pederson2004-51] Pederson, Jay P., ed. (2004). International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 63. St. James Press. ISBN 9781558623248 – via Google Books.

[businessweek19920713_europe-52] Levine, Jonathan B. (13 July 1992). "A Helping Hand for Europe's High-Tech Heavies". Business Week. pp. 43–44. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

[electronicnews19920629_olivetti-53] Stedman, Craig (29 June 1992). "DEC, Olivetti Alpha Agreement Also Eyes Stake in Italian Firm". Electronic News. p. 2. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

[electronicnews19940829_olivetti-54] Haber, Carol (29 August 1994). "DEC Sells Olivetti Stake As Alpha Struggle Festers". Electronic News. pp. 1, 2, 4. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

[gale1999-55] Cases in Corporate Acquisitions, Buyouts, Mergers, & Takeovers. Gale Group. 1999. pp. 958–962. ISBN 0-7876-3894-3. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

[56] "Olivetti launches OliPad tablet, second coming of the typewriter?". Mar 6, 2011. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2011-03-06.

[57] "SICPA". SICPA. Archived from the original on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2020-03-13.

[58] "Telefoni e Smartphone" [Telephones & smartphones] (in Italian). Olivetti. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2013-09-24.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Italian manufacturer}}
-{{redirect|Olivetti|the surname|Olivetti (surname)}}
+{{for|the surname|Olivetti (surname)}}
 {{distinguish|Olivotti (disambiguation){{!}}Olivotti}}
 {{expand Italian|Olivetti|date=September 2022|section=no|topic=cult}}
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 | logo = File:Logo Olivetti 2021.svg
 | image = [[File:Olivetti-Esterno-CasaBlu-autunno.jpg|270px]]
-| image_caption = Olivetti headquarters in [[Ivrea]]
+| image_caption = Olivetti headquarters in Ivrea, Italy
-| type = Subsidiary
+| type = [[Subsidiary]]
 | genre =
 | foundation = {{Start date and age|1908}}
 | founder = [[Camillo Olivetti]]
 | location_city = [[Ivrea]]
-| location_country = [[Italy]]
+| location_country = Italy
-| area_served = Europe and South America
+| area_served = [[Europe]] and [[South America]]
-| key_people = Alessandro Picardi <small>Chairman</small><br /> Quang Ngo Dinh <small>[[CEO]]</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olivetti.com/it/corporate/lazienda/management|title=Management &#124; Olivetti SPA|website=www.olivetti.com|access-date=Nov 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-03|title=Roberto Tundo – nuovo amministratore delegato di Olivetti|url=https://www.key4biz.it/roberto-tundo/317253/|access-date=2021-01-07|website=Key4biz|language=it}}</ref>
+| key_people = {{ubl|Alessandro Picardi ([[chairman]])|Quang Ngo Dinh ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olivetti.com/it/corporate/lazienda/management|title=Management &#124; Olivetti SPA|website=www.olivetti.com|access-date=Nov 14, 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116103715/https://www.olivetti.com/it/corporate/lazienda/management|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-03|title=Roberto Tundo – nuovo amministratore delegato di Olivetti|url=https://www.key4biz.it/roberto-tundo/317253/|access-date=2021-01-07|website=Key4biz|language=it|archive-date=2021-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110181341/https://www.key4biz.it/roberto-tundo/317253/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
 | industry = [[Information technology]]
-| products = * Personal Computers
+| products = {{ubl
+|[[Personal computer]]s
-* Computer printers
+|[[Computer printer]]s
-* [[Typewriters]]
+|[[Typewriter]]s
-* Calculators
+|[[Calculator]]s
-* Microsystems
-* [[Photocopiers]]
+|[[Microsystem]]s
+|[[Photocopier]]s
-* [[Computer peripherals]]
+|[[Computer peripheral]]s
-* Hardware
+|[[Electronic hardware|Hardware]]
+}}
 | revenue = €227 million <small>(2014)</small><ref name=Olivetti>{{cite web |url=http://www.olivetti.com/EN/Page/t04/view_html?idp=391 |title=Olivetti: The Company |publisher=Olivetti S.p.A. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423023445/http://www.olivetti.com/EN/Page/t04/view_html?idp=391 |archive-date=2016-04-23 }}</ref>
-| owner = [[TIM Group|TIM S.p.A.]] (100%)
+| owner =
 | num_employees = 582 <small>(2014)</small><ref name=Olivetti/>
-| parent = [[TIM Group|TIM S.p.A.]]
+| parent = [[Telecom Italia]]
 | homepage = {{URL|www.olivetti.com}}
 }}
-'''Olivetti S.p.A.''' is an Italian manufacturer of [[computer]]s, [[Tablet computer|tablets]], [[smartphone]]s, [[Printer (computing)|printers]] and other such business products as [[calculator]]s and [[Fax Machine|fax machines]]. Headquartered in [[Ivrea]], in the [[Metropolitan City of Turin]], the company has been part of the [[TIM Group]] since 2003.<ref>{{Citation | contribution= Olivetti SpA| title= Profile| publisher= Hoovers|contribution-url= http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Olivetti_SpA.71591bfa339b2d3c.html}}</ref> One of the first commercial programmable [[desktop calculator]]s, the [[Programma 101]], was produced by Olivetti in 1964 and was a commercial success.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
+'''Olivetti S.p.A.''' is an Italian manufacturer of computers, tablets, smartphones, printers and other such business products as calculators and [[Fax Machine|fax machines]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=About us {{!}} Olivetti SPA |url=https://www.olivetti.com/en/corporate/company/about-us |access-date=2017-09-24 |website=www.olivetti.com |archive-date=2017-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012135225/http://www.olivetti.com/en/corporate/company/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Headquartered in [[Ivrea]], in the [[Metropolitan City of Turin]], the company has been part of the Telecom Italia Group since 2003.<ref>{{Citation| contribution= Olivetti SpA| title= Profile| publisher= Hoovers| contribution-url= http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Olivetti_SpA.71591bfa339b2d3c.html| access-date= 2013-01-31| archive-date= 2013-09-28| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013622/http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Olivetti_SpA.71591bfa339b2d3c.html| url-status= live}}</ref>
+The company is known for innovative product design, ranging from the 1950s [[Olivetti Lettera 22|Lettera 22]] portable typewriter, to some of the first commercial programmable [[desktop calculator]]s, such as the 1964 [[Programma 101]], as well as the pop-art inspired [[Olivetti Valentine|Valentine]] typewriter of 1969. Between 1954 and 2001, Italy's [[Associazione per il Disegno Industriale|Association of Industrial Design (ADI)]] awarded 16 [[Compasso d'Oro]]  prizes to Olivetti products and designs – more than any other company or designer.<ref name="compasso">{{cite web |author=Lorenzo Ottone |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Olivetti as the mirror of the evolution of Italian design |url=https://www.domusweb.it/en/design/gallery/2022/06/18/olivetti-come-specchio-dellevoluzione-del-design-italiano-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125220329/https://www.domusweb.it/en/design/gallery/2022/06/18/olivetti-come-specchio-dellevoluzione-del-design-italiano-.html |archive-date=January 25, 2024 |access-date=January 25, 2024 |publisher=Domus}}</ref><ref name="Archivio Storico Olivetti">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-07 |title=I 16 Compassi d'Oro Olivetti |url=https://www.archiviostoricolivetti.it/percorso-compassi-oro/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Associazione Archivio Storico Olivetti |language=en}}</ref>
 == History ==
 === Founding ===
-[[File:Macchina da scrivere Olivetti M40 - Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg|thumb|Olivetti M40 typewriter (1930), designed by [[Camillo Olivetti]] with [[Gino Levi Martinoli]] ([[Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci]], Milan).]]
+[[File:Macchina da scrivere Olivetti M40 - Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg|thumb|Olivetti M40 typewriter (1930), designed by [[Camillo Olivetti]] with [[Gino Levi Martinoli]] ([[Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci]], Milan)]]
-The company was founded as a [[typewriter]] manufacturer by [[Camillo Olivetti]] in 1908 in the [[Turin]] commune of [[Ivrea]], [[Italy]]. The firm was mainly developed by his son [[Adriano Olivetti]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-01 |title=Universo Olivetti. Community as a Concrete Utopia {{!}} MAXXI |url=https://www.maxxi.art/en/events/universo-olivetti-comunita-come-utopia-concreta/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.maxxi.art |language=en-US}}</ref>
+The company was founded as a [[typewriter]] manufacturer by [[Camillo Olivetti]] in 1908 in the [[Turin]] commune of [[Ivrea]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Design of the 20th Century|first1=Charlotte|last1=Fiell|first2=Peter|last2=Fiell|publisher=Taschen|location=Köln|edition=25th anniversary|year=2005|page=527|isbn=9783822840788|oclc=809539744}}</ref> The firm was mainly developed by his son [[Adriano Olivetti]].<ref name="maxxi.art">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-01 |title=Universo Olivetti. Community as a Concrete Utopia {{!}} MAXXI |url=https://www.maxxi.art/en/events/universo-olivetti-comunita-come-utopia-concreta/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.maxxi.art |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208031258/https://www.maxxi.art/en/events/universo-olivetti-comunita-come-utopia-concreta/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Olivetti opened its first overseas manufacturing plant in 1930, and its [[Divisumma]] electric calculator was launched in 1948. Olivetti produced Italy's first [[electronics|electronic]] computer, the [[transistor]]ised [[Olivetti Elea|Elea 9003]], in 1959, and purchased the [[Underwood Typewriter Company]] that year. In 1964 the company sold its electronics division to the American company [[General Electric]]. In order to qualify for new loans, bankers made it a condition that the company's electronic division be sold to General Electric.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/article/976147/unsung-chinese-engineer-behind-first-desktop | title=Unsung Chinese engineer behind first desktop | date=14 August 2011 }}</ref> It continued to develop new computing products on its own; one of these was [[Programma 101]], one of the first commercially produced [[programmable calculator]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html|title=Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator|website=The Old Calculator Web Museum|quote=technically, the machine was a programmable calculator, not a computer.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
+Olivetti opened its first overseas manufacturing plant in 1930, and its [[Divisumma]] electric calculator was launched in 1948. Olivetti produced Italy's first [[electronics|electronic]] computer, the [[transistor]]ised [[Olivetti Elea|Elea 9003]], in 1959, and purchased the [[Underwood Typewriter Company]] that year. In 1964 the company sold its electronics division to the American company [[General Electric]]. In order to qualify for new loans, bankers made it a condition that the company's electronic division be sold to General Electric.<ref name="scmp.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/article/976147/unsung-chinese-engineer-behind-first-desktop | title=Unsung Chinese engineer behind first desktop | date=14 August 2011 | access-date=30 December 2022 | archive-date=14 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414025844/http://www.scmp.com/article/976147/unsung-chinese-engineer-behind-first-desktop | url-status=live }}</ref> It continued to develop new computing products on its own; one of these was [[Programma 101]], one of the first commercially produced [[programmable calculator]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html|title=Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator|website=The Old Calculator Web Museum|quote=technically, the machine was a programmable calculator, not a computer.|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2003-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030509092843/https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Powerhouse Museum">{{Cite web
  | title= 2008/107/1 Computer, Programma 101, and documents (3), plastic / metal / paper / electronic components, hardware architect Pier Giorgio Perotto, designed by Mario Bellini, made by Olivetti, Italy, 1965–1971
  | website= www.powerhousemuseum.com
@@ Line 46: / Line 50: @@
  | url= http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=378406
  | access-date= 2016-03-20
+ | archive-date= 2010-07-23
-}}
+ | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100723053445/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=378406
-</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html|title=Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator|website=The Old Calculator Web Museum|quote=It appears that the Mathatronics Mathatron calculator {{sic|prec|eeded|nolink=y}} the Programma 101 to market.}}</ref> In the 1970s and 1980s, they were the biggest manufacturer for office machines in [[Europe]] and 2nd biggest PC vendor behind [[IBM]] in Europe.
+ | url-status= live
+ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html|title=Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator|website=The Old Calculator Web Museum|quote=It appears that the Mathatronics Mathatron calculator {{sic|prec|eeded|nolink=y}} the Programma 101 to market.|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=2003-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030509092843/https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s and 1980s, they were the biggest manufacturer for office machines in [[Europe]] and 2nd biggest PC vendor behind [[IBM]] in Europe. Olivetti also inspired [[Thomas J. Watson Jr.]] to change IBM's approach to industrial design beginning in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McElvenny |first1=Ralph |title=The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived |last2=Wortman |first2=Marc |date=2023 |isbn=978-1-5417-6852-9 |pages=299–318|publisher=PublicAffairs }}</ref>
 In 1980, Olivetti began distributing in Indonesia through Dragon Computer & Communication.
-In 1981, Olivetti installed the [[electronic voting systems for the European Parliament]] in Strasburg and Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYGDyF6YBvY|title=European Parliament electronic voting system|access-date=August 26, 2019|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>
+In 1981, Olivetti installed the [[electronic voting systems for the European Parliament]] in Strasburg and Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYGDyF6YBvY|title=European Parliament electronic voting system|access-date=August 26, 2019|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
+In 1986, the company acquired [[Triumph-Adler]], a major office equipment manufacturer based in Germany that also produced typewriters, from [[Litton Industries]] of the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=23 April 1986 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/23/business/olivetti-to-acquire-triumph-adler.html | title=Olivetti to Acquire Triumph-Adler | journal=The New York Times | page=D5 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524193114/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/23/business/olivetti-to-acquire-triumph-adler.html | archivedate=24 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Lewis | first=Paul | date=7 November 1986 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/07/business/italian-enters-paris-fashion.html | title=Italian Enters Paris Fasion | journal=The New York Times | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524185520/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/07/business/italian-enters-paris-fashion.html | archivedate=24 May 2015}}</ref>  With this acquisition, Olivetti grabbed 50&nbsp;percent of the European typewriter market.<ref>{{cite book | last=Mozley Roche | first=Edward | date=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ik0VyfSQR0C | title=Managing Information Technology in Multinational Corporations | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=9780024026903 | via=Google Books | page=183}}</ref>
-In September 1994, the company launched Olivetti Telemedia chaired by Elserino Piol.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LqDhhCEXukC&q=olivetti+typewriters+in+1994&pg=PA74|title=Cyberspace & Repositioning Of Corporations|last=Ramu|first=S. Shiva|date=1999|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173710384|language=en}}</ref>
+In September 1994, the company launched Olivetti Telemedia chaired by Elserino Piol.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LqDhhCEXukC&q=olivetti+typewriters+in+1994&pg=PA74|title=Cyberspace & Repositioning Of Corporations|last=Ramu|first=S. Shiva|date=1999|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173710384|language=en|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-date=2024-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701174025/https://books.google.com/books?id=5LqDhhCEXukC&q=olivetti+typewriters+in+1994&pg=PA74#v=snippet&q=olivetti%20typewriters%20in%201994&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Since 2003, Olivetti has been part of the [[Telecom Italia|Telecom Italia Group]] through a merger.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sylvers|first=Eric|date=2003-03-13|title=Olivetti-Telecom Italia Merger Planned|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/13/business/olivetti-telecom-italia-merger-planned.html|access-date=2021-03-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+Since 2003, Olivetti has been part of the [[Telecom Italia|Telecom Italia Group]] through a merger.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sylvers|first=Eric|date=2003-03-13|title=Olivetti-Telecom Italia Merger Planned|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/13/business/olivetti-telecom-italia-merger-planned.html|access-date=2021-03-30|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2023-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619121911/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/13/business/olivetti-telecom-italia-merger-planned.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Design ===
 [[Image:Olivetti Lettera 22 Typewriter Marcello Nizzoli.jpg|thumb|The Olivetti Lettera 22 typewriter, designed by Marcello Nizzoli in 1950]]
+[[File:Olivetti carlisle.jpg|thumb|Former Olivetti branch in Carlisle, UK<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cullinanstudio.com/project/olivettis-new-branches|title=Olivetti's New Branches|access-date=16 May 2019|website=Cullinan Studio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408140548/https://www.cullinanstudio.com/project/olivettis-new-branches|archive-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carlisle.gov.uk/Portals/0/Documents/PDF/ED.27.12_Botchergate_Conservation_Area_Appraisal_Final_version.pdf|title=Botchergate Conservation Appraisal and Management Plan|date=July 2012|author=[[Carlisle City Council]]|access-date=2021-03-22|archive-date=2023-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423104333/https://www.carlisle.gov.uk/Portals/0/Documents/PDF/ED.27.12_Botchergate_Conservation_Area_Appraisal_Final_version.pdf|url-status=live}} page 28 "The former Pagoda building, a 1970's office for Olivetti by Ted Cullinan Architects, now Edenside Carpets, is of some interest as a distinctive 20th Century building."</ref>]]
-[[File:Olivetti Negozio 1966.jpg|alt=|thumb|An Olivetti single-brand store, 1966.]]
-[[File:Olivetti carlisle.jpg|thumb|Former Olivetti branch in Carlisle, UK<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cullinanstudio.com/project/olivettis-new-branches|title=Olivetti's New Branches|access-date=16 May 2019|website=Cullinan Studio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408140548/https://www.cullinanstudio.com/project/olivettis-new-branches|archive-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carlisle.gov.uk/Portals/0/Documents/PDF/ED.27.12_Botchergate_Conservation_Area_Appraisal_Final_version.pdf|title=Botchergate Conservation Appraisal and Management Plan|date=July 2012|author=[[Carlisle City Council]]}} page 28 "The former Pagoda building, a 1970’s office for Olivetti by Ted Cullinan Architects, now Edenside Carpets, is of some interest as a distinctive 20th Century building."</ref>]]
 {{blockquote|[A] preoccupation with design developed into a comprehensive corporate philosophy, which embraced everything from the shape of a space bar to the color scheme for an advertising poster. |Jonathan Martin |International Directory of Company Histories |source=Olivetti S.p.A., vol. 34, p.316}}
-Olivetti became famous for the meticulous attention it paid to the [[Industrial design|design]] of its products, through collaborations with notable architects and designers, over a nearly 60-year period starting in the late 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-01 |title=Universo Olivetti. Community as a Concrete Utopia {{!}} MAXXI |url=https://www.maxxi.art/en/events/universo-olivetti-comunita-come-utopia-concreta/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.maxxi.art |language=en-US}}</ref> An early example is the portable 1932 [[Olivetti_typewriters#MP1_(1932)|Olivetti MP1]] (Modello Portatile in Italian).
+Olivetti became famous for the meticulous attention it paid to the [[Industrial design|design]] of its products, through collaborations with notable architects and designers, over a nearly 60-year period starting in the late 1930s.<ref name="maxxi.art"/> An early example is the portable 1932 [[Olivetti typewriters#MP1 (1932)|Olivetti MP1]] (Modello Portatile in Italian).
-From the 1940s to the 1960s, Olivetti [[industrial design]] was led by [[Marcello Nizzoli]], who was responsible for the [[Lexicon 80]] and the portable [[Lettera 22]] typewriters, which were released in 1948 and 1950 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marcello Nizzoli. Lettera 22 Portable Typewriter. 1950 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/2967 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> The architect and designer [[Ettore Sottsass]] began consulting for Olivetti in the late 1950s and designed a series of products including the Tekne 3 typewriter in 1958, the [[Olivetti Elea|Elea 9003 computer]] in 1959, and later, the Praxis 48 typewriter in 1964 and the Valentine portable typewriter in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Praxis 48 Electric Typewriter |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/2004.192/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=SFMOMA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ettore Sottsass, Perry King. Valentine Portable Typewriter. 1968 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/4576 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref>
+From the 1940s to the 1960s, Olivetti [[industrial design]] was led by [[Marcello Nizzoli]], who was responsible for the [[Lexicon 80]] and the portable [[Lettera 22]] typewriters, which were released in 1948 and 1950 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marcello Nizzoli. Lettera 22 Portable Typewriter. 1950 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/2967 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131112/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/2967 |url-status=live }}</ref> The architect and designer [[Ettore Sottsass]] began consulting for Olivetti in the late 1950s and designed a series of products including the Tekne 3 typewriter in 1958, the [[Olivetti Elea|Elea 9003 computer]] in 1959, and later, the Praxis 48 typewriter in 1964 and the Valentine portable typewriter in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Praxis 48 Electric Typewriter |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/2004.192/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=SFMOMA |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910180429/https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/2004.192/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ettore Sottsass, Perry King. Valentine Portable Typewriter. 1968 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/4576 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131114/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/4576 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 1954, [[Mario Tchou]] joined Olivetti and was in put in charge of a team responsible for creating a commercial computer. In 1957, the team created the Elea 9001. Tchou went on to lead a team of 500 engineers, and decided to include transistors in the Elea 9003.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/article/976147/unsung-chinese-engineer-behind-first-desktop | title=Unsung Chinese engineer behind first desktop | date=14 August 2011 }}</ref>
+In 1954, [[Mario Tchou]] joined Olivetti and was in put in charge of a team responsible for creating a commercial computer. In 1957, the team created the Elea 9001. Tchou went on to lead a team of 500 engineers, and decided to include transistors in the Elea 9003.<ref name="scmp.com"/>
+[[Mario Bellini]] joined Sottsass at Olivetti in 1963. He designed the [[Programma 101]] (1965),  the [[Divisumma 18]] (1973), and the Logos 68 (1973) calculators,<ref name="Powerhouse Museum"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mario Bellini. Divisumma 18 Electronic Printing Calculator. 1972 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/3805 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131113/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/3805 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 1966 the TCV-250 [[video display terminal]].<ref>Walker, John. (1992) [http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Olivetti-1992 "Olivetti"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202051608/http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Olivetti-1992 |date=2012-02-02 }}. ''Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945'', 3rd. ed.</ref> [[Mario Bellini]] and [[Ettore Sottsass]], who by then directed design for Olivetti, hired designers such as [[George Sowden]] and [[James Irvine (designer)|James Irvine]]. Sowden worked for Olivetti from 1970 until 1990 and designed the company's first [[desktop computer]], the Olivetti L1, in 1978 (following ergonomic research lasting two years). In 1991, Sowden's design for the Olivetti [[fax]] OFX420 won the [[Associazione per il Disegno Industriale|ADI]] [[Compasso d'Oro|Compasso d'Oro Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFX 420 |url=https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/schede/ofx-420/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=ADI Design Museum |language=it-IT |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131116/https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/schede/ofx-420/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Archivio Storico Olivetti" /> In 1999 [[Michele De Lucchi]] designed the Art Jet 10 [[inkjet printer]], which was also awarded the Compasso d'Oro, and in 2001,<ref name="Archivio Storico Olivetti" /> the Gioconda calculator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARTJET 10 |url=https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/schede/artjet-10/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=ADI Design Museum |language=it-IT |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928132615/https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/schede/artjet-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History & Culture Photo Archive |url=http://www.storiaolivetti.telecomitalia.it/uk/cgi-bin/Societa/archivio_foto_prodotti.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407183610/http://www.storiaolivetti.telecomitalia.it/uk/cgi-bin/Societa/archivio_foto_prodotti.asp |archive-date=2008-04-07 |access-date=2008-04-22 |publisher=Telecom Italia}}</ref>
-[[Mario Bellini]] joined Sottsass at Olivetti in 1963. He designed the [[Programma 101]] (1965),  the [[Divisumma 18]] (1973), and the Logos 68 (1973) calculators,<ref>{{Cite web
- | title= 2008/107/1 Computer, Programma 101, and documents (3), plastic / metal / paper / electronic components, hardware architect Pier Giorgio Perotto, designed by Mario Bellini, made by Olivetti, Italy, 1965–1971
- | website= www.powerhousemuseum.com
- | language= en
- | url= http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=378406
- | access-date= 2016-03-20
-}}
-</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mario Bellini. Divisumma 18 Electronic Printing Calculator. 1972 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/3805 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> and in 1966 the TCV-250 [[video display terminal]].<ref>Walker, John. (1992) [http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Olivetti-1992 "Olivetti"]. ''Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945'', 3rd. ed.</ref> [[Mario Bellini]] and [[Ettore Sottsass]], who by then directed design for Olivetti, hired designers such as [[George Sowden]] and [[James Irvine (designer)|James Irvine]]. Sowden worked for Olivetti from 1970 until 1990 and designed the company's first [[desktop computer]], the Olivetti L1, in 1978 (following ergonomic research lasting two years). In 1991, Sowden's design for the Olivetti [[fax]] OFX420 won the [[Associazione per il Disegno Industriale|ADI]] [[Compasso d'Oro|Compasso d'Oro Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFX 420 |url=https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/schede/ofx-420/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=ADI Design Museum |language=it-IT}}</ref> In 1999 [[Michele De Lucchi]] designed the Art Jet 10 [[inkjet printer]], which was also awarded the Compasso d'Oro, and in 2001, the Gioconda calculator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARTJET 10 |url=https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/schede/artjet-10/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=ADI Design Museum |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History & Culture Photo Archive |url=http://www.storiaolivetti.telecomitalia.it/uk/cgi-bin/Societa/archivio_foto_prodotti.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407183610/http://www.storiaolivetti.telecomitalia.it/uk/cgi-bin/Societa/archivio_foto_prodotti.asp |archive-date=2008-04-07 |access-date=2008-04-22 |publisher=Telecom Italia}}</ref>
-In 1952, the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York (MoMA) held an exhibit titled "Olivetti: Design in Industry"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivetti: Design in Industry {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2741 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> Another exhibit was mounted by the [[Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris|Musée des Arts Décoratifs]] in Paris in 1969 and later toured five other cities.<ref>{{cite book | last =Woodham | first =Jonathan | title =Twentieth Century Design | publisher =[[Oxford University Press]] | year =1997 | location =Oxford | page =[https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00wood_0/page/160 160] | isbn =0-19-284204-8 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00wood_0 }}</ref> Many Olivetti products and archival material related to design are held in museum collections including the MoMA design collection, the [[Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum|Cooper Hewitt]] in New York,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-30 |title=Ribbons in the Sky {{!}} Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum |url=https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2013/07/30/ribbons-in-the-sky/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.cooperhewitt.org |language=en-US}}</ref> and the [[Centre Pompidou]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiche Lettera 32 |url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/ressources/oeuvre/cXjabG |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Centre Pompidou |language=en-EN}}</ref> Between 1954 and 2001, Olivetti won 16 Compasso d'Oro awards for design. In May 2022, [[ADI Design Museum]] in Milan paid tribute to this achievement with an exhibition titled Podium 16.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Podium 16. Olivetti's Compasso d'Oro Awards |url=https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/en/exhibition/podium-16-i-compassi-doro-di-olivetti/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=ADI Design Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>
+In 1952, the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York (MoMA) held an exhibit titled "Olivetti: Design in Industry"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivetti: Design in Industry {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2741 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131115/https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2741 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another exhibit was mounted by the [[Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris|Musée des Arts Décoratifs]] in Paris in 1969 and later toured five other cities.<ref>{{cite book | last =Woodham | first =Jonathan | title =Twentieth Century Design | publisher =[[Oxford University Press]] | year =1997 | location =Oxford | page =[https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00wood_0/page/160 160] | isbn =0-19-284204-8 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00wood_0 }}</ref> Many Olivetti products and archival material related to design are held in museum collections including the MoMA design collection, the [[Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum|Cooper Hewitt]] in New York,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-30 |title=Ribbons in the Sky {{!}} Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum |url=https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2013/07/30/ribbons-in-the-sky/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.cooperhewitt.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131115/https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2013/07/30/ribbons-in-the-sky/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Centre Pompidou]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiche Lettera 32 |url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/ressources/oeuvre/cXjabG |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Centre Pompidou |language=en-EN |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131113/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/ressources/oeuvre/cXjabG |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1954 and 2001, Olivetti won 16 Compasso d'Oro awards for design.<ref name="Archivio Storico Olivetti" /> In May 2022, [[ADI Design Museum]] in Milan paid tribute to this achievement with an exhibition titled Podium 16.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Podium 16. Olivetti's Compasso d'Oro Awards |url=https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/en/exhibition/podium-16-i-compassi-doro-di-olivetti/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=ADI Design Museum |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928113143/https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/en/exhibition/podium-16-i-compassi-doro-di-olivetti/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Olivetti paid attention to more than product design. Graphic design and architectural design was also considered pivotal to the company, which engaged architects and designers such as [[Gae Aulenti]], {{ill|Walter Ballmer (graphic designer)|lt=Walter Ballmer|it|Walter Ballmer}}, [[BBPR]], [[Egon Eiermann]], {{ill|Figini e Pollini|lt=Figini e Pollini|it|Figini e Pollini}}, [[Ignazio Gardella]], [[Louis Kahn]], [[Le Corbusier]], [[Carlo Scarpa]], [[Giovanni Pintori]], [[Bob Noorda]], and [[Lella Vignelli|Lella]] and [[Massimo Vignelli]] to design factories, office buildings, showrooms, and publicity materials.<ref>Nathan H. Shapira, Renzo Zorzi, ''Design Process: Olivetti 1908–1978'', catalogue of a show at the Frederick S. Wight Art Gallery of [[UCLA]], 1979.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archivio Grafica Italiana • Vignelli Design |url=http://www.archiviograficaitaliana.com/firms/Firm.aspx |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Archivio Grafica Italiana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivetti Showroom, Milan, Italy – Vignelli, Massimo and Unimark International |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/olivetti-showroom-milan-italy-vignelli-massimo/KwHfClNnisEaBQ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-22 |title=Scarpa/Olivetti {{!}} MAXXI |url=https://www.maxxi.art/en/events/scarpa-olivetti/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.maxxi.art |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archivio Grafica Italiana • Walter Ballmer |url=http://www.archiviograficaitaliana.com/designers/Designer.aspx |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Archivio Grafica Italiana}}</ref>
+Olivetti paid attention to more than product design. Graphic design and architectural design was also considered pivotal to the company, which engaged architects and designers such as [[Gae Aulenti]], {{ill|Walter Ballmer (graphic designer)|lt=Walter Ballmer|it|Walter Ballmer}}, [[BBPR]], [[Egon Eiermann]], {{ill|Figini e Pollini|lt=Figini e Pollini|it|Figini e Pollini}}, [[Ignazio Gardella]], [[Louis Kahn]], [[Le Corbusier]], [[Carlo Scarpa]], [[Giovanni Pintori]], [[Bob Noorda]], and [[Lella Vignelli|Lella]] and [[Massimo Vignelli]] to design factories, office buildings, showrooms, and publicity materials.<ref>Nathan H. Shapira, Renzo Zorzi, ''Design Process: Olivetti 1908–1978'', catalogue of a show at the Frederick S. Wight Art Gallery of [[UCLA]], 1979.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archivio Grafica Italiana • Vignelli Design |url=http://www.archiviograficaitaliana.com/firms/Firm.aspx |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Archivio Grafica Italiana |archive-date=2021-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201191346/http://www.archiviograficaitaliana.com/firms/Firm.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivetti Showroom, Milan, Italy – Vignelli, Massimo and Unimark International |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/olivetti-showroom-milan-italy-vignelli-massimo/KwHfClNnisEaBQ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929061322/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/olivetti-showroom-milan-italy-vignelli-massimo/KwHfClNnisEaBQ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-22 |title=Scarpa/Olivetti {{!}} MAXXI |url=https://www.maxxi.art/en/events/scarpa-olivetti/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.maxxi.art |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522135307/https://www.maxxi.art/en/events/scarpa-olivetti/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archivio Grafica Italiana • Walter Ballmer |url=http://www.archiviograficaitaliana.com/designers/Designer.aspx |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Archivio Grafica Italiana |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929090155/http://www.archiviograficaitaliana.com/designers/Designer.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-13 |title=L'utopia di Olivetti e Le Corbusier |url=http://www.corriere.it/cultura/14_giugno_13/utopia-olivetti-corbusier-d7b880da-f2d7-11e3-9109-f9f25fcc02f9.shtml |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Corriere della Sera |language=it |archive-date=2015-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013095257/http://www.corriere.it/cultura/14_giugno_13/utopia-olivetti-corbusier-d7b880da-f2d7-11e3-9109-f9f25fcc02f9.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
 Giovanni Pintori was hired by Adriano Olivetti in 1936 to work in the publicity department. Pintori was the creator of the Olivetti logo and many promotional posters used to advertise the company and its products. During his activity as Art Director from 1950, Olivetti's graphic design obtained several international awards, and he designed works that created the Olivetti image and became emblematic Italian reference in the history of 20th-century design.<ref>Musina, Massimiliano. (2014) ''Giovanni Pintori. The Stark Tension Between Flair and Discretion.'' Bologna: Fausto Lupetti Editore.</ref>
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 The professional line was upgraded with the ETV series video typewriters based on [[CP/M]] operating system, ETV 240, ETV 250, ETV 300, ETV 350 and later [[MS-DOS]] operating system based ETV 260, ETV 500, ETV 2700, ETV 2900, ETV 4000s word processing systems having floppy drives or [[hard disk]]s. Some of them (ETV 300, 350, 500, 2900) were external boxes that could be connected through an optional serial interface to many of the ET series office typewriters, the others were fully integrated with an external monitor which could be installed on a holder over the desk. Most of the ET/ETV/Praxis series electronic typewriters were designed by Marion Bellini.
+By the 1970s and 1980s, the typewriter market had matured under the market dominance of large companies from Europe and the United States. Before the advent of dailywheel and electronic machines (and subsequently the personal computers and word processing software)  &mdash; Olivetti and the other major manufacturers faced strong competition from typewriters from Asia, including [[Brother Industries]] and [[Silver Seiko Ltd.]] of Japan.
 By 1994, Olivetti stopped production of typewriters, as most users had transitioned to [[personal computer]]s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}
@@ Line 101: / Line 103: @@
 File:Olivetti Lettera 22 Typewriter Marcello Nizzoli.jpg|Olivetti Lettera 22 Typewriter ([[Marcello Nizzoli]])
 File:Olivetti Lettera 32 Typewriter.jpg|Olivetti Lettera 32 Typewriter
-File:Olivetti Lettera 33 Ettorre Sottsass.jpg|Olivetti Lettera 33 Typewriter (Ettorre Sottsass)
+File:Olivetti Lettera 33 Ettorre Sottsass.jpg|Olivetti Lettera 33 Typewriter (Ettore Sottsass)
-File:Olivetti Praxis 48 Ettorre Sottsass.jpg|Olivetti Praxis 48 Typewriter (Ettorre Sottsass)
+File:Olivetti Praxis 48 Ettorre Sottsass.jpg|Olivetti Praxis 48 Typewriter (Ettore Sottsass)
 File:Olivetti Lettera 36c Mario Bellini.jpg|Olivetti Lettera 36c Typewriter ([[Mario Bellini]])
 File:Olivetti Lettera 35i Mario Bellini.jpg|Olivetti Lettera 35i (Mario Bellini)
 File:Olivetti Lettera Praxis DLX Mario Bellini Design - Austin Calhoon Photography.jpg|Olivetti Lettera Praxis DLX (Mario Bellini design)
+File:Olivetti-Valentine.jpg|[[Olivetti Valentine]] (Ettore Sottsass with Perry A. King, Albert Leclerc)
 </gallery>
@@ Line 113: / Line 116: @@
 Between 1955 and 1964 Olivetti developed some of the first transistorized [[mainframe computer]] systems, such as the '''[[Olivetti Elea|Elea 9003]]'''. Although 40 large commercial 9003 and over 100 smaller 6001 scientific machines were completed and leased to customers to 1964, low sales, loss of two key managers and financial instability caused Olivetti to withdraw from the field in 1964.
-In 1965 Olivetti released the '''[[Programma 101]]''', considered one of the first commercial desktop programmable calculators.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=Quando la Olivetti inventò il pc e conquistò New York |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cultura/2019/04/05/news/quando-la-olivetti-invento-il-pc-e-conquisto-new-york-1.35214967/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=La Stampa |language=it}}</ref> It was saved from the sale of the computer division to GE thanks to an employee, Gastone Garziera, who spent successive nights changing the internal categorization of the product from "computer" to "calculator", so leaving the small team in Olivetti and creating some awkward situations in the office, since that space was now owned by GE.<ref>{{cite web | title=Programma 101 Memory of the Future: Quando Olivetti Inventò il PC | language = it |trans-title=When Olivetti invented the PC | format = Google You tube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpkqdbz1R_s | work =History Channel | date =June 26, 2011}}</ref>
+In 1965 Olivetti released the '''[[Programma 101]]''', considered one of the first commercial desktop programmable calculators.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=Quando la Olivetti inventò il pc e conquistò New York |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cultura/2019/04/05/news/quando-la-olivetti-invento-il-pc-e-conquisto-new-york-1.35214967/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=La Stampa |language=it |archive-date=2022-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816164609/https://www.lastampa.it/cultura/2019/04/05/news/quando-la-olivetti-invento-il-pc-e-conquisto-new-york-1.35214967/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was saved from the sale of the computer division to GE thanks to an employee, Gastone Garziera, who spent successive nights changing the internal categorization of the product from "computer" to "calculator", so leaving the small team in Olivetti and creating some awkward situations in the office, since that space was now owned by GE.<ref>{{cite web | title = Programma 101 Memory of the Future: Quando Olivetti Inventò il PC | language = it | trans-title = When Olivetti invented the PC | format = Google You tube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpkqdbz1R_s | work = History Channel | date = June 26, 2011 | access-date = February 14, 2016 | archive-date = July 1, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240701174059/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpkqdbz1R_s | url-status = live }}</ref>
 In 1974 the firm released the '''[[Olivetti TC800|TC800]]''', an intelligent terminal designed to be attached to a mainframe and used in the finance sector. It was followed in 1977 by the '''[[Olivetti TC1800|TC1800]]'''.
 During the 1970s Olivetti also manufactured and sold two ranges of minicomputers. The 'A' series started with the typewriter-sized A4 through to the large A8, and the desk-sized DE500 and DE700 series.
-Olivetti's first modern personal computer, the [[Olivetti M20|'''M20''']], featuring a [[Zilog Z8000]] [[Central processing unit|CPU]], was released in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/49850/Olivetti-M20-D/|title=Olivetti M20 D – Computer – Computing History}}</ref>
+Olivetti's first modern personal computer, the [[Olivetti M20|'''M20''']], featuring a [[Zilog Z8000]] [[Central processing unit|CPU]], was released in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/49850/Olivetti-M20-D/|title=Olivetti M20 D - Computer - Computing History|website=www.computinghistory.org.uk|access-date=2024-07-01|archive-date=2024-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428085555/https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/49850/Olivetti-M20-D/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The M20 was followed in 1983 by the [[Olivetti M24|'''M24''']],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/10534/Olivetti-M24/|title = Olivetti M24 – Computer – Computing History}}</ref> a clone of the [[IBM PC]] using [[MS-DOS|DOS]] and the [[Intel 8086]] processor (at 8 [[Hertz|MHz]]) instead of the [[Intel 8088]] used by [[IBM]] (at 4.77&nbsp;MHz). The M24 was sold in North America as the [[AT&T Corporation|'''AT&T''']] '''6300'''. Olivetti also manufactured the '''AT&T 6300 Plus''', which could run both DOS and [[Unix]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ejwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31 |title = InfoWorld | format = Google Books | date = 1986-12-01 |access-date = 2012-03-10}}</ref> The M24 in the US also was sold as [[Xerox]] 6060. The '''[[Olivetti M28]]''' was the firm's first PC to have the [[Intel 80286]] processor.
+The M20 was followed in 1983 by the [[Olivetti M24|'''M24''']],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/10534/Olivetti-M24/|title=Olivetti M24 – Computer – Computing History|access-date=2021-06-01|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603140205/http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/10534/Olivetti-M24/|url-status=live}}</ref> a clone of the [[IBM PC]] using [[MS-DOS|DOS]] and the [[Intel 8086]] processor (at 8 [[Hertz|MHz]]) instead of the [[Intel 8088]] used by [[IBM]] (at 4.77&nbsp;MHz). The M24 was sold in North America as the [[AT&T Corporation|'''AT&T''']] '''6300'''. Olivetti also manufactured the '''AT&T 6300 Plus''', which could run both DOS and [[Unix]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ejwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31 |title = InfoWorld | format = Google Books | date = 1986-12-01 |access-date = 2012-03-10}}</ref> The M24 in the US also was sold as [[Xerox]] 6060. The '''[[Olivetti M28]]''' was the firm's first PC to have the [[Intel 80286]] processor.
-The same year Olivetti produced its '''[[Olivetti M10|M10]]''' laptop computer,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/535/Olivetti-M10/|title = Olivetti M10 – Computer – Computing History}}</ref> a [[8085]]-based workalike of the successful [[Radio Shack]] [[TRS-80 Model 100]], which it marketed in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Olivetti M10|url=https://fjkraan.home.xs4all.nl/comp/m10/|website=Yet Another Computer Museum|publisher=fjkraan}}</ref> These were the first laptops to sell in million-unit quantities, though the {{ill|Olivetti M10|it}} itself only attained sales figures in the tens of thousands and went out of production within two years.
+The same year Olivetti produced its '''[[Olivetti M10|M10]]''' laptop computer,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/535/Olivetti-M10/|title=Olivetti M10 – Computer – Computing History|access-date=2021-06-01|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603052917/http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/535/Olivetti-M10/|url-status=live}}</ref> a [[8085]]-based workalike of the successful [[Radio Shack]] [[TRS-80 Model 100]], which it marketed in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Olivetti M10|url=https://fjkraan.home.xs4all.nl/comp/m10/|website=Yet Another Computer Museum|publisher=fjkraan}}</ref> These were the first laptops to sell in million-unit quantities, though the {{ill|Olivetti M10|it}} itself only attained sales figures in the tens of thousands and went out of production within two years.
 During the 1980s and 1990s Olivetti continued to release PC compatible machines, facing mounting competition from other brands. It turned to laptops, introducing in 1991 the '''[[Olivetti D33|D33]]''', a laptop in a carry case, and continuing with the '''[[Olivetti M111|M111]]''', '''[[Olivetti M211|M211]]''', '''[[Olivetti S20|S20]]''', '''[[Olivetti D33|D33]]''', '''[[Olivetti Philos|Philos]]''' and '''[[Olivetti Echos|Echos]]''' series. A very interesting subnotebook was the '''[[Olivetti Quaderno|Quaderno]]''', about the same size as an A5 paper – it was the grandfather of the [[netbook]]s introduced 20 years later.
-Olivetti did attempt to recover its position by introducing the [[Olivetti Envision|Envision]] in 1995,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ultimateconsoledatabase.com/golden/olivetti_envision.htm |title=Olivetti Envision |publisher=Ultimate Console Database |access-date=2012-03-10}}</ref> a full [[multimedia PC]], to be used in the [[living room]]; this project was a failure. [[Gateway, Inc.|Gateway]] also introduced a similar product in the U.S., called the Destination 2000, around the same period, to a similarly mixed commercial reception.<ref name=Pederson2004>{{cite book | editor-last=Pederson | editor-first=Jay P. | date=2004 | url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_u1g7/page/153/ | title=International Directory of Company Histories | publisher=St. James Press | volume=63 | isbn=9781558623248 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|156}}
+Olivetti did attempt to recover its position by introducing the [[Olivetti Envision|Envision]] in 1995,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ultimateconsoledatabase.com/golden/olivetti_envision.htm |title=Olivetti Envision |publisher=Ultimate Console Database |access-date=2012-03-10 |archive-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413095323/http://ultimateconsoledatabase.com/golden/olivetti_envision.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> a full [[multimedia PC]], to be used in the [[living room]]; this project was a failure. [[Gateway, Inc.|Gateway]] also introduced a similar product in the U.S., called the Destination 2000, around the same period, to a similarly mixed commercial reception.<ref name=Pederson2004>{{cite book | editor-last=Pederson | editor-first=Jay P. | date=2004 | url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_u1g7/page/153/ | title=International Directory of Company Histories | publisher=St. James Press | volume=63 | isbn=9781558623248 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|156}}
 The company continued to develop personal computers until it sold its PC business in 1997.
@@ Line 152: / Line 155: @@
 == End of Olivetti as a separate company ==
-In the 1990s, Olivetti's computer businesses were in great difficulty, reportedly because of the competition from US vendors and new cheap manufacturers for PC components in [[Taiwan]] like [[ASUS]], [[Micro-Star International|MSI]], [[Gigabyte Technology|Gigabyte]] and so on from which local system builders profited much to offer cheaper PCs than Olivetti did with their own designs. It was on the brink of collapse and had needed government support to stay afloat.{{cn|date=June 2022|reason=Particularly the government support needs a reference.}}
+In the 1990s, Olivetti's computer businesses were in great difficulty, reportedly because of the competition from US vendors and new cheap manufacturers for PC components in [[Taiwan]] like [[ASUS]], [[Micro-Star International|MSI]], [[Gigabyte Technology|Gigabyte]] and so on from which local system builders profited much to offer cheaper PCs than Olivetti did with their own designs. It was on the brink of collapse and had needed government support to stay afloat.{{citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=Particularly the government support needs a reference.}}
-In 1992, [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] announced its intention to invest in Olivetti, approximating to a 10% stake valued at around {{nowrap|$300 million}}, amidst a wave of investment in European companies by their US counterparts. Digital were already reselling Olivetti personal computer models in Europe, and the investment presented an opportunity for the adoption of Digital's Alpha processor in Olivetti's workstation products.<ref name="businessweek19920713_europe">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/businessweek199204newy/page/n152/mode/1up | title=A Helping Hand for Europe's High-Tech Heavies | magazine=Business Week | date=13 July 1992 | access-date=20 June 2022 | last1=Levine | first1=Jonathan B. | pages=43–44 }}</ref> The investment programme was to be conducted in two steps over an 18 month period, augmented by additional share purchases.<ref name="electronicnews19920629_olivetti">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_electronic-news_1992-06-29_38_1918/page/n1/mode/1up | title=DEC, Olivetti Alpha Agreement Also Eyes Stake in Italian Firm | magazine=Electronic News | date=29 June 1992 | access-date=20 June 2022 | last1=Stedman | first1=Craig | pages=2 }}</ref> The partnership between the companies, regarded as a way of supporting Olivetti whilst cementing a development relationship around Digital's Alpha platform, developed in the following two years, although the balance of revenue from selling products to each other was reported as being strongly in Olivetti's favour, it having generated {{nowrap|125.3 billion}} lire from Digital in 1993, but with Digital only selling products worth {{nowrap|9.9 billion}} lire to Olivetti. Digital remained a significant purchaser of laser printers and laptops from Olivetti, but had begun to manufacture its own personal computers and planned to produce its own laptop products. Meanwhile, Olivetti had been slow to introduce Alpha-based products, eventually shipping models based on Digital's own products. With Digital's finances under pressure, posting quarterly losses and incurring costs around redundancies, the company sold its stake – noted as amounting to 7.8% – for {{nowrap|$150 million}}.<ref name="electronicnews19940829_olivetti">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_electronic-news_1994-08-29_40_2029/mode/1up | title=DEC Sells Olivetti Stake As Alpha Struggle Festers | magazine=Electronic News | date=29 August 1994 | access-date=20 June 2022 | last1=Haber | first1=Carol | pages=1,2,4 }}</ref>
+In 1992, [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] announced its intention to invest in Olivetti, approximating to a 10% stake valued at around {{nowrap|$300 million}}, amidst a wave of investment in European companies by their US counterparts. Digital were already reselling Olivetti personal computer models in Europe, and the investment presented an opportunity for the adoption of Digital's Alpha processor in Olivetti's workstation products.<ref name="businessweek19920713_europe">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/businessweek199204newy/page/n152/mode/1up | title=A Helping Hand for Europe's High-Tech Heavies | magazine=Business Week | date=13 July 1992 | access-date=20 June 2022 | last1=Levine | first1=Jonathan B. | pages=43–44 }}</ref> The investment programme was to be conducted in two steps over an 18 month period, augmented by additional share purchases.<ref name="electronicnews19920629_olivetti">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_electronic-news_1992-06-29_38_1918/page/n1/mode/1up | title=DEC, Olivetti Alpha Agreement Also Eyes Stake in Italian Firm | magazine=Electronic News | date=29 June 1992 | access-date=20 June 2022 | last1=Stedman | first1=Craig | pages=2 }}</ref> The partnership between the companies, regarded as a way of supporting Olivetti whilst cementing a development relationship around Digital's Alpha platform, developed in the following two years, although the balance of revenue from selling products to each other was reported as being strongly in Olivetti's favour, it having generated {{nowrap|125.3 billion}} lire from Digital in 1993, but with Digital only selling products worth {{nowrap|9.9 billion}} lire to Olivetti. Digital remained a significant purchaser of laser printers and laptops from Olivetti, but had begun to manufacture its own personal computers and planned to produce its own laptop products. Meanwhile, Olivetti had been slow to introduce Alpha-based products, eventually shipping models based on Digital's own products. With Digital's finances under pressure, posting quarterly losses and incurring costs around redundancies, the company sold its stake – noted as amounting to 7.8% – for {{nowrap|$150 million}}.<ref name="electronicnews19940829_olivetti">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_electronic-news_1994-08-29_40_2029/mode/1up | title=DEC Sells Olivetti Stake As Alpha Struggle Festers | magazine=Electronic News | date=29 August 1994 | access-date=20 June 2022 | last1=Haber | first1=Carol | pages=1, 2, 4 }}</ref>
-A company in transition, it had moved out of the typewriter business into personal computers before embracing telecoms between 1997 and 1999, spinning off its personal computer business in 1997 and divesting its computer services business in 1998.<ref name="gale1999">{{ cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/casesincorporate0000unse/page/959/mode/2up | title=Cases in Corporate Acquisitions, Buyouts, Mergers, & Takeovers | publisher=Gale Group | date=1999 | access-date=20 June 2022 | isbn=0-7876-3894-3 | pages=958–962 }}</ref> In the process it had lost around three-quarters of its staff.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
+A company in transition, it had moved out of the typewriter business into personal computers before embracing telecoms between 1997 and 1999, spinning off its personal computer business in 1997 and divesting its computer services business in 1998.<ref name="gale1999">{{ cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/casesincorporate0000unse/page/959/mode/2up | title=Cases in Corporate Acquisitions, Buyouts, Mergers, & Takeovers | publisher=Gale Group | date=1999 | access-date=20 June 2022 | isbn=0-7876-3894-3 | pages=958–962 }}</ref> In the process it had lost around three-quarters of its staff.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
 In 1999, The [[Luxembourg]]-based company Bell S.A. acquired a controlling stake in Olivetti, but sold it to a consortium including the [[Pirelli]] and [[Benetton Group|Benetton]] groups two years later. Olivetti then launched a hostile bid for Telecom Italia in February 1999, despite being less than a seventh of the size of its target. In a take-over battle against [[Deutsche Telekom]] and other potential bidders that initially seem to have been settled in Deutsche Telecom's favour, with an {{nowrap|$82 billion}} merger reportedly agreed in April 1999,<ref name="gale1999" /> Olivetti won out and controlled 52.12% of former monopoly Telecom Italia, Italy's #1 fixed-line and mobile phone operator. However, the ownership structure of the merged Olivetti / Telecom Italia was complex and multi-layered with Olivetti took on around $16 billion of extra debt. It was then referred to as the "Olivetti/Telecom Italia affair" because of the unpleasant secret affairs behind.
@@ Line 163: / Line 166: @@
 ==Rebirth and resumption of computer production==
-In 2005, Telecom Italia relaunched the company in the information technology sector, investing €200 million; at first, restoring the original Olivetti brand, then replacing it with Olivetti Tecnost in 2003. In 2007, Olivetti launched the "LINEA_OFFICE", designed by [[Jasper Morrison]] for Olivetti; a new line of PCs, notebooks, printers, [[fax machine]]s and calculators. Olivetti today operates in Italy and [[Switzerland]], and has sales associates in 83 countries. Research and development are located in [[Agliè]], [[Carsoli]] and [[Scarmagno]] in Italy, and [[Yverdon]], Switzerland.
+In 2005, Telecom Italia relaunched the company in the information technology sector, investing €200 million, at first restoring the original Olivetti brand, then replacing it with Olivetti Tecnost in 2003. In 2007, Olivetti launched the "LINEA_OFFICE", designed by [[Jasper Morrison]] for Olivetti; a new line of PCs, notebooks, printers, [[fax machine]]s and calculators. Olivetti today operates in Italy and [[Switzerland]], and has sales associates in 83 countries. Research and development are located in [[Agliè]], [[Carsoli]] and [[Scarmagno]] in Italy, and [[Yverdon]], Switzerland.
-In March 2011 Olivetti began producing the OliPad, its first [[tablet computer]], featuring a ten-inch screen, 3G, WiFi, [[Bluetooth]] connectivity, [[Nvidia Tegra]] 2, [[Android (operating system)|Android]] 2.2.2 and a 1024 x 600 display. It also features an application store, with [[Application software|apps]] specifically designed by Olivetti for 'business & government'.<ref>{{cite web | date = Mar 6, 2011 | url= https://www.engadget.com/2011/03/06/olivetti-launches-olipad-tablet-second-coming-of-the-typewriter/| title=Olivetti launches OliPad tablet, second coming of the typewriter? | access-date = 2011-03-06}}</ref> In 2014 the R&D department in [[Arnad]] was sold to [[SICPA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sicpa.com/sicpa|title=SICPA|website=SICPA|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>
+In March 2011 Olivetti began producing the OliPad, its first [[tablet computer]], featuring a ten-inch screen, 3G, WiFi, [[Bluetooth]] connectivity, [[Nvidia Tegra]] 2, [[Android (operating system)|Android]] 2.2.2 and a 1024 x 600 display. It also features an application store, with [[Application software|apps]] specifically designed by Olivetti for 'business & government'.<ref>{{cite web | date = Mar 6, 2011 | url = https://www.engadget.com/2011/03/06/olivetti-launches-olipad-tablet-second-coming-of-the-typewriter/ | title = Olivetti launches OliPad tablet, second coming of the typewriter? | access-date = 2011-03-06 | archive-date = 2023-02-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230203035929/http://www.engadget.com/2011/03/06/olivetti-launches-olipad-tablet-second-coming-of-the-typewriter/ | url-status = live }}</ref> In 2014 the R&D department in [[Arnad]] was sold to [[SICPA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sicpa.com/sicpa|title=SICPA|website=SICPA|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13|archive-date=2023-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303082447/https://www.sicpa.com/sicpa|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Smartphones==
-In 2013, Olivetti launched a series of smartphones called ''Oliphone'':<ref>{{cite web| language = it | url = http://www.olivetti.it/IT/Page/t02/view_html?idp=59 | publisher = Olivetti | title =Telefoni e Smartphone |trans-title=Telephones & smartphones}}</ref>
+In 2013, Olivetti launched a series of smartphones called ''Oliphone'':<ref>{{cite web | language = it | url = http://www.olivetti.it/IT/Page/t02/view_html?idp=59 | publisher = Olivetti | title = Telefoni e Smartphone | trans-title = Telephones & smartphones | access-date = 2013-09-24 | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612113244/http://www.olivetti.it/IT/Page/t02/view_html?idp=59 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
 * Olivetti Oliphone M8140
 * Olivetti Oliphone Q8145
@@ Line 179: / Line 182: @@
 {{Portal|Italy|Companies}}
 * [[List of Italian companies]]
+* [[Società Generale Semiconduttori]]
-* [[Olivetti typewriters]]
-* [[Olivetti computers]]
-* [[TIM Group]]
 {{clear right}}
@@ Line 188: / Line 189: @@
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category}}
-{{Commonscat}}
 * {{Official website|}}
 * {{Cite web |url=http://www.storiaolivetti.telecomitalia.it/uk |title=History of Olivetti |publisher=[[Telecom Italia]]}}
@@ Line 197: / Line 198: @@
 * {{YouTube|id=AeQiy18hb9o|title=Video Olivetti P6066 Retro Computer museum, Zatec, Czech Republic video}}
-{{Olivetti computers}}
+{{Olivetti}}
 {{Typewriter}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 212: / Line 213: @@
 [[Category:Office supply companies]]
 [[Category:Computer companies of Italy]]
-[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
 [[Category:Electronics companies of Italy]]
 [[Category:Home computer hardware companies]]
@@ Line 225: / Line 225: @@
 [[Category:Industrial design]]
 [[Category:Compasso d'Oro Award recipients]]
+[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]
+[[Category:Defunct computer systems companies]]
+[[Category:Italian design]]

v t e Typewriters
Manufacturers	Brother Commodore International E. Remington and Sons IBM Imperial Typewriter Company Oliver Typewriter Company Olivetti Royal Typewriter Company Sharp Silver Seiko Smith Corona Underwood Typewriter Company Xerox
Models	Blickensderfer typewriter Data Recall Diamond Hammond Typewriter Hansen Writing Ball IBM Selectric Sholes and Glidden typewriter Olivetti Valentine Hermes 3000
Prominent figures	Lucien Stephen Crandall Frank Haven Hall James Densmore Carlos Glidden Rasmus Malling-Hansen Henry Mill John Jonathon Pratt Clarence Seamans Christopher Sholes James Fields Smathers Lyman Cornelius Smith Samuel W. Soulé Kyota Sugimoto Ettore Sottsass
Components	Keyboard layout AZERTY Dvorak Turkish F HCESAR QWERTY QWERTZ QZERTY Platen
Accessories	Carbon paper Correction fluid Erasing shield Ink ribbon Typewriter desk Typewriter eraser
Occupations	Copy typist Audio typist Data entry clerk Secretary Speech-to-text reporter Stenographer Typesetting
Cultural and health aspects	Boston Typewriter Orchestra Etaoin shrdlu Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing Repetitive strain injury Samizdat Speed typing contest The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog Touch typing

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF 2
National	Germany 2 3 United States France BnF data Japan Australia Spain Israel Catalonia
Academics	CiNii
Artists	Museum of Modern Art 2
Other	IdRef SNAC