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{{Short description|Decoy military tank}}
[[File:E04934.jpg|thumb|right|World War I Australian troops carrying a dummy [[Mark V tank]] (September 1918)]]
[[File:Inflatable dummy weapons - NARA - 292565.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Inflatable [[M47 Patton]] mock-up]]
A '''dummy tank''', usually inflatable or wooden, is a type of [[decoy]] that either is intended to be mistaken by an enemy for a real [[tank]] or used for training purposes. Dummy tanks emerged soon after the introduction of real tanks in [[World War I]], but were not widely used until [[World War II]].
'''Dummy tanks''' superficially resemble real tanks and are often deployed as a means of [[military deception]] in the absence of real tanks. Early designs included wooden shells and inflatable props that could fool enemy intelligence; they were fragile and only believable from a distance. Modern designs are more advanced and can imitate heat signatures, making them more effective illusions.
__TOC__


==World War I==
==World War I==
During World War I, Allied forces made use of dummy versions of the British [[Mark I tank|heavy tank]]s. These were constructed from a wooden framework and covered with painted [[Hessian (cloth)|Hessian cloth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/E04935 |title=E04935 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |accessdate=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922142636/http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/E04935 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tracks were non-functional so some were fitted with concealed wheels underneath and were towed from place to place by a pair of horses.<ref>
During World War I, Allied forces made use of dummy versions of the British [[Mark I tank|heavy tank]]s. These were constructed from a wooden framework and covered with painted [[Hessian (cloth)|Hessian cloth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/E04935 |title=E04935 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922142636/http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/E04935 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tracks were non-functional so some were fitted with concealed wheels underneath and were towed from place to place by a pair of horses.<ref>
{{cite news | title = Britannia: The Tank that Ruled the Trenches| work = The War Illustrated | date = 1918-03-02|page=34}}
{{cite news | title = Britannia: The Tank that Ruled the Trenches| work = The War Illustrated | date = 1918-03-02|page=34}}
</ref> Dummy tanks, representing Allied models, were also found to have been constructed by the Germans,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/H04659/ |title=H04659|author= |work= |publisher=Australian War Memorial |accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref> even though they deployed only a small number of real tanks. It is possible they were used in training, rather than for military deception.
</ref> Dummy tanks, representing Allied models, were also found to have been constructed by the Germans,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/H04659/ |title=H04659|publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> even though they deployed only a small number of real tanks. It is possible they were used in training, rather than for military deception.


==World War II==
==World War II==
[[File:Dummy tanks, mounted on trucks, going to the forward areas in the Western Desert, 13 February 1942. E8361.jpg|upright|thumb|Dummy tanks, mounted on trucks, going to the forward areas in the Western Desert, 13 February 1942]]
[[File:Dummy tanks, mounted on trucks, going to the forward areas in the Western Desert, 13 February 1942. E8361.jpg|upright|thumb|Dummy tanks, mounted on trucks, going to the forward areas in the Western Desert, 13 February 1942]]


Dummy tanks saw significantly more use during World War II by both the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. German forces utilized mock tanks prior to the start of the war for practice and training exercises.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb0jAKufxNUC#PPA85,M1|page=85|title=Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1919-1939 | authorlink=Mary R. Habeck |last=Habeck|first=Mary R.|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=2003|isbn=0-8014-4074-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVeSClt5P9UC#PPA75,M1|page=75|title=Military Planning and the Origins of the Second World War in Europe|last=McKercher|first=B. J. C.|author2=Roch Legault|year=2001|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=0-275-96158-3}}</ref> Their use in [[military deception]] was pioneered by [[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II|British]] forces, who termed them "spoofs."<ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite book|title=The Library of Congress World War II Companion|last=Wagner|first=Margaret E.|author2=David M. Kennedy |author3=Linda Barret Osborne |author4=Susan Reyburn |year=2007|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0-7432-5219-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/libraryofcongres0000wagn/page/355 355]|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryofcongres0000wagn|url-access=registration}}</ref>
Dummy tanks saw significantly more use during World War II by both the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. German forces utilized mock tanks prior to the start of the war for practice and training exercises.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb0jAKufxNUC|page=85|title=Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1919-1939 | author-link=Mary R. Habeck |last=Habeck|first=Mary R.|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=2003|isbn=0-8014-4074-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVeSClt5P9UC|page=75|title=Military Planning and the Origins of the Second World War in Europe|last=McKercher|first=B. J. C.|author2=Roch Legault|year=2001|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=0-275-96158-3}}</ref> Their use in [[military deception]] was pioneered by [[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II|British]] forces, who termed them "spoofs."<ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite book|title=The Library of Congress World War II Companion|last=Wagner|first=Margaret E.|author2=David M. Kennedy |author3=Linda Barret Osborne |author4=Susan Reyburn |year=2007|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-0-7432-5219-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/libraryofcongres0000wagn/page/355 355]|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryofcongres0000wagn|url-access=registration}}</ref>


One of the first uses of dummy tanks during the Second World War was in the [[North African Campaign]]. The [[Royal Engineers]] stationed there constructed two per day; between April and June 1941, they were able to build three dummy [[Royal Tank Regiment]]s, and another in November that same year. These were foldable, and thus portable; and the Royal Engineers improved them further. [[Jeep]]s were used to make the "spoofs" more mobile: a steel frame covered with canvas was placed on them, making a self-propelled dummy tank. The Jeep did not realistically simulate the noise or movement of a tank, but allowed the dummy to be deployed quickly.<ref>{{cite book |title=Deception in World War II |last=Cruickshank |first=Charles |authorlink= |year=1979 |publisher=Oxford University Press; Book Club ed. edition |location= |isbn=0-19-215849-X|page=195}}</ref> Meanwhile, the reverse was also done, to make tanks look like trucks. A further device was put into use that both created simulated tank tracks and erased real ones.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War|last=Holt|first=Thaddeus|year=2004|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0-7432-5042-7|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E569Q7s1CnsC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a#PPA28,M1}}</ref>
One of the first uses of dummy tanks during the Second World War was in the [[North African Campaign]]. The [[Royal Engineers]] stationed there constructed two per day; between April and June 1941, they were able to build three dummy [[Royal Tank Regiment]]s, and another in November that same year. These were foldable, and thus portable; and the Royal Engineers improved them further. [[Jeep]]s were used to make the "spoofs" more mobile: a steel frame covered with canvas was placed on them, making a self-propelled dummy tank. The Jeep did not realistically simulate the noise or movement of a tank, but allowed the dummy to be deployed quickly.<ref>{{cite book |title=Deception in World War II |last=Cruickshank |first=Charles |year=1979 |publisher=Oxford University Press; Book Club ed. edition |isbn=0-19-215849-X|page=195}}</ref> Meanwhile, the reverse was also done, to make tanks look like trucks. A further device was put into use that both created simulated tank tracks and erased real ones.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War|last=Holt|first=Thaddeus|year=2004|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0-7432-5042-7|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E569Q7s1CnsC}}</ref>


[[File:DummyShermanTank.jpg|thumb|right|An inflatable dummy tank, modeled after the [[M4 Sherman]]]]
[[File:DummyShermanTank.jpg|thumb|right|An inflatable dummy tank, modeled after the [[M4 Sherman]]]]


Inflatable dummies consisted of a fabric covering supported by a network of pressurized rubber tubes that formed a kind of "pneumatic skeleton". These were generally preferred in the field, despite their tendency to rapidly deflate if punctured by accident or shellfire. In one operation in September 1944, the British deployed 148 inflatable tanks close to the front line and around half were "destroyed" by fragments from German mortar and artillery fire, and by Allied bombs falling short.<ref>{{cite book |title=Deception in World War II |last=Cruickshank |first=Charles |authorlink= |year=1979 |publisher=Oxford University Press; Book Club ed. edition |location= |isbn=0-19-215849-X|page=196}}</ref>
Inflatable dummies consisted of a fabric covering supported by a network of pressurized rubber tubes that formed a kind of "pneumatic skeleton". These were generally preferred in the field, despite their tendency to rapidly deflate if punctured by accident or shellfire. In one operation in September 1944, the British deployed 148 inflatable tanks close to the front line and around half were "destroyed" by fragments from German mortar and artillery fire, and by Allied bombs falling short.<ref>{{cite book |title=Deception in World War II |last=Cruickshank |first=Charles |year=1979 |publisher=Oxford University Press; Book Club ed. edition |isbn=0-19-215849-X|page=196}}</ref>


Dummy tanks were used in [[Operation Fortitude]] prior to the [[Invasion of Normandy|landings at the Normandy Beaches]]. During this operation, they were used to confuse German intelligence in two ways: first, by making it seem that the Allies had more tanks than they did; and second, to hide and downplay the importance of the location of their real tanks in order to make it seem that the invasion would occur at the [[Pas-de-Calais]] rather than at Normandy.<ref>{{cite book|title=World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia|last=Zabecki|first=David T.|year=1999|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=0-8240-7029-1|page=1118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYDN-UfehEEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=World+War+II+In+Europe&client=firefox-a#PPA1118,M1}}</ref> However, dummy vehicles played only a small part of the overall deception plan as, at that stage of the war, the Germans were unable to fly reconnaissance planes over England and such effort would have been wasted. Dummy landing craft were stationed at ports in eastern and southeastern England where they might be observed by the Germans<ref>{{Citation |last=Holt |first=Thaddeus |title=The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/deceiversalliedm00holt/page/537 537] |isbn=0-7432-5042-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/deceiversalliedm00holt/page/537 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Howard |first=Michael |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol. 5: Strategic Deception |publisher=Cambridge U. Press |location=New York |year=1990 |page=120 |isbn=0-11-630954-7}}</ref> but the Fortitude deception was largely carried out using double agents and false radio traffic.
Contrary to common wisdom there is actually no evidence that inflatable dummy tanks were used during [[Operation Fortitude]], the massive deception plan enacted prior to the [[Invasion of Normandy|landings at the Normandy Beaches]], <ref>{{Citation |last=Gawne |first=Jonathan |year=2002 |title=Ghosts of the ETO _ American Tactical Deception Units in the European Theater 1944-1945 |publisher=Casemate |publication-place= Haverton, PA, USA |page= chapter 1, paragraph 32|ISBN= 0-9711709-5-9}}</ref> while there was a limited use of other dummy vehicles, mostly made of wood, sheet metal and canvas. However, dummy vehicles played only a small part of the overall deception plan as, at that stage of the war, the Germans were unable to fly reconnaissance planes over England and such effort would have been wasted. and the Fortitude deception was largely carried out using double agents and false radio traffic.


[[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA14415.jpg|thumb|upright|A dummy Sherman tank under construction by 6 Field Park Company, Royal Engineers, in the Anzio bridgehead, 29 April 1944.]]
[[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA14415.jpg|thumb|upright|A dummy Sherman tank under construction by 6 Field Park Company, Royal Engineers, in the Anzio bridgehead, 29 April 1944.]]
During [[Operation Shingle]] at [[Anzio]], [[Italy]], inflatable [[Sherman tank]]s were deployed when the real tanks were elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anzio 1944: The Beleaguered Beachhead|year=2005|last=Zaloga|first=Steven J.|author2=Peter Dennis|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=1-84176-913-4|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEI0R9yyWYAC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a#PPA72,M1}}</ref> In the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|Pacific Theater of Operations]], the [[Military history of Japan#Showa Period - World War II|Japanese]] also utilized decoys; one recorded instance was during the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]]. A "tank" was surrounded by American infantry, which had been under [[artillery]] bombardment: they found it was not real, but merely a sculpture carved out of [[volcanic ash]].<ref name="Library of Congress"/>
During [[Operation Shingle]] at [[Anzio]], [[Italy]], inflatable [[Sherman tank]]s were deployed when the real tanks were elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anzio 1944: The Beleaguered Beachhead|year=2005|last=Zaloga|first=Steven J.|author2=Peter Dennis|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=1-84176-913-4|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEI0R9yyWYAC}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|Pacific Theater of Operations]], the [[Military history of Japan#Showa Period - World War II|Japanese]] also utilized decoys; one recorded instance was during the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]]. A "tank" was surrounded by American infantry, which had been under [[artillery]] bombardment: they found it was not real, but merely a sculpture carved out of [[volcanic ash]].<ref name="Library of Congress"/>


The [[Red Army]] employed dummy tanks to increase their apparent numbers and mask their true movements.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33g3ujB6mAoC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a#PPA385,M1|page=385|title=Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War|last=Glantz|first=David M.|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-7146-3347-X}}</ref>
The [[Red Army]] employed dummy tanks to increase their apparent numbers and mask their true movements.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33g3ujB6mAoC|page=385|title=Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War|last=Glantz|first=David M.|year=1989|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-7146-3347-X}}</ref>


==Modern era==
==Modern era==
[[File:45th Separate Engineer-Camouflage Regiment - T-72 mock-up (6).jpg|thumb|Inflatable mock-up of a [[T-72]] tank]]
[[File:45th Separate Engineer-Camouflage Regiment - T-72 mock-up (3).jpg|thumb|left|Inflatable mock-up of a [[T-72]] tank]]
⚫
During the [[Kosovo War]], the [[Military of Serbia and Montenegro|Yugoslav Army]] regularly placed dummy tanks in Kosovo which misled NATO forces into thinking that they were destroying far more real tanks than actually occurred.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/otr/intext/20011028_film_1.html BBC On The Record - Broadcast: 28.10.01]</ref>


⚫
During the [[Kosovo War]], the Serbian army regularly placed dummy tanks in Kosovo, which misled NATO forces into thinking that they were destroying far more tanks than they really were.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/otr/intext/20011028_film_1.html BBC On The Record - Broadcast: 28.10.01]</ref>
⚫
The [[United States Army]] has developed a modern dummy tank. It imitates the [[M1 Abrams]] tank not only in appearance, but also in its heat signature, in order to appear real to [[infrared]] detectors. One of these decoys can take fire from the enemy and still appear to be operational, thus delaying the enemy by as much as an hour, as they are forced to destroy the decoy. These M1 decoys cost only $3,300,<ref name="Dirty Little Secrets">{{cite book|title=Dirty Little Secrets: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know|last=Dunnigan|first=James F.|author2=[[Albert A. Nofi]] |year=1992|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=0-688-11270-6|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdKp9D3PN00C&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a#PPA43,M1}}</ref> compared to $4.35 million for a real M1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/lima.htm#prof|title=Lima Army Tank Plant (LATP)|accessdate=2008-05-27|publisher=Globalsecurity.org}}</ref> The decoy is also practical: when disassembled, it weighs only fifty pounds, and is roughly the same size as a [[duffel bag]]. Its generator&mdash;about the size of a 12&nbsp;inch television&mdash;facilitates inflation, so that two people can erect the decoy in a few minutes.<ref name="Dirty Little Secrets"/> Occasionally, real tanks carry a dummy on board, to deploy when needed.<ref>Dunnigan, p. 21.</ref>


⚫
The [[United States Army]] has developed a modern dummy tank. It imitates the [[M1 Abrams]] tank not only in appearance, but also in its heat signature, in order to appear real to [[infrared]] detectors. One of these decoys can take fire from the enemy and still appear to be operational, thus delaying the enemy by as much as an hour, as they are forced to destroy the decoy. These M1 decoys cost only $3,300,<ref name="Dirty Little Secrets">{{cite book|title=Dirty Little Secrets: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know|last=Dunnigan|first=James F.|author2=Albert A. Nofi|author2-link=Albert A. Nofi|year=1992|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=0-688-11270-6|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdKp9D3PN00C}}</ref> compared to $4.35 million for a real M1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/lima.htm#prof|title=Lima Army Tank Plant (LATP)|access-date=2008-05-27|publisher=Globalsecurity.org}}</ref> The decoy is also practical: when disassembled, it weighs only {{convert|50|lb|kg}}, and is roughly the same size as a [[duffel bag]]. Its generator&mdash;about the size of a {{convert|12|in|cm}} television&mdash;facilitates inflation, so that two people can erect the decoy in a few minutes.<ref name="Dirty Little Secrets"/> Occasionally, real tanks carry a dummy on board, to deploy when needed.<ref>Dunnigan, p. 21.</ref>
⚫
During the [[Battle of Mosul (2016–17)]], the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] constructed and deployed [[Armoured warfare of ISIL|wooden mockups of various vehicles]] in order to distract [[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve|Coalition]] airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-mosul-decoys-idUSKBN1380RB |title=Islamic State uses wooden tanks and bearded mannequins in decoy attempts |author=Stephen Kalin |work=Reuters |date=14 November 2016 |accessdate=4 October 2020 }}</ref>

⚫
During the [[Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)]], the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] constructed and deployed [[Armoured warfare of the Islamic State#Camouflage and decoys|wooden mockups of various vehicles]] in order to distract [[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve|Coalition]] airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-mosul-decoys-idUSKBN1380RB |title=Islamic State uses wooden tanks and bearded mannequins in decoy attempts |author=Stephen Kalin |work=Reuters |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=4 October 2020 }}</ref>

The [[Bundeswehr|German army]] uses a small number of GRP dummy tanks exclusively for training purposes. In its original form, the Camouflage and Deception Technology Base is a relic of the Cold War. Specialists from the National People's Army (NVA - Nationale Volksarmee) of the former DDR built amazingly lifelike mock-ups of Warsaw Pact military technology and combat vehicles here. The purpose of it all: Whether tanks, radar systems or missile launchers - the dummies were visibly set up to deceive the enemy about their own strength or to provoke attacks as dummy targets and thus exhaust the enemy's resources. After reunification, the Bundeswehr took over the site and its capabilities. Since then, however, the troops have set different priorities. Instead of large full dummies, mock-ups of small combat equipment or tank turrets are usually produced for training purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=Panzerattrappen Übersicht |url=https://panzerattrappen.de/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=panzerattrappen.de |language=de-DE}}</ref>

[[File:"Pancir-S" formed false target during the "Armiya 2023" exhibition.jpg|thumb|Dummy [[Pantsir missile system|Pantsir-S1]] anti-aircraft truck]]
Dummy tanks manufactured by the Czech company Inflatech are also being employed by the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], in order to waste Russian resources by attracting missile and drone attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/04/17/how-ukraine-is-using-fake-tanks-and-guns-to-confuse-the-russians|title=How Ukraine is using fake tanks and guns to confuse the Russians|date=17 April 2023|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Tanks}}
⚫
* [[Military dummy]]
⚫
* [[Quaker Gun]]


*[[Military deception]]
==Notes==
⚫
*[[Military dummy]]
⚫
{{Reflist}}
*[[Paradummy]]
⚫
*[[Quaker gun]]


==External links==
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist}}
*{{Commons inline|Tank}}
{{Commons category}}
*{{Commonscat inline|Mock-ups of military vehicles}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Dummy Tank}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dummy Tank}}
[[Category:Tanks by type]]
[[Category:Tanks by type]]
[[Category:Decoys]]
[[Category:Decoys]]
[[Category:Military use of mimicry]]

Latest revision as of 16:56, 6 October 2024

Inflatable M47 Patton mock-up

Dummy tanks superficially resemble real tanks and are often deployed as a means of military deception in the absence of real tanks. Early designs included wooden shells and inflatable props that could fool enemy intelligence; they were fragile and only believable from a distance. Modern designs are more advanced and can imitate heat signatures, making them more effective illusions.

World War I

[edit]

During World War I, Allied forces made use of dummy versions of the British heavy tanks. These were constructed from a wooden framework and covered with painted Hessian cloth.[1] The tracks were non-functional so some were fitted with concealed wheels underneath and were towed from place to place by a pair of horses.[2] Dummy tanks, representing Allied models, were also found to have been constructed by the Germans,[3] even though they deployed only a small number of real tanks. It is possible they were used in training, rather than for military deception.

World War II

[edit]
Dummy tanks, mounted on trucks, going to the forward areas in the Western Desert, 13 February 1942

Dummy tanks saw significantly more use during World War II by both the Allies and the Axis. German forces utilized mock tanks prior to the start of the war for practice and training exercises.[4][5] Their use in military deception was pioneered by British forces, who termed them "spoofs."[6]

One of the first uses of dummy tanks during the Second World War was in the North African Campaign. The Royal Engineers stationed there constructed two per day; between April and June 1941, they were able to build three dummy Royal Tank Regiments, and another in November that same year. These were foldable, and thus portable; and the Royal Engineers improved them further. Jeeps were used to make the "spoofs" more mobile: a steel frame covered with canvas was placed on them, making a self-propelled dummy tank. The Jeep did not realistically simulate the noise or movement of a tank, but allowed the dummy to be deployed quickly.[7] Meanwhile, the reverse was also done, to make tanks look like trucks. A further device was put into use that both created simulated tank tracks and erased real ones.[8]

An inflatable dummy tank, modeled after the M4 Sherman

Inflatable dummies consisted of a fabric covering supported by a network of pressurized rubber tubes that formed a kind of "pneumatic skeleton". These were generally preferred in the field, despite their tendency to rapidly deflate if punctured by accident or shellfire. In one operation in September 1944, the British deployed 148 inflatable tanks close to the front line and around half were "destroyed" by fragments from German mortar and artillery fire, and by Allied bombs falling short.[9]

Contrary to common wisdom there is actually no evidence that inflatable dummy tanks were used during Operation Fortitude, the massive deception plan enacted prior to the landings at the Normandy Beaches, [10] while there was a limited use of other dummy vehicles, mostly made of wood, sheet metal and canvas. However, dummy vehicles played only a small part of the overall deception plan as, at that stage of the war, the Germans were unable to fly reconnaissance planes over England and such effort would have been wasted. and the Fortitude deception was largely carried out using double agents and false radio traffic.

A dummy Sherman tank under construction by 6 Field Park Company, Royal Engineers, in the Anzio bridgehead, 29 April 1944.

During Operation Shingle at Anzio, Italy, inflatable Sherman tanks were deployed when the real tanks were elsewhere.[11] In the Pacific Theater of Operations, the Japanese also utilized decoys; one recorded instance was during the Battle of Iwo Jima. A "tank" was surrounded by American infantry, which had been under artillery bombardment: they found it was not real, but merely a sculpture carved out of volcanic ash.[6]

The Red Army employed dummy tanks to increase their apparent numbers and mask their true movements.[12]

Modern era

[edit]
Inflatable mock-up of a T-72 tank

During the Kosovo War, the Serbian army regularly placed dummy tanks in Kosovo, which misled NATO forces into thinking that they were destroying far more tanks than they really were.[13]

The United States Army has developed a modern dummy tank. It imitates the M1 Abrams tank not only in appearance, but also in its heat signature, in order to appear real to infrared detectors. One of these decoys can take fire from the enemy and still appear to be operational, thus delaying the enemy by as much as an hour, as they are forced to destroy the decoy. These M1 decoys cost only $3,300,[14] compared to $4.35 million for a real M1.[15] The decoy is also practical: when disassembled, it weighs only 50 pounds (23 kg), and is roughly the same size as a duffel bag. Its generator—about the size of a 12 inches (30 cm) television—facilitates inflation, so that two people can erect the decoy in a few minutes.[14] Occasionally, real tanks carry a dummy on board, to deploy when needed.[16]

During the Battle of Mosul (2016–2017), the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant constructed and deployed wooden mockups of various vehicles in order to distract Coalition airstrikes.[17]

The German army uses a small number of GRP dummy tanks exclusively for training purposes. In its original form, the Camouflage and Deception Technology Base is a relic of the Cold War. Specialists from the National People's Army (NVA - Nationale Volksarmee) of the former DDR built amazingly lifelike mock-ups of Warsaw Pact military technology and combat vehicles here. The purpose of it all: Whether tanks, radar systems or missile launchers - the dummies were visibly set up to deceive the enemy about their own strength or to provoke attacks as dummy targets and thus exhaust the enemy's resources. After reunification, the Bundeswehr took over the site and its capabilities. Since then, however, the troops have set different priorities. Instead of large full dummies, mock-ups of small combat equipment or tank turrets are usually produced for training purposes.[18]

Dummy Pantsir-S1 anti-aircraft truck

Dummy tanks manufactured by the Czech company Inflatech are also being employed by the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, in order to waste Russian resources by attracting missile and drone attacks.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "E04935". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  2. ^ "Britannia: The Tank that Ruled the Trenches". The War Illustrated. 1918-03-02. p. 34.
  3. ^ "H04659". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  4. ^ Habeck, Mary R. (2003). Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1919-1939. Cornell University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-8014-4074-2.
  5. ^ McKercher, B. J. C.; Roch Legault (2001). Military Planning and the Origins of the Second World War in Europe. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 75. ISBN 0-275-96158-3.
  6. ^ a b Wagner, Margaret E.; David M. Kennedy; Linda Barret Osborne; Susan Reyburn (2007). The Library of Congress World War II Companion. Simon & Schuster. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-7432-5219-5.
  7. ^ Cruickshank, Charles (1979). Deception in World War II. Oxford University Press; Book Club ed. edition. p. 195. ISBN 0-19-215849-X.
  8. ^ Holt, Thaddeus (2004). The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. Simon & Schuster. p. 28. ISBN 0-7432-5042-7.
  9. ^ Cruickshank, Charles (1979). Deception in World War II. Oxford University Press; Book Club ed. edition. p. 196. ISBN 0-19-215849-X.
  10. ^ Gawne, Jonathan (2002), Ghosts of the ETO _ American Tactical Deception Units in the European Theater 1944-1945, Haverton, PA, USA: Casemate, p. chapter 1, paragraph 32, ISBN 0-9711709-5-9
  11. ^ Zaloga, Steven J.; Peter Dennis (2005). Anzio 1944: The Beleaguered Beachhead. Osprey Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 1-84176-913-4.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ Glantz, David M. (1989). Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War. Routledge. p. 385. ISBN 0-7146-3347-X.
  13. ^ BBC On The Record - Broadcast: 28.10.01
  14. ^ a b Dunnigan, James F.; Albert A. Nofi (1992). Dirty Little Secrets: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know. HarperCollins. p. 43. ISBN 0-688-11270-6.
  15. ^ "Lima Army Tank Plant (LATP)". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
  16. ^ Dunnigan, p. 21.
  17. ^ Stephen Kalin (14 November 2016). "Islamic State uses wooden tanks and bearded mannequins in decoy attempts". Reuters. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  18. ^ "Panzerattrappen Übersicht". panzerattrappen.de (in German). 2024-05-01. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
  19. ^ "How Ukraine is using fake tanks and guns to confuse the Russians". The Economist. 17 April 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
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