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{{short description|Māori-language immersion schools}}
{{Short description|Māori-language immersion schools}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}[[File:Te Kura Kaupapa Maori O Nga Mokopuna.jpg|thumb|Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Nga Mokopuna]]


'''Kura kaupapa Māori''' are [[Māori language|Māori-language]] [[Medium of instruction|immersion schools]] ({{Lang|Mi|kura|italic=No}}) in [[New Zealand]], where the philosophy and practice reflect [[Māori people|Māori]] cultural values with the aim of [[Māori language revival|revitalising Māori language]], knowledge and [[Māori culture|culture]]. Kura kaupapa Māori are established under the Education Act (1989). The term ''[[kaupapa]] Māori'' is used by Māori to mean any particular plan of action created by Māori to express Māori aspirations, values and principles.<ref>{{cite web |author=Royal, Charles |title=Methodology |website=Rangahau |publisher=Te Whare Wānanga o Awānuirangi, Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga and Māori and Indigenous Research Institute (IRI) The University of Auckland |url=http://www.rangahau.co.nz/methodology/59/ |access-date=2008-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014090643/http://www.rangahau.co.nz/methodology/59/ |archive-date=2008-10-14 }}</ref>
{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}

[[File:Te Kura Kaupapa Maori O Nga Mokopuna.jpg|thumb|Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Nga Mokopuna]]

'''Kura Kaupapa Māori''' are [[Māori language|Māori-language]] immersion schools (kura) in [[New Zealand]] where the philosophy and practice reflect [[Māori people|Māori]] cultural values with the aim of [[Māori language revival|revitalising Māori language]], knowledge and [[Māori culture|culture]]. The term Kaupapa Māori is used popularly by Māori to mean any particular plan of action created by Māori to express Māori aspirations, values and principles.<ref>{{cite web |author=Royal, Charles |title=Methodology |website=Rangahau |publisher=Te Whare Wānanga o Awānuirangi, Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga and Māori and Indigenous Research Institute (IRI) The University of Auckland |url=http://www.rangahau.co.nz/methodology/59/ |access-date=2008-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014090643/http://www.rangahau.co.nz/methodology/59/ |archive-date=2008-10-14 }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The establishment of Kura Kaupapa Māori schools followed a 1971 report by researcher Richard Benton that the Māori language was in a critical near-death stage. By the 1980s Māori communities "were so concerned with the loss of Māori language, knowledge and culture that they took matters into their own hands and set up their own learning institutions at pre-school, elementary school, secondary school and tertiary levels" (G Smith 2003:6-7)
The establishment of kura kaupapa Māori schools followed a 1971 report by researcher Richard Benton that the Māori language was in a critical near-death stage. By the 1980s, Māori communities "were so concerned with the loss of Māori language, knowledge and culture that they took matters into their own hands and set up their own learning institutions at pre-school, elementary school, secondary school and tertiary levels".{{sfn|Smith|2003|pp=6-7}}


The establishment of [[Kohanga Reo]], Māori-language pre-schools triggered a series of initiatives in schooling and education by Māori, initially outside of the mainstream education system. The need for Māori language [[Primary school|elementary school]]s arose when parents were concerned that their children who had finished Kohanga Reo quickly lost their language once they started at mainstream elementary schools. Those Kura Kaupapa Māori are part of a series of Māori-led initiatives aimed at strengthening the language, affirming [[cultural identity]], and encouraging community involvement (G Smith 2003:8-11).
The establishment of [[Kohanga Reo|kohanga reo]] (Māori-language pre-schools) triggered a series of initiatives in schooling and education by Māori, initially outside of the mainstream education system. The need for Māori language [[primary school]]s arose when parents were concerned that their children who had finished kohanga reo quickly lost their language once they started at mainstream primary schools. Those kura kaupapa Māori are part of a series of Māori-led initiatives aimed at strengthening the language, affirming [[cultural identity]], and encouraging community involvement.{{sfn|Smith|2003|pp=8-11}}


Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi, [[Henderson, New Zealand|Henderson]], [[Waitakere City|West Auckland]] is generally credited as being the first Kura Kaupapa Māori to be established in 1985. The ''Kura Kaupapa Māori movement'' is a term commonly used to describe parents and supporters of Kura Kaupapa Māori. The term emerged when the first kura was established.<ref name="submission"/><ref>{{Cite report
Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi, [[Henderson, New Zealand|Henderson]], [[West Auckland, New Zealand|West Auckland]], is generally credited as being the first kura kaupapa Māori and was established in 1985. The ''Kura Kaupapa Māori movement'' is a term commonly used to describe parents and supporters of kura kaupapa Māori. The term emerged when the first school was established.<ref name="submission"/><ref>{{Cite report
| last = Te Runanga Nui o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori o Aotearoa
| last = Te Runanga Nui o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori o Aotearoa
| title = Including Te Aho Matua into s155 of the Education Act, 1989. A Submission to the Associate Minister of Education
| title = Including Te Aho Matua into s155 of the Education Act, 1989. A Submission to the Associate Minister of Education
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


In 1987 a working party was established to investigate an alternative schooling model that would better meet the aspirations of Māori communities in New Zealand. The working party consisted of Dr [[Katerina Mataira]], Dr [[Pita Sharples]], Dr [[Graham Smith (Māori academic)|Graham Smith]], Dr [[Linda Tuhiwai Smith|Linda Smith]], Dr [[Cathy Dewes]], Tuki Nepe, Rahera Shortland, [[Pem Bird]] and Toni Waho. The working party adopted Te Aho Matua as being the foundation set of principles that guide the operations of a Kura Kaupapa Māori.<ref name="submission"/>
In 1987, a working party was established to investigate an alternative schooling model that would better meet the aspirations of Māori communities in New Zealand. The working party consisted of [[Katerina Mataira]], [[Pita Sharples]], [[Graham Smith (Māori academic)|Graham Smith]], [[Linda Tuhiwai Smith|Linda Smith]], [[Cathy Dewes]], Tuki Nepe, Rahera Shortland, [[Pem Bird]] and Toni Waho. The working party adopted Te Aho Matua as being the foundation set of principles that guide the operations of a kura kaupapa Māori.<ref name="submission"/>


Kura Kaupapa Māori originate from humble beginnings. It took 5 years from the first Kura Kaupapa Māori to be established for the [[Government of New Zealand|government]] to begin funding kura kaupapa Māori. In the early years, from 1985 to 1995, almost all Kura Kaupapa Māori were accommodated at some stage in a place or venue that accommodate children for little or no rent. Parents raised funds to resource Kura Kaupapa Māori until the government officially recognised and funded the school. Kura acknowledge two anniversary dates. The date in which the kura first established itself, and the date it became a state school in accordance with the [[1989 Education Act.]]
Kura kaupapa Māori originate from humble beginnings. The [[Government of New Zealand|government]] began funding kura kaupapa Māori five years after the first school was established. In the early years, from 1985 to 1995, almost all kura kaupapa Māori were accommodated at some stage in a place or venue that accommodate children for little or no rent. Parents raised funds to resource kura kaupapa Māori until the government officially recognised and funded the school.


==Legislation==
==Legislation==
In 1987, one of the recommendations of the Tomorrow's Schools' Pilot Report, a major [[education reform]] affecting all New Zealand schools, recommended to the government that Māori communities be able to establish and govern their own schools. Therefore, the 1989 Education Act was amended to include Section 155 which provides for the [[Minister of Education (New Zealand)|Minister of Education]] to designate a state school as a Kura Kaupapa Māori by notice in the [[New Zealand Gazette]]. Although the Act was amended, many kura communities were dissatisfied because the amendment did not adequately define the unique character of a Kura Kaupapa Māori.
In 1987, one of the recommendations of the Tomorrow's Schools' Pilot Report, a major [[education reform]] affecting all New Zealand schools, recommended to the government that Māori communities be able to establish and govern their own schools. The 1989 Education Act was amended to include Section 155 which provides for the [[Minister of Education (New Zealand)|Minister of Education]] to designate a state school as a kura kaupapa Māori by notice in the [[New Zealand Gazette]]. Although the Act was amended, many school communities were dissatisfied because the amendment did not adequately define the unique character of a kura kaupapa Māori.


On 16 July 1999, the Education (Te Aho Matua) Amendment Act 1999, amended Section 155 of the Education Act 1989. Māori communities wanted the unique character of Kura Kaupapa Māori to be protected in law. At the request of Te Runanga Nui, the [[Minister of Māori Affairs]] and associate Minister of Education [[Tau Henare]] was the Minister responsible for the Education (Te Aho Matua) Amendment Act becoming a statute in New Zealand. The Te Aho Matua amendment made it a requirement that Kura Kaupapa Māori adhere to the principles of Te Aho Matua. The amendment recognised Te Runanga Nui o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori as the kaitiaki (guardians, caretakers and architects), the most suitable body responsible for determining the content of Te Aho Matua, and for ensuring that it is not changed to the detriment of Māori.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/MPP/MPs/MPs/e/5/0/50MP127391-Henare-Tau.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830212324/http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/MPP/MPs/MPs/e/5/0/50MP127391-Henare-Tau.htm |archive-date=2012-08-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM182441.html |title=Education Act 1989 No 80 (as at 01 March 2017), Public Act 155 Kura Kaupapa Maori – New Zealand Legislation |website=Legislation.govt.nz |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/consol_act/eamaa1999279.pdf|title=Education (Te Aho Matua) Amendment Act 1999|website=Austlii.edu.au|access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref>
On 16 July 1999, the Education (Te Aho Matua) Amendment Act 1999, amended Section 155 of the Education Act 1989. Māori communities wanted the unique character of kura kaupapa Māori to be protected in law. At the request of Te Runanga Nui, the [[Minister of Māori Affairs]] and associate Minister of Education [[Tau Henare]] was the Minister responsible for the Education (Te Aho Matua) Amendment Act becoming a statute in New Zealand. The Te Aho Matua amendment made it a requirement that kura kaupapa Māori adhere to the principles of Te Aho Matua. The amendment recognised Te Runanga Nui o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori as the kaitiaki (guardians, caretakers and architects), the most suitable body responsible for determining the content of Te Aho Matua, and for ensuring that it is not changed to the detriment of Māori.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/MPP/MPs/MPs/e/5/0/50MP127391-Henare-Tau.htm |title=New Zealand Parliament - Henare, Tau |access-date=2012-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830212324/http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/MPP/MPs/MPs/e/5/0/50MP127391-Henare-Tau.htm |archive-date=2012-08-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM182441.html |title=Education Act 1989 No 80 (as at 01 March 2017), Public Act 155 Kura Kaupapa Maori – New Zealand Legislation |website=Legislation.govt.nz |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/consol_act/eamaa1999279.pdf|title=Education (Te Aho Matua) Amendment Act 1999|website=Austlii.edu.au|access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref>


According to Graham Smith, the charter "provides the guidelines for excellence in Māori, that is, what a good Māori education should entail. It also acknowledges [[Pākehā]] culture and skills required by Māori children to participate fully and at every level in modern New Zealand society" (G Smith 2003:10).
According to Graham Smith, the charter "provides the guidelines for excellence in Māori, that is, what a good Māori education should entail. It also acknowledges [[Pākehā]] culture and skills required by Māori children to participate fully and at every level in modern New Zealand society" (G Smith 2003:10).


==Te Aho Matua – governing principles==
==Te Aho Matua – governing principles==
Written in the [[Māori language]], Te Aho Matua o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori<ref name="submission"/><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.dia.govt.nz/pubforms.nsf/NZGZT/Supplement_TeAho32Feb08.pdf/$file/Supplement_TeAho32Feb08.pdf "Official version of Te Aho Matua o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori and English explanation"] Dia.govt.nz, 6 June 2008.</ref> are the principles Kura Kaupapa Māori are required to adhere to. The principles are underpinned by Māori values, beliefs and customs. On Thursday 21 January 2008, Te Aho Matua along with an explanation in English was published in the New Zealand Gazette by the late [[Parekura Horomia]]. When Te Aho Matua was introduced into parliament to become legislated, an English explanation was written by Dr Katerina Mataira.<ref name="submission">{{cite web|url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new+framework+reviewing+te+aho+matua+kura+kauapapa+m%C4%81ori|title=New framework for reviewing Te Aho Matua kura kauapapa Māori|website=Beehive.govt.nz|first=Parekura|last=Horomia|date=22 February 2008|access-date=7 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014151330/http://beehive.govt.nz/release/new+framework+reviewing+te+aho+matua+kura+kauapapa+m%c4%81ori|archive-date=14 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 />
Written in the [[Māori language]], Te Aho Matua o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori<ref name="submission"/><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.dia.govt.nz/pubforms.nsf/NZGZT/Supplement_TeAho32Feb08.pdf/$file/Supplement_TeAho32Feb08.pdf "Official version of Te Aho Matua o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori and English explanation"] Dia.govt.nz, 6 June 2008.</ref> are the principles kura kaupapa Māori are required to adhere to. The principles are underpinned by Māori values, beliefs and customs. On Thursday 21 January 2008, Te Aho Matua along with an explanation in English was published in the New Zealand Gazette by [[Parekura Horomia]]. When Te Aho Matua was introduced into Parliament to become legislated, an English explanation was written by Katerina Mataira.<ref name="submission">{{cite web |url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new+framework+reviewing+te+aho+matua+kura+kauapapa+m%C4%81ori |title=New framework for reviewing Te Aho Matua kura kauapapa Māori|website=Beehive.govt.nz|first=Parekura|last=Horomia|date=22 February 2008|access-date=7 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014151330/http://beehive.govt.nz/release/new+framework+reviewing+te+aho+matua+kura+kauapapa+m%c4%81ori|archive-date=14 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 />


Te Aho Matua has six sections:
Te Aho Matua has six sections:


#'''Te Ira Tangata''' (the human essence), affirms the nature of the child as a human being with spiritual, physical and emotional requirements
#'''Te Ira Tangata''' (the human essence), affirms the nature of the child as a human being with spiritual, physical and emotional requirements.
#'''Te Reo''' (language), deals with language policy and how the schools can 'best advance the language learning of their children'
#'''Te Reo''' (language), deals with language policy and how the schools can 'best advance the language learning of their children'.
#'''Ngā Iwi''' (people), focuses on 'the social agencies which influence the development of children, in short, all those people with whom they interact as they make sense of their world and find their rightful place within it'
#'''Ngā Iwi''' (people), focuses on 'the social agencies which influence the development of children, in short, all those people with whom they interact as they make sense of their world and find their rightful place within it'.
#'''Te Ao''' (the world), deals with 'the world which surrounds children and about which there are fundamental truths which affect their lives'
#'''Te Ao''' (the world), deals with 'the world which surrounds children and about which there are fundamental truths which affect their lives'.
#'''Ahuatanga Ako''' (circumstances of learning), 'provides for every aspect of good learning which the whānau feel is important for their children, as well as the requirements of the national curriculum'
#'''Ahuatanga Ako''' (circumstances of learning), 'provides for every aspect of good learning which the whānau feel is important for their children, as well as the requirements of the national curriculum'.
#'''Ngā Tino Uaratanga''' (essential values), 'focuses on what the outcome might be for children who graduate from Kura Kaupapa Māori' and 'defines the characteristics which Kura Kaupapa Māori aim to develop in their children'.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
#'''Ngā Tino Uaratanga''' (essential values), 'focuses on what the outcome might be for children who graduate from Kura Kaupapa Māori' and 'defines the characteristics which Kura Kaupapa Māori aim to develop in their children'.<ref name=autogenerated1 />


==Te Runanga Nui (national body)==
==Te Runanga Nui (national body)==
In 1993, Uru Gardiner, the principal of Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Ati Hau Nui A Paparangi asked key architects of Kura Kaupapa Māori to visit Wanganui. Her kura whānau (parents and extended family of the school community) wanted to seek advice on good practice for establishing a kura kaupapa Māori. When Māori communities from around New Zealand learned of this hui (gathering) they asked if they could attend. Consequently, Te Runanga Nui o Nga Kura Kaupapa Māori o Aotearoa, commonly known as Te Runanga Nui was established in 1993 at [[Kaiwhaiki Marae|Kawhaiki marae]] on the [[Whanganui River|Whanganui]] river. At the hui Dr Pita Sharples became the inaugural Tumuaki (president) of Te Runanga Nui.
In 1993, Uru Gardiner, the principal of Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Ati Hau Nui A Paparangi, asked key architects of kura kaupapa Māori to visit Wanganui. Her kura whānau (parents and extended family of the school community) wanted to seek advice on good practice for establishing a kura kaupapa Māori. When Māori communities from around New Zealand learned of this hui (gathering) they asked if they could attend. Consequently, Te Runanga Nui o Nga Kura Kaupapa Māori o Aotearoa, commonly known as Te Runanga Nui, was established in 1993 at [[Kaiwhaiki Marae|Kawhaiki marae]] on the [[Whanganui River|Whanganui]] river. At the hui Pita Sharples became the inaugural Tumuaki (president) of Te Runanga Nui.


Te Runanga Nui is the national collective body of Kura Kaupapa Māori Te Aho Matua communities. An incorporated society, the organisation holds its annual meeting in different locations throughout New Zealand, usually on the last weekend of March. Meetings are mostly conducted in Māori. The purpose of the organisation is to support Kura Kaupapa Māori whānau (communities) in realising their aspirations for their schools. They engage in discussions and negotiations with the government, [[Ministry of Education, New Zealand|Ministry of Education]], the [[Education Review Office]] and other organisations who have a vested interest in Kura Kaupapa Māori.
Te Runanga Nui is the national collective body of kura kaupapa Māori Te Aho Matua communities. An incorporated society, the organisation holds its annual meeting in different locations throughout New Zealand, usually on the last weekend of March. Meetings are mostly conducted in Māori. The purpose of the organisation is to support kura kaupapa Māori whānau (communities) in realising their aspirations for their schools. They engage in discussions and negotiations with the government, [[Ministry of Education, New Zealand|Ministry of Education]], the [[Education Review Office]] and other organisations who have a vested interest in kura kaupapa Māori.


The organisation is divided into ten geographic regions, and kura kaupapa Māori belong to a particular region. At the annual meeting, each region elects a māngai (representative) who becomes a member of the Te Rūnanga Whāiti (executive committee). Two regions like Tāmaki Makaurau ([[Auckland]]) and Te Ūpoko o te Ika (Lower North island) have two māngai. Te Rūnanga Whāiti meets several times of the year, usually in Auckland to discuss issues affecting kura kaupapa Māori. The issues can vary. The organisation also elects a Tumuaki (president) at the meeting, the current being Hone Mutu. The organisation has a small secretariat and the current kaitakawaenga (co-ordinator) is Arapine Walker<ref>[http://www.firstprincipals.ac.nz/documents/ResCourseTwoProgSeptFinalVersion.pdf]{{dead link|date=April 2017}}</ref> supported by Te Tari Tautoko (support team).
The organisation is divided into ten geographic regions, and kura kaupapa Māori belong to a particular region. At the annual meeting, each region elects a māngai (representative) who becomes a member of the Te Rūnanga Whāiti (executive committee). Two regions like Tāmaki Makaurau ([[Auckland]]) and Te Ūpoko o te Ika (Lower North island) have two māngai. Te Rūnanga Whāiti meets several times of the year, usually in Auckland to discuss issues affecting kura kaupapa Māori. The issues can vary. The organisation also elects a Tumuaki (president) at the meeting, the current being Hone Mutu. The organisation has a small secretariat and the current kaitakawaenga (co-ordinator) is Arapine Walker<ref>[http://www.firstprincipals.ac.nz/documents/ResCourseTwoProgSeptFinalVersion.pdf]{{dead link|date=April 2017}}</ref> supported by Te Tari Tautoko (support team).
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The nine geographic regions of Te Runanga Nui are Te Hiku ([[Northland Region|Northland]]), Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland), Tainui ([[Waikato]]), Mataatua ([[Bay of Plenty]]), Te Puku (Central North Island), Tai-rāwhiti ([[East Coast, New Zealand|East Coast]]), Taranaki, Te Ati Hau Nui A Paparangi ([[South Taranaki District|South Taranaki]]), Te Upoko o te Ika ([[Wellington]]), and Te Waka (South Island).
The nine geographic regions of Te Runanga Nui are Te Hiku ([[Northland Region|Northland]]), Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland), Tainui ([[Waikato]]), Mataatua ([[Bay of Plenty]]), Te Puku (Central North Island), Tai-rāwhiti ([[East Coast, New Zealand|East Coast]]), Taranaki, Te Ati Hau Nui A Paparangi ([[South Taranaki District|South Taranaki]]), Te Upoko o te Ika ([[Wellington]]), and Te Waka (South Island).


Former tumuaki (presidents or chairpersons) of the Runanga Nui were Dr. Pita Sharples,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0708/S00434.htm |title=Sharples: Hawkes Bay Primary Principals Conference &#124; Scoop News |website=Scoop.co.nz |date=2007-08-24 |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> Bert McLean, Dr. Cathy Dewes, Arni Wainui, Hohepa Campbell<ref>[http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/kua+whakapakaritia+ake+te+akoranga+o+te+reo+m%C3%A4ori+i+roto+i+te+taitokerau ]{{dead link|date=April 2017}}</ref> Hone Mutu and Rawiri Wright. The current Tumuaki is Dr Cathy Dewes, elected in March 2018.<ref>Meneti Hui a Tau 2018</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2018}}
Former tumuaki (presidents or chairpersons) of the Runanga Nui were Pita Sharples,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0708/S00434.htm |title=Sharples: Hawkes Bay Primary Principals Conference &#124; Scoop News |website=Scoop.co.nz |date=2007-08-24 |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> Bert McLean, Cathy Dewes, Arni Wainui, Hohepa Campbell<ref>[http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/kua+whakapakaritia+ake+te+akoranga+o+te+reo+m%C3%A4ori+i+roto+i+te+taitokerau]{{dead link|date=April 2017}}</ref> Hone Mutu and Rawiri Wright. The current Tumuaki Takirua are Cathy Dewes and Rawiri Wright (2023).<ref>Meneti Hui a Tau 2018</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2018}}


==Types of Kura Kaupapa Māori==
==Types of kura Māori==
Different types of Kura Kaupapa Māori have emerged because of resourcing arrangements used by the Ministry of Education to fund and staff kura. All Kura Kaupapa Māori are co-educational and are part of the [[Compulsory education|compulsory schooling]] sector of New Zealand state schools. [[Early childhood education|Early childhood centres]], kohanga Reo and Universities, Technical institutes or whare wananga in New Zealand are not part of the compulsory schooling sector.
Different types of kura Māori have emerged because of resourcing arrangements used by the Ministry of Education to fund and staff kura. All kura Māori are co-educational and are part of the [[Compulsory education|compulsory schooling]] sector of New Zealand state schools. [[Early childhood education|Early childhood centres]], kohanga reo and universities, technical institutes or whare wananga in New Zealand are not part of the compulsory schooling sector.


===Kura Tuatahi (Primary schools)===
===Kura tuatahi (primary schools)===
There are three types of primary schools in New Zealand. The different types are; full primary, contributing primary and restricted primary. Full primary schools teach children from Years 1 to 8, contributing primary schools teach from Year 7 to 8 and restricted teach children from Years 1 - 6 or from Years 7 - 8. Only children who turn 5 years old are eligible to be enrolled in these schools and the age of children ranges from 5 years old to 13 years old. Most of the children who enroll in kura tuatahi (Primary school) enrol at a kura after turning 5 and graduating from a Kohanga Reo (a Māori language learning nest child centre).
There are two types of primary schools in New Zealand. They are full primary and contributing primary. Full primary schools teach children from Years 0 to 8 and contributing primary schools teach from Years 0 to 6. Only children who turn 5 years old are eligible to be enrolled in these schools and the age of children ranges from 5 years old to 13 years old. Most of the children who enroll in kura tuatahi (primary school) enrol at a kura after turning 5 and graduating from a kohanga reo (a Māori language learning nest child centre).


===Kura Arongatahi (Composite schools)===
===Kura arongatahi (composite schools)===
[[File:Maori School (next to Rangiatea Church).jpg|alt=a wooden single level building in the sunshine, with a gateway in the foreground and grass and plants |thumb|Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rito, Ōtaki, a composite school]]
Almost all kura started as a full primary school. Kura Arongatahi teach from Years 1 to Years 13. The age of children ranges from 5 years old to 18 years old, although in New Zealand education is only compulsory until 16. Students enrolled from Year 11 to Year 13 undertake NCEA ([[National Certificate of Educational Achievement]]). However, before a composite school can award NCEA qualifications, the school must be an accredited provider with the [[New Zealand Qualifications Authority]]. A kura can only become a composite once the Minister of Education has approved its change of class application. Approval to become a kura arongatahi typically takes two years{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}. Funding and staffing of these kura is different from those of kura tuatahi. In 2008 there were 15 ''Kura Kaupapa Māori Te Aho Matua'' composite schools. A composite school in New Zealand can also be classified as an Area school. In recognition of becoming an area school or composite school, ''Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Māngere'', in [[Mangere]], Auckland, changed its name to ''Te Kura Kaupapa Māori ā rohe o Māngere''. Sometimes the Minister of Education will not approve a change of class application to become a full composite school, instead the minister will approve the application so that the kura can become a restricted composite school. A restricted composite school usually allows a kura to teach children from Years 1 to 10. Gaining restricted composite school status does not limit a kura from eventually gaining full composite status in the future, whereby the kura is able to teach up to Year 15.
Almost all kura arongatahi started as a full primary school. Kura arongatahi teach from Years 1 to Years 13. The age of children ranges from 5 years old to 18 years old, although in New Zealand education is only compulsory until 16. Students enrolled from Year 11 to Year 13 undertake NCEA ([[National Certificate of Educational Achievement]]). However, before a composite school can award NCEA qualifications, the school must be an accredited provider with the [[New Zealand Qualifications Authority]]. A school can only become composite once the Minister of Education has approved its change of class application. Approval to become a kura arongatahi typically takes two years.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} Funding and staffing of these schools is different from those of kura tuatahi. In 2008 there were 15 ''Kura Kaupapa Māori Te Aho Matua'' composite schools. A composite school in New Zealand can also be classified as an Area school. In recognition of becoming an area school or composite school, ''Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Māngere'', in [[Māngere]], Auckland, changed its name to ''Te Kura Kaupapa Māori ā rohe o Māngere''. Sometimes the Minister of Education will not approve a change of class application to become a full composite school, instead the minister will approve the application so that the school can become a restricted composite school. A restricted composite school usually allows a school to teach children from Years 1 to 10. Gaining restricted composite status does not limit a school from eventually gaining full composite status in the future, whereby the school is able to teach up to Year 15.


===Wharekura (Secondary schools)===
===Wharekura (secondary schools)===
A wharekura is an immersion secondary school (kura) where the philosophy and practice reflect Māori cultural values with the aim of revitalising Māori language, knowledge and culture. The term Kaupapa Māori is used popularly by Māori to mean any particular plan of action created by Māori to express Māori aspirations, values and principles to teach children from Years 9 to Years 15. All of these kura are composite schools. In recognition of gaining wharekura status, one kura.
A wharekura is an immersion secondary school where the philosophy and practice reflect Māori cultural values with the aim of revitalising Māori language, knowledge and culture. The term kaupapa Māori is used popularly by Māori to mean any particular plan of action created by Māori to express Māori aspirations, values and principles to teach children from Years 9 to Years 15. All of these schools are composite. In recognition of gaining wharekura status, one school, Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Arowhenua, in Invercargill, changed its name to Te Wharekura o Arowhenua.


===Kura Tuakana (Mentoring schools)===
===Kura tuakana (mentoring schools)===
Some primary and composite kura kaupapa Māori become a Kura Tuakana (Mentoring school). Prior to a formal establishment process being adopted by the government, Kura Kaupapa Māori would satellite a Kura Teina (Mentored school) - another non government funded Kura Kaupapa Māori school community. This arrangement did not require Ministry of Education approval and was the mechanism used by the Kura Kaupapa Māori movement to increase the number of Kura around New Zealand. The satellite arrangement allowed the Kura Tuakana to give funding and staffing to the Kura Teina.
Some primary and composite kura kaupapa Māori become a kura tuakana (mentoring school). Prior to a formal establishment process being adopted by the government, kura kaupapa Māori would satellite a kura teina (mentored school) another non-government-funded kura kaupapa Māori school community. This arrangement did not require Ministry of Education approval and was the mechanism used by the kura kaupapa Māori movement to increase the number of these schools around New Zealand. The satellite arrangement allowed the kura tuakana to give funding and staffing to the kura teina.


In 2001, the Ministry of Education negotiated a formal process for establishing new Kura with Te Runanga Nui. The process now requires an applicant Kura whanau to apply. Once the Minister of Education is satisfied with the application, a Kura Tuakana is assigned to support and mentor the applicant. Only selected Kura Kaupapa Māori can become a Kura Tuakana and must be able to demonstrate their ability to mentor the Kura teina.
In 2001, the Ministry of Education negotiated a formal process for establishing new schools with Te Runanga Nui. The process now requires an applicant kura whanau to apply. Once the Minister of Education is satisfied with the application, a kura tuakana is assigned to support and mentor the applicant. Only selected kura kaupapa Māori can become a kura tuakana and must be able to demonstrate their ability to mentor the kura teina.


===Kura Teina (Mentored schools)===
===Kura teina (mentored schools)===
Kura Teina are applicant Kura Kaupapa Māori school communities who have applied to the Ministry of education to become a standalone primary school. The kura teina operates and teaches children, either at the primary school year levels (Years 1 to 8) or at the wharekura school year levels (Years 9 - 15) or sometimes at primary and wharekura school year levels. Te wharekura o Manurewa, Auckland, is the only Kura Kaupapa Māori that did not establish as a primary school. The school is a satellite to Te Kura Kaupapa Māori a rohe o Mangere, located in [[Mangere]], Auckland.
Kura teina are applicant kura kaupapa Māori school communities who have applied to the Ministry of Education to become a standalone primary school. The kura teina operates and teaches children, either at the primary school year levels (Years 1 to 8) or at the wharekura school year levels (Years 9 to 15) or sometimes at primary and wharekura school year levels. Te Wharekura o Manurewa, Auckland, is the only kura kaupapa Māori that did not establish as a primary school. The school is a satellite to Te Kura Kaupapa Māori a Rohe o Māngere, located in [[Māngere]], Auckland.


==School organisation==
==School organisation==
===Governance arrangements===
===Governance arrangements===
Each Kura Kaupapa Māori established in accordance with the Education Act, has a governing body. Kura have a Board of Trustees where five parent representatives are elected and it is defined in its constitution when school is gazetted in the New Zealand gazette. The principal and an elected staff representative automatically becomes a member of that Board. For many kura, all parents become the governing body. Graha Smiths says "a key principle of kaupapa Māori, is the involvement of whanau (all parents)." This type of governance arrangement requires all parents to become actively involved at all levels of school operations. Kura that operate a whanau governance arrangement do not support the Board of Trustees model.
Each kura kaupapa Māori established in accordance with the Education Act has a governing body. Schools have a Board of Trustees where five parent representatives are elected, and it is defined in its constitution when school is gazetted in the New Zealand gazette. The principal and an elected staff representative automatically becomes a member of that Board. For many schools, all parents become the governing body. Graha Smiths said: "a key principle of kaupapa Māori, is the involvement of whanau (family)." This type of governance arrangement requires all parents to become actively involved at all levels of school operations. Schools that operate a whanau governance arrangement do not support the Board of Trustees model.


Like other state schools, the governing body is required to develop and adopt a school charter, strategic plan and annual plan. Policies also are developed to support the whanau and management to run the day-to-day affairs of the school.
Like other state schools, the governing body is required to develop and adopt a school charter, strategic plan and annual plan. Policies also are developed to support the whanau and management to run the day-to-day affairs of the school.


===Staffing and funding===
===Staffing and funding===
The principal and all staff are employees of the governing body. The number of teachers is dependent on the number of children enrolled. There are two roll calculation dates for all New Zealand schools, used to calculate staffing numbers and Teachers. The dates are known as the 1 March and 1 July roll return.
The principal and all staff are employees of the governing body. The number of teachers is dependent on the number of children enrolled. There are two roll calculation dates for all New Zealand schools, used to calculate staffing numbers and teachers. The dates are known as the 1 March and 1 July roll return.


===Times and days open===
===Times and days open===
Kura Kaupapa Māori are required to follow the stipulated number of days the school is required to be open in accordance with Ministry of education guidelines. Primary school Kura Kaupapa Māori primary schools are open for instruction from 9 am to 3 pm. The schools have the authority to change the times. Composite Kura Kaupapa Māori are required to be open for a longer period during the day because composite schools are open fewer days of the year than primary schools. Time and dates a kura is open varies from kura to kura.
Kura kaupapa Māori are required to follow the stipulated number of days the school is required to be open in accordance with Ministry of Education guidelines. Primary schools are open for instruction from 9 am to 3 pm. The schools have the authority to change the times. Composite schools are required to be open for a longer period during the day because they are open fewer days of the year than primary schools. Opening times and dates vary from school to school.


===Te Reo Māori funding===
===Māori language funding===
Kura Kaupapa Māori receive additional funding to help them develop and maintain their Te Reo Māori immersion environment. An immersion leveling system is the mechanism used to calculate the funding. Kura are at level 1. This means that the language of instruction, the principal language used the teachers, Te Reo Māori in the classroom must be from 81% to 100%. It is common for teachers to not speak any English to their children at kura. An additional salary allowance (MITA - Māori Immersion Teacher allowance) is also paid to full-time teachers who teach at Level 1.
Kura kaupapa Māori receive additional funding to help them develop and maintain their Māori language immersion environment. An immersion leveling system is the mechanism used to calculate the funding. Kura kaupapa Māori are at level 1. This means that the language of instruction, the principal language used the teachers, Māori language in the classroom must be from 81% to 100%. It is common for teachers to not speak any English to their children at school. An additional salary allowance (MITA - Māori Immersion Teacher allowance) is also paid to full-time teachers who teach at Level 1.


===English===
===English===
Some primary kura teach English (Te Reo Pākehā) and all composite kura teach English to Year 9–13 students. Otherwise, English is only spoken on the grounds of a kura in a designated area.
Some kura tuatahi teach English and all kura arongatahi teach English to Year 9–13 students. Otherwise, English is only spoken in designated areas at kura.


===Classroom organisation===
===Classroom organisation===
Because of small roll numbers, most kura organise classrooms for a range of year levels. Year 1 and Year 2 students, are grouped separately, from Year 2 to Year 5 students, while Year 6 to Year 8 students separately. Kura have flexibility to organise their classrooms levels according to their priorities. Most kura operate a single cell classroom set up in which children are taught in one classroom by a single teacher. Three kura have an open plan teaching arrangement where children of many year levels are taught by many teachers in a large open teaching space. These kura are Mana Tamariki, Ruamata and Te Kotuku.
Because of small roll numbers, most schools organise classrooms for a range of year levels. Year 1 and Year 2 students, are grouped separately, from Year 2 to Year 5 students, while Year 6 to Year 8 students separately. Schools have flexibility to organise their classrooms levels according to their priorities. Most schools operate a single cell classroom set up in which children are taught in one classroom by a single teacher. Three schools have an open plan teaching arrangement where children of many year levels are taught by many teachers in a large open teaching space. These schools are Mana Tamariki, Ruamata, and Te Kotuku.


===Karakia (prayer)===
===Karakia (prayer)===
Karakia is central to kura kaupapa Māori and the spiritual well-being of Māori. Meetings will begin with a prayer. Children at the start and end of the day will undertake karakia with their kaiako. On special occasions, when new schools are opened or at special school events, kaumatua (elders) of the community will undertake special karakia. Children are taught to honour and practise karakia. Two common forms of prayer are practised in kura, Christian based and Kaupapa Māori based.
Karakia is central to kura kaupapa Māori and the spiritual well-being of Māori. Meetings will begin with a prayer. Children at the start and end of the day will undertake karakia with their kaiako. On special occasions, when new schools are opened or at special school events, kaumatua (elders) of the community will undertake special karakia. Children are taught to honour and practise karakia. Two common forms of prayer are practised in schools, Christian based and kaupapa Māori based.


===Curriculum===
===Curriculum===
Te Aho Matua requires that the curriculum of a kura be holistic. A kura strategic plan will determine the strategic direction the whanau (parents, principal, teachers) have for the learning of their children. Learning programmes are themed, incorporate Māori cultural perspectives, honour Māori customs and traditions and validate Māori knowledge. The curriculum is outcome focussed. Student achievement targets are defined to support the planning of learning programmes and assessment practise.
Te Aho Matua requires that the curriculum of a kura kaupapa Māori be holistic. A school strategic plan will determine the strategic direction the whanau (parents, principal, teachers) have for the learning of their children. Learning programmes are themed, incorporate Māori cultural perspectives, honour Māori customs and traditions and validate Māori knowledge. The curriculum is outcome focussed. Student achievement targets are defined to support the planning of learning programmes and assessment practise.


==List of Kura Kaupapa Māori==
==List of kura kaupapa Māori==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"


Line 118: Line 117:
!Year
!Year


!Legal Name
!Legal name


!Location
!Location
Line 153: Line 152:
| 1988
| 1988


| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Maungawhau<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maungawhau.school.nz/Site/Home/Welcome.ashx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204041846/http://www.maungawhau.school.nz/Site/Home/Welcome.ashx |archive-date=2010-12-04 }}</ref>
| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Maungawhau<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maungawhau.school.nz/Site/Home/Welcome.ashx |title=Welcome to Maungawhau School - Kids in Action - Maungawhau School |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204041846/http://www.maungawhau.school.nz/Site/Home/Welcome.ashx |archive-date=2010-12-04 }}</ref>


| Maungawhau
| Maungawhau
Line 159: Line 158:
| Tāmaki Makaurau
| Tāmaki Makaurau


| Kura Tuatahi
| Kura tuatahi


|-
|-
Line 177: Line 176:
| 1990
| 1990


| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ruamata<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruamata.school.nz/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201629/http://www.ruamata.school.nz/ |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>
| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ruamata<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruamata.school.nz/ |title=Main |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201629/http://www.ruamata.school.nz/ |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>


| Rotorua
| Rotorua


|
| Te Rūnanga Nui region


| Composite
| Composite
Line 205: Line 204:
| Otara, South Auckland
| Otara, South Auckland


| Tamaki Makaurau
| Tāmaki Makaurau


| Primary
| Primary
Line 227: Line 226:
| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rito
| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rito


| Otaki
| Ōtaki


| Te Upoko o te Ika
| Te Upoko o te Ika
Line 273: Line 272:
| 1991
| 1991


| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Arowhenua<ref>[http://www.wharekura.ac.nz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724191621/http://www.wharekura.ac.nz/ |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>
| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Arowhenua<ref>[http://www.wharekura.ac.nz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724191621/http://www.wharekura.ac.nz/|date=2011-07-24}}</ref>


| Murihiku Invercargill
| Murihiku Invercargill


| Te Waha
| Te Waka


| Composite
| Composite
Line 289: Line 288:
| Ruatoki
| Ruatoki


|
| Te Rūnanga Nui region


| Composite
| Class


|-
|-
Line 301: Line 300:
| Kaikohe
| Kaikohe


|
| Te Rūnanga Nui region


| Composite
| Composite
Line 344: Line 343:
| 1993
| 1993


| [[Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngā Taonga Tūturu ki Tokomaru]]
| [[Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Nga Taonga Tuturu ki Tokomaru]]


| Tokomaru Bay, East Coast
| Tokomaru Bay, East Coast
Line 362: Line 361:
| Tainui
| Tainui


|
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 386: Line 385:
| Tainui
| Tainui


|
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 396: Line 395:
| Tauranga
| Tauranga


|
| Te Rūnanga Nui region


| Primary
| Primary
Line 456: Line 455:
| Kaitaia
| Kaitaia


|
| Te Rūnanga Nui region


|
| Class


|-
|-
Line 530: Line 529:
| Tainui
| Tainui


| Full primary
| Primary


|-
|-
Line 554: Line 553:
| Te Ika Whenua
| Te Ika Whenua


|
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 566: Line 565:
| Maungapohatu
| Maungapohatu


|
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 576: Line 575:
| Waimana
| Waimana


|
| Te Runanga Nui region


|
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 588: Line 587:
| Waiohau, Whakatane
| Waiohau, Whakatane


|
| Te Runanga Nui region


|
| Class


|-
|-
Line 600: Line 599:
| Waioeka
| Waioeka


|
| Te Runanga Nui region


|
| Class


|-
|-
Line 624: Line 623:
| Ruatōrea
| Ruatōrea


|
| Te Rūnanga Nui region


| Composite
| Composite
Line 662: Line 661:
| Te Upoko o te Ika
| Te Upoko o te Ika


|
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 684: Line 683:
| Rangitukia
| Rangitukia


|
| Te Rūnanga Nui region


|
| Class


|-
|-
Line 708: Line 707:
| Maraenui
| Maraenui


|
| Te Rūnanga Nui region


|
| Class


|-
|-
Line 720: Line 719:
| Te Puke
| Te Puke


|
| Te Rūnanga Nui region


| Primary
| Primary
Line 758: Line 757:
| Tainui
| Tainui


| Primary
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 806: Line 805:
| Taranaki
| Taranaki


|
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 902: Line 901:
| Te Puku
| Te Puku


|
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 914: Line 913:
| Te Hiku
| Te Hiku


|
| not sure


|-
|-
Line 950: Line 949:
| Te Hiku
| Te Hiku


| Composite
| composite


|-
|-
Line 960: Line 959:
| Waiuku
| Waiuku


|Tamaki Makaurau
|Tāmaki Makaurau


| Primary
| Primary
Line 968: Line 967:
|2007
|2007


| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rau Aroha<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.gazette.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/4208953a3a607368cc257345005708ad?OpenDocument |title=Archived copy |website=online.gazette.govt.nz |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714071443/http://online.gazette.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/4208953a3a607368cc257345005708ad?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rau Aroha<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.gazette.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/4208953a3a607368cc257345005708ad?OpenDocument |title=The Department of Internal Affairs: New Zealand Gazette - the New Zealand Gazette |website=online.gazette.govt.nz |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714071443/http://online.gazette.govt.nz/MSOS118/On-Line/NZGazette.nsf/6cee7698a9bbc7cfcc256d510059ed0b/4208953a3a607368cc257345005708ad?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


| Matamata
| Matamata
Line 1,000: Line 999:
|Composite
|Composite


|-
|2011
|Te Wharekura o Nga Purapura o Te Aroha
|Te Awamutu
|Tainui
|
|-
|-


Line 1,011: Line 1,016:


|Composite
|Composite

|-
|-
|2024
|Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngaa Papaonekura<ref>{{Cite web |title=New kura kaupapa Māori opens in Auckland |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/02/09/new-kura-kaupapa-maori-opens-in-auckland/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=1News |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Papakura]], Auckland
|
|
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}

*{{cite web |author=Smith, Graham H. |year=2003 |title=Kaupapa Māori Theory: Theorizing Indigenous Transformation of Education & Schooling |website=Kaupapa Māori Symposium: NZARE/AARE Joint Conference |publisher= Australian Association for Research in Education |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/data/publications/2003/pih03342.pdf|access-date=2008-05-25 }}
*{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Graham H. |year=2003 |title=Kaupapa Māori Theory: Theorizing Indigenous Transformation of Education & Schooling |website=Kaupapa Māori Symposium: NZARE/AARE Joint Conference |publisher= Australian Association for Research in Education |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/data/publications/2003/pih03342.pdf|access-date=2008-05-25 }}
*{{cite book |
*{{cite book |
author=New Zealand. Department of Education|
author=New Zealand. Department of Education|
Line 1,025: Line 1,034:
url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOsEAQAAIAAJ |
url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOsEAQAAIAAJ |
isbn=0477048633}}
isbn=0477048633}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 1,035: Line 1,041:
* Hawaii, USA [http://www.ahapunanaleo.org/ 'Aha Punana Leo] retrieved on 8 June 2008
* Hawaii, USA [http://www.ahapunanaleo.org/ 'Aha Punana Leo] retrieved on 8 June 2008


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kura Kaupapa Maori}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kura Kaupapa Māori}}
[[Category:Schools in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Kura Kaupapa Māori schools| ]]
[[Category:Māori schools in New Zealand|*]]
[[Category:Language revival]]
[[Category:Language revival]]
[[Category:Māori language]]
[[Category:Māori language]]
[[Category:Māori organisations]]
[[Category:Minority schools]]
[[Category:Language immersion]]
[[Category:Language immersion]]
[[Category:Kura Kaupapa Māori schools|*]]
[[Category:Indigenous education]]

Latest revision as of 01:56, 6 October 2024

Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Nga Mokopuna

Kura kaupapa Māori are Māori-language immersion schools (kura) in New Zealand, where the philosophy and practice reflect Māori cultural values with the aim of revitalising Māori language, knowledge and culture. Kura kaupapa Māori are established under the Education Act (1989). The term kaupapa Māori is used by Māori to mean any particular plan of action created by Māori to express Māori aspirations, values and principles.[1]

History

[edit]

The establishment of kura kaupapa Māori schools followed a 1971 report by researcher Richard Benton that the Māori language was in a critical near-death stage. By the 1980s, Māori communities "were so concerned with the loss of Māori language, knowledge and culture that they took matters into their own hands and set up their own learning institutions at pre-school, elementary school, secondary school and tertiary levels".[2]

The establishment of kohanga reo (Māori-language pre-schools) triggered a series of initiatives in schooling and education by Māori, initially outside of the mainstream education system. The need for Māori language primary schools arose when parents were concerned that their children who had finished kohanga reo quickly lost their language once they started at mainstream primary schools. Those kura kaupapa Māori are part of a series of Māori-led initiatives aimed at strengthening the language, affirming cultural identity, and encouraging community involvement.[3]

Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi, Henderson, West Auckland, is generally credited as being the first kura kaupapa Māori and was established in 1985. The Kura Kaupapa Māori movement is a term commonly used to describe parents and supporters of kura kaupapa Māori. The term emerged when the first school was established.[4][5][6]

In 1987, a working party was established to investigate an alternative schooling model that would better meet the aspirations of Māori communities in New Zealand. The working party consisted of Katerina Mataira, Pita Sharples, Graham Smith, Linda Smith, Cathy Dewes, Tuki Nepe, Rahera Shortland, Pem Bird and Toni Waho. The working party adopted Te Aho Matua as being the foundation set of principles that guide the operations of a kura kaupapa Māori.[4]

Kura kaupapa Māori originate from humble beginnings. The government began funding kura kaupapa Māori five years after the first school was established. In the early years, from 1985 to 1995, almost all kura kaupapa Māori were accommodated at some stage in a place or venue that accommodate children for little or no rent. Parents raised funds to resource kura kaupapa Māori until the government officially recognised and funded the school.

Legislation

[edit]

In 1987, one of the recommendations of the Tomorrow's Schools' Pilot Report, a major education reform affecting all New Zealand schools, recommended to the government that Māori communities be able to establish and govern their own schools. The 1989 Education Act was amended to include Section 155 which provides for the Minister of Education to designate a state school as a kura kaupapa Māori by notice in the New Zealand Gazette. Although the Act was amended, many school communities were dissatisfied because the amendment did not adequately define the unique character of a kura kaupapa Māori.

On 16 July 1999, the Education (Te Aho Matua) Amendment Act 1999, amended Section 155 of the Education Act 1989. Māori communities wanted the unique character of kura kaupapa Māori to be protected in law. At the request of Te Runanga Nui, the Minister of Māori Affairs and associate Minister of Education Tau Henare was the Minister responsible for the Education (Te Aho Matua) Amendment Act becoming a statute in New Zealand. The Te Aho Matua amendment made it a requirement that kura kaupapa Māori adhere to the principles of Te Aho Matua. The amendment recognised Te Runanga Nui o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori as the kaitiaki (guardians, caretakers and architects), the most suitable body responsible for determining the content of Te Aho Matua, and for ensuring that it is not changed to the detriment of Māori.[7][8][9]

According to Graham Smith, the charter "provides the guidelines for excellence in Māori, that is, what a good Māori education should entail. It also acknowledges Pākehā culture and skills required by Māori children to participate fully and at every level in modern New Zealand society" (G Smith 2003:10).

Te Aho Matua – governing principles

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Written in the Māori language, Te Aho Matua o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori[4][10] are the principles kura kaupapa Māori are required to adhere to. The principles are underpinned by Māori values, beliefs and customs. On Thursday 21 January 2008, Te Aho Matua along with an explanation in English was published in the New Zealand Gazette by Parekura Horomia. When Te Aho Matua was introduced into Parliament to become legislated, an English explanation was written by Katerina Mataira.[4][10]

Te Aho Matua has six sections:

  1. Te Ira Tangata (the human essence), affirms the nature of the child as a human being with spiritual, physical and emotional requirements.
  2. Te Reo (language), deals with language policy and how the schools can 'best advance the language learning of their children'.
  3. Ngā Iwi (people), focuses on 'the social agencies which influence the development of children, in short, all those people with whom they interact as they make sense of their world and find their rightful place within it'.
  4. Te Ao (the world), deals with 'the world which surrounds children and about which there are fundamental truths which affect their lives'.
  5. Ahuatanga Ako (circumstances of learning), 'provides for every aspect of good learning which the whānau feel is important for their children, as well as the requirements of the national curriculum'.
  6. Ngā Tino Uaratanga (essential values), 'focuses on what the outcome might be for children who graduate from Kura Kaupapa Māori' and 'defines the characteristics which Kura Kaupapa Māori aim to develop in their children'.[10]

Te Runanga Nui (national body)

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In 1993, Uru Gardiner, the principal of Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Ati Hau Nui A Paparangi, asked key architects of kura kaupapa Māori to visit Wanganui. Her kura whānau (parents and extended family of the school community) wanted to seek advice on good practice for establishing a kura kaupapa Māori. When Māori communities from around New Zealand learned of this hui (gathering) they asked if they could attend. Consequently, Te Runanga Nui o Nga Kura Kaupapa Māori o Aotearoa, commonly known as Te Runanga Nui, was established in 1993 at Kawhaiki marae on the Whanganui river. At the hui Pita Sharples became the inaugural Tumuaki (president) of Te Runanga Nui.

Te Runanga Nui is the national collective body of kura kaupapa Māori Te Aho Matua communities. An incorporated society, the organisation holds its annual meeting in different locations throughout New Zealand, usually on the last weekend of March. Meetings are mostly conducted in Māori. The purpose of the organisation is to support kura kaupapa Māori whānau (communities) in realising their aspirations for their schools. They engage in discussions and negotiations with the government, Ministry of Education, the Education Review Office and other organisations who have a vested interest in kura kaupapa Māori.

The organisation is divided into ten geographic regions, and kura kaupapa Māori belong to a particular region. At the annual meeting, each region elects a māngai (representative) who becomes a member of the Te Rūnanga Whāiti (executive committee). Two regions like Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland) and Te Ūpoko o te Ika (Lower North island) have two māngai. Te Rūnanga Whāiti meets several times of the year, usually in Auckland to discuss issues affecting kura kaupapa Māori. The issues can vary. The organisation also elects a Tumuaki (president) at the meeting, the current being Hone Mutu. The organisation has a small secretariat and the current kaitakawaenga (co-ordinator) is Arapine Walker[11] supported by Te Tari Tautoko (support team).

The nine geographic regions of Te Runanga Nui are Te Hiku (Northland), Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland), Tainui (Waikato), Mataatua (Bay of Plenty), Te Puku (Central North Island), Tai-rāwhiti (East Coast), Taranaki, Te Ati Hau Nui A Paparangi (South Taranaki), Te Upoko o te Ika (Wellington), and Te Waka (South Island).

Former tumuaki (presidents or chairpersons) of the Runanga Nui were Pita Sharples,[12] Bert McLean, Cathy Dewes, Arni Wainui, Hohepa Campbell[13] Hone Mutu and Rawiri Wright. The current Tumuaki Takirua are Cathy Dewes and Rawiri Wright (2023).[14][better source needed]

Types of kura Māori

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Different types of kura Māori have emerged because of resourcing arrangements used by the Ministry of Education to fund and staff kura. All kura Māori are co-educational and are part of the compulsory schooling sector of New Zealand state schools. Early childhood centres, kohanga reo and universities, technical institutes or whare wananga in New Zealand are not part of the compulsory schooling sector.

Kura tuatahi (primary schools)

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There are two types of primary schools in New Zealand. They are full primary and contributing primary. Full primary schools teach children from Years 0 to 8 and contributing primary schools teach from Years 0 to 6. Only children who turn 5 years old are eligible to be enrolled in these schools and the age of children ranges from 5 years old to 13 years old. Most of the children who enroll in kura tuatahi (primary school) enrol at a kura after turning 5 and graduating from a kohanga reo (a Māori language learning nest child centre).

Kura arongatahi (composite schools)

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a wooden single level building in the sunshine, with a gateway in the foreground and grass and plants
Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rito, Ōtaki, a composite school

Almost all kura arongatahi started as a full primary school. Kura arongatahi teach from Years 1 to Years 13. The age of children ranges from 5 years old to 18 years old, although in New Zealand education is only compulsory until 16. Students enrolled from Year 11 to Year 13 undertake NCEA (National Certificate of Educational Achievement). However, before a composite school can award NCEA qualifications, the school must be an accredited provider with the New Zealand Qualifications Authority. A school can only become composite once the Minister of Education has approved its change of class application. Approval to become a kura arongatahi typically takes two years.[citation needed] Funding and staffing of these schools is different from those of kura tuatahi. In 2008 there were 15 Kura Kaupapa Māori Te Aho Matua composite schools. A composite school in New Zealand can also be classified as an Area school. In recognition of becoming an area school or composite school, Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Māngere, in Māngere, Auckland, changed its name to Te Kura Kaupapa Māori ā rohe o Māngere. Sometimes the Minister of Education will not approve a change of class application to become a full composite school, instead the minister will approve the application so that the school can become a restricted composite school. A restricted composite school usually allows a school to teach children from Years 1 to 10. Gaining restricted composite status does not limit a school from eventually gaining full composite status in the future, whereby the school is able to teach up to Year 15.

Wharekura (secondary schools)

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A wharekura is an immersion secondary school where the philosophy and practice reflect Māori cultural values with the aim of revitalising Māori language, knowledge and culture. The term kaupapa Māori is used popularly by Māori to mean any particular plan of action created by Māori to express Māori aspirations, values and principles to teach children from Years 9 to Years 15. All of these schools are composite. In recognition of gaining wharekura status, one school, Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Arowhenua, in Invercargill, changed its name to Te Wharekura o Arowhenua.

Kura tuakana (mentoring schools)

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Some primary and composite kura kaupapa Māori become a kura tuakana (mentoring school). Prior to a formal establishment process being adopted by the government, kura kaupapa Māori would satellite a kura teina (mentored school) – another non-government-funded kura kaupapa Māori school community. This arrangement did not require Ministry of Education approval and was the mechanism used by the kura kaupapa Māori movement to increase the number of these schools around New Zealand. The satellite arrangement allowed the kura tuakana to give funding and staffing to the kura teina.

In 2001, the Ministry of Education negotiated a formal process for establishing new schools with Te Runanga Nui. The process now requires an applicant kura whanau to apply. Once the Minister of Education is satisfied with the application, a kura tuakana is assigned to support and mentor the applicant. Only selected kura kaupapa Māori can become a kura tuakana and must be able to demonstrate their ability to mentor the kura teina.

Kura teina (mentored schools)

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Kura teina are applicant kura kaupapa Māori school communities who have applied to the Ministry of Education to become a standalone primary school. The kura teina operates and teaches children, either at the primary school year levels (Years 1 to 8) or at the wharekura school year levels (Years 9 to 15) or sometimes at primary and wharekura school year levels. Te Wharekura o Manurewa, Auckland, is the only kura kaupapa Māori that did not establish as a primary school. The school is a satellite to Te Kura Kaupapa Māori a Rohe o Māngere, located in Māngere, Auckland.

School organisation

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Governance arrangements

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Each kura kaupapa Māori established in accordance with the Education Act has a governing body. Schools have a Board of Trustees where five parent representatives are elected, and it is defined in its constitution when school is gazetted in the New Zealand gazette. The principal and an elected staff representative automatically becomes a member of that Board. For many schools, all parents become the governing body. Graha Smiths said: "a key principle of kaupapa Māori, is the involvement of whanau (family)." This type of governance arrangement requires all parents to become actively involved at all levels of school operations. Schools that operate a whanau governance arrangement do not support the Board of Trustees model.

Like other state schools, the governing body is required to develop and adopt a school charter, strategic plan and annual plan. Policies also are developed to support the whanau and management to run the day-to-day affairs of the school.

Staffing and funding

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The principal and all staff are employees of the governing body. The number of teachers is dependent on the number of children enrolled. There are two roll calculation dates for all New Zealand schools, used to calculate staffing numbers and teachers. The dates are known as the 1 March and 1 July roll return.

Times and days open

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Kura kaupapa Māori are required to follow the stipulated number of days the school is required to be open in accordance with Ministry of Education guidelines. Primary schools are open for instruction from 9 am to 3 pm. The schools have the authority to change the times. Composite schools are required to be open for a longer period during the day because they are open fewer days of the year than primary schools. Opening times and dates vary from school to school.

Māori language funding

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Kura kaupapa Māori receive additional funding to help them develop and maintain their Māori language immersion environment. An immersion leveling system is the mechanism used to calculate the funding. Kura kaupapa Māori are at level 1. This means that the language of instruction, the principal language used the teachers, Māori language in the classroom must be from 81% to 100%. It is common for teachers to not speak any English to their children at school. An additional salary allowance (MITA - Māori Immersion Teacher allowance) is also paid to full-time teachers who teach at Level 1.

English

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Some kura tuatahi teach English and all kura arongatahi teach English to Year 9–13 students. Otherwise, English is only spoken in designated areas at kura.

Classroom organisation

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Because of small roll numbers, most schools organise classrooms for a range of year levels. Year 1 and Year 2 students, are grouped separately, from Year 2 to Year 5 students, while Year 6 to Year 8 students separately. Schools have flexibility to organise their classrooms levels according to their priorities. Most schools operate a single cell classroom set up in which children are taught in one classroom by a single teacher. Three schools have an open plan teaching arrangement where children of many year levels are taught by many teachers in a large open teaching space. These schools are Mana Tamariki, Ruamata, and Te Kotuku.

Karakia (prayer)

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Karakia is central to kura kaupapa Māori and the spiritual well-being of Māori. Meetings will begin with a prayer. Children at the start and end of the day will undertake karakia with their kaiako. On special occasions, when new schools are opened or at special school events, kaumatua (elders) of the community will undertake special karakia. Children are taught to honour and practise karakia. Two common forms of prayer are practised in schools, Christian based and kaupapa Māori based.

Curriculum

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Te Aho Matua requires that the curriculum of a kura kaupapa Māori be holistic. A school strategic plan will determine the strategic direction the whanau (parents, principal, teachers) have for the learning of their children. Learning programmes are themed, incorporate Māori cultural perspectives, honour Māori customs and traditions and validate Māori knowledge. The curriculum is outcome focussed. Student achievement targets are defined to support the planning of learning programmes and assessment practise.

List of kura kaupapa Māori

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Year Legal name Location Te Rūnanga Nui region Class
1985 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hoani Waititi Henderson, West Auckland Tāmaki Makaurau Composite
1987 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Waipereira Kelston, West Auckland Tāmaki Makaurau Primary
1988 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Maungawhau[15] Maungawhau Tāmaki Makaurau Kura tuatahi
1989 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Māngere Māngere, Auckland Tāmaki Makaurau Composite
1990 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ruamata[16] Rotorua Composite
1990 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Manawatū Palmerston North Te Upoko o te Ika Primary
1990 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Piripono Te Kura Whakahou ki Otara Otara, South Auckland Tāmaki Makaurau Primary
1991 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Wairarapa Masterton Te Upoko o te Ika Primary
1991 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rito Ōtaki Te Upoko o te Ika Composite
1991 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Oparure Oparure, Te Kuiti Tainui Primary
1991 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Whakapūmau i Te Reo Tūturu o Waitaha Ōtautahi Christchurch Te Waka Composite
1991 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi[17] Whanganui Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi Primary
1991 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Arowhenua[18] Murihiku Invercargill Te Waka Composite
1992 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ruatoki Ruatoki Composite
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Kaikohe Kaikohe Composite
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Pūau Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa Glen Innes, Auckland Tāmaki Makaurau Composite
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Manurewa Manurewa, South Auckland Tāmaki Makaurau Primary
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Whakarewa I Te Reo Ki Tūwharetoa Taupō Te Puku Composite
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Nga Taonga Tuturu ki Tokomaru Tokomaru Bay, East Coast Te Tai Rāwhiti Primary
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Bernard Fergusson Ngāruawāhia Tainui
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rangi Āniwaniwa Kaitaia Te Hiku Composite
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Ara Rima Kirikiriroa Hamilton Tainui
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ōtepou Tauranga Primary
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Mangatuna Tolaga Bay Te Tairāwhiti Primary
1993 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Koutu Rotorua Te Puku Composite
1994 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Rangiawhia Kaitaia Te Hiku Primary
1994 Te Pi'ipi'inga Kākano Mai i Rangiātea Ngāmotu New Plymouth Taranaki Primary
1994 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Rangiawhia Kaitaia
1994 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Tāmaki Nui A Rua Dannevirke, Hawkes Bay Te Upoko o te Ika Composite
1994 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngā Mokopuna Seatoun, Whanganui-a-Tara Wellington Te Upoko o te Ika Composite
1994 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Rākaumanga Huntly Tainui Composite
1995 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Mana Tamariki Te Papaioea Palmerston North Upoko o te Ika Composite
1995 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rāwhitiroa Whangārei Te Hiku Composite
1995 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Tōku Māpihi Maurea Kirikiriroa Hamilton Tainui Full primary
1995 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Tamarongo Taranaki Taranaki Primary
1995 Te Kura Kaupapa Motuhake o Tawhiuau Murupara Te Ika Whenua
1995 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Huiarau Ruatahuna Maungapohatu
1995 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Matahi Waimana
1995 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Waiohau Waiohau, Whakatane
1995 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Waioeka Waioeka
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Raki Paewhenua Mairangi Bay, Auckland Tāmaki Makaurau Composite
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Waiu o Ngāti Porou Ruatōrea Composite
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngā Uri a Maui Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa Gisborne Te Tairāwhiti Primary
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Wānanga Whare Tapere o Takitimu Hastings Te Upoko o te Ika Composite
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Ara Whānui Lower Hutt, Whanganui-a-Tara Wellington Te Upoko o te Ika
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Waipiro Waipiro Bay, East Coast Te Tairāwhiti Primary
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Tapere Nui A Whatonga Rangitukia
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Rotoiti Rotorua Te Puku Primary
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Maraenui Maraenui
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Mataī Te Puke Primary
1996 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Harataunga Kennedy Bay, Coromandel Tainui Primary
1997 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Taumarere Kawakawa Te Hiku Primary
1997 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Whakawātea Kirikiriroa Hamilton Tainui Primary
1997 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngāti Kahungunu Ki Te Wairoa Wairoa Te Upoko o te Ika Composite
1997 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngati Rangi Ohakune Te Āti-Haunui-a-Pāpārangi Primary
1997 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Whānau Tahi Ōtautahi Christchurch Te Waka Composite
1998 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngāti Ruanui Hāwera Taranaki
1998 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngāti Kahungunu Ki Heretaunga Hastings, Hawkes Bay Te Upoko o te Ika Composite
1998 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Tupoho Whanganui Te Āti Haunui-A-Pāpārangi Composite
1998 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ōtepoti Ōtepoti Dunedin Te Waka Primary
1998 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Puaha o Waikato Tuakau/ Port Waikato Tainui Primary
2001 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori O Te Ara Hou Napier Te Upoko o te Ika Composite
2002 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Kōtuku Rānui, Auckland Tāmaki Makaurau Primary
2003 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Kawakawa Mai Tawhiti Hicks Bay, East Coast Te Tairawhiti Primary
2003 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Hiringa Tokoroa Te Puku
2005 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Whangaroa Matauri Bay Te Hiku
2005 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Tonga o Hokianga South Hokianga Te Hiku Primary
2005 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hurungaterangi Rotorua Te Puku Primary
2005 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Pukemiro Kaitaia Te Hiku Composite
2006 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Waiuku Waiuku Tāmaki Makaurau Primary
2007 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Rau Aroha[19] Matamata Tainui Composite
2012 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Tuia Te Matangi Nelson Te Tauihu o Te Waka a Māui Composite
2013 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Horouta Wānanga Gisborne Tairawhiti Composite
2011 Te Wharekura o Nga Purapura o Te Aroha Te Awamutu Tainui
2019 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Hawaiki Hou Gisborne Tairawhiti Composite
2024 Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngaa Papaonekura[20] Papakura, Auckland

References

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  1. ^ Royal, Charles. "Methodology". Rangahau. Te Whare Wānanga o Awānuirangi, Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga and Māori and Indigenous Research Institute (IRI) The University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  2. ^ Smith 2003, pp. 6–7.
  3. ^ Smith 2003, pp. 8–11.
  4. ^ a b c d Horomia, Parekura (22 February 2008). "New framework for reviewing Te Aho Matua kura kauapapa Māori". Beehive.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
  5. ^ Te Runanga Nui o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori o Aotearoa (29 September 1998). Including Te Aho Matua into s155 of the Education Act, 1989. A Submission to the Associate Minister of Education (Report).
  6. ^ Baker, Robyn (12 March 2002). "Parental and community involvement in schools - opportunities and challenges for school change", "NZ Council for Educational Research". New Zealand Council for Educational Research. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  7. ^ "New Zealand Parliament - Henare, Tau". Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  8. ^ "Education Act 1989 No 80 (as at 01 March 2017), Public Act 155 Kura Kaupapa Maori – New Zealand Legislation". Legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  9. ^ "Education (Te Aho Matua) Amendment Act 1999" (PDF). Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  10. ^ a b c "Official version of Te Aho Matua o nga Kura Kaupapa Māori and English explanation" Dia.govt.nz, 6 June 2008.
  11. ^ [1][dead link]
  12. ^ "Sharples: Hawkes Bay Primary Principals Conference | Scoop News". Scoop.co.nz. 24 August 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  13. ^ [2][dead link]
  14. ^ Meneti Hui a Tau 2018
  15. ^ "Welcome to Maungawhau School - Kids in Action - Maungawhau School". Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  16. ^ "Main". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  17. ^ "Te Kura Kaupapa Maori O Te Atihaunui-a-Paparangi". Teatihau.school.nz. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  18. ^ [3] Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ "The Department of Internal Affairs: New Zealand Gazette - the New Zealand Gazette". online.gazette.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  20. ^ "New kura kaupapa Māori opens in Auckland". 1News. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
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