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{{short description|Kurdish Islamic separatist leader (1893–1947)}}
{{short description|Kurdish Islamic separatist leader (1893–1947)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], the Pakistani statesman and founding father}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], the Pakistani statesman and founding father}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
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| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Qazi Muhammad
| name = Qazi Muhammad
| native_name = {{nobold|قازی محمد<br>''Qazî Mihemed''}}
| native_name = {{nobold|قازی محەممەد<br>''Qazî Mihemed''}}
| honorific-suffix =
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Qazi Muhammad.jpg
| image = Qazi Muhammad.jpg
| office = President of the [[Republic of Mahabad]]
| office = President of [[Republic of Mahabad]]
| term_start = 22 January 1946
| term_start = 22 January 1946
| term_end = 15 December 1946
| term_end = 15 December 1946
| vicepresident =
| primeminister = [[Haji Baba Sheikh]]
| predecessor = ''Office created''
| predecessor = ''Office created''
| successor = ''Office abolished''
| successor = ''Office abolished''
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| citizenship = [[Iran]]ian
| citizenship = [[Iran]]ian
| death_cause = [[Hanging|Execution by hanging]]
| death_cause = [[Hanging|Execution by hanging]]
| nationality = [[Kurds|Kurdish]]
| party = [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan|PDKI]]
| party = [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan|PDKI]]
| relations =
| relations =
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}}
}}


'''Qazi Muhammad''' ({{lang-ku|قازی محمد / Qazî Mihemed}}, {{lang-fa|قاضی محمد}}; 1 May 1893 – 31 March 1947<ref name="mcdowall" />) was a [[Iranian Kurds| Kurdish]] [[Islam|religious]] and political leader who founded the [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] and headed the short-lived, Soviet-backed [[Republic of Mahabad]]. He was hanged by the [[Pahlavi Iran|Iranian government]] for [[treason]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite news
'''Qazi Muhammad''' ({{lang-ku|قازی محەممەد / Qazî Mihemed}}, {{lang-fa|قاضی محمد}}; 1 May 1893 – 31 March 1947<ref name="mcdowall" />) was an [[Iranian Kurds|Iranian Kurdish]] [[Islam|religious]] and political leader who founded the [[Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan]] and headed the short-lived, Soviet-backed [[Republic of Mahabad]]. He was hanged by the [[Pahlavi Iran|Iranian government]] for [[treason]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.kurdmania.org/News-sid-Das-Vermaechtnis-des-kurdischen-Maertyrers-Qazi-Mohammed-944.html
|url=http://www.kurdmania.org/News-sid-Das-Vermaechtnis-des-kurdischen-Maertyrers-Qazi-Mohammed-944.html
|access-date=2009-02-22
|access-date=2009-02-22
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==Biography==
==Biography==
Qazi Muhammad was born into a noble [[Kurds|Kurdish]] family from [[Mahabad]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|title=The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development|date=2006-06-19|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3093-7|pages=249|language=en}}</ref> His father had cooperated with [[Simko Shikak]] during his revolt against the Iranian government in the 1920s, and his brother Sadr Qazi was a member of the Iranian parliament.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Entessar|first=Nader|title=Kurdish Ethnonationalism|date=1992|publisher=Lynn Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-55587-250-2|pages=18–21|language=en}}</ref> After his father's death, he was nominated as a judge in Mahabad in the 1930s.<ref>Jwaideh, Wadie (2006-06-19), p. 250</ref> Qazi Muhammad later became a member of the Komala Zhian I Kurd, a leading Kurdish organization in Iran at the time supported by the Soviets, in April 1945.<ref>Jwaideh, Wadie (2006), pp.247–248</ref> Soon after he became its leader.<ref name=":1" /> Muhammad acted as the [[President (government title)|President]] of the [[Republic of Mahabad]], which was founded in January 1946, and declared publicly in March of the same year.<ref>Jwaideh, Wadie (2006), p. 252</ref> He was also the founder of the [[Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran]], that was established after the need for a more transparent party was felt by its adherents. ([[Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd]] existed prior to that, as a secret organization.) [[Mustafa Barzani]], one of the leaders of the nationalist Kurdish movement in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]], was also the commander of its army along with his brother [[Ahmed Barzani]]. His cousin, Muhammad Hussein Saif Qazi, was a minister in his cabinet. In April 1946, with the support of the Soviets, Muhammad signed a peace treaty with [[Ja'far Pishevari]] of the [[Azerbaijan People's Government]] in which they exchanged assurances that the Azerbaijani and Kurdish minorities rights in each republic would be preserved.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Entessar|first=Nader|title=Kurdish Ethnonationalism|date=1992|publisher=Lynn Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-55587-250-2|pages=21|language=en}}</ref> A year later, after the [[Soviet]]s withdrew from [[Iran]], the socialist Kurdish Republic was removed by Iran's central government.
Qazi Muhammad was born into a noble [[Sunni]] [[Kurds|Kurdish]] family from [[Mahabad]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|title=The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development|date=2006-06-19|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3093-7|pages=249|language=en}}</ref> His father had cooperated with [[Simko Shikak]] during his revolt against the Iranian government in the 1920s, and his brother Sadr Qazi was a member of the Iranian parliament.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Entessar|first=Nader|title=Kurdish Ethnonationalism|date=1992|publisher=Lynn Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-55587-250-2|pages=18–21|language=en}}</ref> After his father's death, he was nominated as a judge in Mahabad in the 1930s.<ref>Jwaideh, Wadie (2006-06-19), p. 250</ref> Qazi Muhammad later became a member of the Komala Zhian I Kurd, a leading Kurdish organization in Iran at the time supported by the Soviets, in April 1945.<ref>Jwaideh, Wadie (2006), pp.247–248</ref> Soon after he became its leader.<ref name=":1" /> Muhammad acted as the [[President (government title)|President]] of the [[Republic of Mahabad]], which was founded in January 1946, and declared publicly in March of the same year.<ref>Jwaideh, Wadie (2006), p. 252</ref> He was also the founder of the [[Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran]], that was established after the need for a more transparent party was felt by its adherents. ([[Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd]] existed prior to that, as a secret organization.) [[Mustafa Barzani]], one of the leaders of the nationalist Kurdish movement in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]], was also the commander of its army along with his brother [[Ahmed Barzani]]. His cousin, Muhammad Hussein Saif Qazi, was a minister in his cabinet. In April 1946, with the support of the Soviets, Muhammad signed a peace treaty with [[Ja'far Pishevari]] of the [[Azerbaijan People's Government]] in which they exchanged assurances that the Azerbaijani and Kurdish minorities rights in each republic would be preserved.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Entessar|first=Nader|title=Kurdish Ethnonationalism|date=1992|publisher=Lynn Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-55587-250-2|pages=21|language=en}}</ref> A year later, after the [[Soviet]]s withdrew from [[Iran]], the socialist Kurdish Republic was removed by Iran's central government.


==Family==
==Family==
One of his sons, Ali Qazi, is today an active member in the [[Kurds|Kurdish]] movement. One of his daughters, [[Efat Ghazi]], was killed by a [[letter bomb]] in [[Västerås]], [[Sweden]], in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gun |last=Fälth |title=Kvinna sprängd till döds |publisher={{Lang|sv|[[Dagens Nyheter]]}} |date=1990-09-07 |language=sv}}</ref> The bomb was addressed to her husband, the Kurdish activist Emir Ghazi.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bo |last=Westmar |title=Bomben var avsedd för maken |publisher={{Lang|sv|[[Dagens Nyheter]]}} |date=1990-09-07 |language=sv}}</ref> Some analysts speculated that the Iranian government might have been involved in the assassination.<ref>{{cite news |first=Babak |last=Rahimi |title=Offer för Irans dödspatruller |url=http://www.uppmana.nu/content/view/3173/32/ |publisher=Mana |date=2002-11-19 |access-date=2007-12-30 |language=sv}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Mehrdad |last=Darvishpour |title=Säpo skyddar Irans flyktingspioner |url=http://www.svd.se/opinion/brannpunkt/artikel_111362.svd |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |date=2003-09-30 |access-date=2007-12-30 |language=sv}}</ref>
One of his sons, Ali Qazi, was an active member in the [[Kurds|Kurdish]] movement, he passed away 2022 and was laid to rest in [[Kalar, Iraq|Kalar]], Southern Kurdistan close to the tomb of his sister Maryam and her husband Serdar Jaff, the famed lion of Kurdistan, his lifetime best friend. One of his daughters, [[Efat Ghazi]], was killed by a [[letter bomb]] in [[Västerås]], Sweden, in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gun |last=Fälth |title=Kvinna sprängd till döds |publisher={{Lang|sv|[[Dagens Nyheter]]}} |date=1990-09-07 |language=sv}}</ref> The bomb was addressed to her husband, the Kurdish activist Emir Ghazi.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bo |last=Westmar |title=Bomben var avsedd för maken |publisher={{Lang|sv|[[Dagens Nyheter]]}} |date=1990-09-07 |language=sv}}</ref> Some analysts speculated that the Iranian government might have been involved in the assassination.<ref>{{cite news |first=Babak |last=Rahimi |title=Offer för Irans dödspatruller |url=http://www.uppmana.nu/content/view/3173/32/ |publisher=Mana |date=2002-11-19 |access-date=2007-12-30 |language=sv}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Mehrdad |last=Darvishpour |title=Säpo skyddar Irans flyktingspioner |url=http://www.svd.se/opinion/brannpunkt/artikel_111362.svd |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |date=2003-09-30 |access-date=2007-12-30 |language=sv}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 04:17, 26 September 2024

Not to be confused with Qazi Muhammad Isa, the Pakistani statesman and founding father.

Qazi Muhammad
قازی محەممەد
Qazî Mihemed
President of Republic of Mahabad
In office
22 January 1946 – 15 December 1946
Prime MinisterHaji Baba Sheikh
Preceded byOffice created
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Personal details
Born(1893-05-01)1 May 1893
Mahabad, Sublime State of Persia
Died31 March 1947(1947-03-31) (aged 53)[1]
Mahabad, Imperial State of Iran
Cause of deathExecution by hanging
CitizenshipIranian
Political partyPDKI
Children5
ProfessionLawyer

Qazi Muhammad (Kurdish: قازی محەممەد / Qazî Mihemed, Persian: قاضی محمد; 1 May 1893 – 31 March 1947[1]) was an Iranian Kurdish religious and political leader who founded the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and headed the short-lived, Soviet-backed Republic of Mahabad. He was hanged by the Iranian government for treason in 1947.[2]

Biography

Qazi Muhammad was born into a noble Sunni Kurdish family from Mahabad.[3] His father had cooperated with Simko Shikak during his revolt against the Iranian government in the 1920s, and his brother Sadr Qazi was a member of the Iranian parliament.[4] After his father's death, he was nominated as a judge in Mahabad in the 1930s.[5] Qazi Muhammad later became a member of the Komala Zhian I Kurd, a leading Kurdish organization in Iran at the time supported by the Soviets, in April 1945.[6] Soon after he became its leader.[3] Muhammad acted as the President of the Republic of Mahabad, which was founded in January 1946, and declared publicly in March of the same year.[7] He was also the founder of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran, that was established after the need for a more transparent party was felt by its adherents. (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd existed prior to that, as a secret organization.) Mustafa Barzani, one of the leaders of the nationalist Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan, was also the commander of its army along with his brother Ahmed Barzani. His cousin, Muhammad Hussein Saif Qazi, was a minister in his cabinet. In April 1946, with the support of the Soviets, Muhammad signed a peace treaty with Ja'far Pishevari of the Azerbaijan People's Government in which they exchanged assurances that the Azerbaijani and Kurdish minorities rights in each republic would be preserved.[8] A year later, after the Soviets withdrew from Iran, the socialist Kurdish Republic was removed by Iran's central government.

Family

One of his sons, Ali Qazi, was an active member in the Kurdish movement, he passed away 2022 and was laid to rest in Kalar, Southern Kurdistan close to the tomb of his sister Maryam and her husband Serdar Jaff, the famed lion of Kurdistan, his lifetime best friend. One of his daughters, Efat Ghazi, was killed by a letter bomb in Västerås, Sweden, in 1990.[9] The bomb was addressed to her husband, the Kurdish activist Emir Ghazi.[10] Some analysts speculated that the Iranian government might have been involved in the assassination.[11][12]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qazi Muhammad.
  1. ^ a b McDowall, David (2004). A Modern History of the Kurds (3rd ed.). I.B.Tauris. p. 245. ISBN 9781850434160.
  2. ^ Portal, Kurdistan (20 December 2008). "Das Vermächtnis des kurdischen Märtyrers Qazi Mohammed". Kurdmania (in German). Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
  3. ^ a b Jwaideh, Wadie (19 June 2006). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8156-3093-7.
  4. ^ Entessar, Nader (1992). Kurdish Ethnonationalism. Lynn Rienner Publishers. pp. 18–21. ISBN 978-1-55587-250-2.
  5. ^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006-06-19), p. 250
  6. ^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006), pp.247–248
  7. ^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006), p. 252
  8. ^ Entessar, Nader (1992). Kurdish Ethnonationalism. Lynn Rienner Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-55587-250-2.
  9. ^ Fälth, Gun (7 September 1990). "Kvinna sprängd till döds" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter.
  10. ^ Westmar, Bo (7 September 1990). "Bomben var avsedd för maken" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter.
  11. ^ Rahimi, Babak (19 November 2002). "Offer för Irans dödspatruller" (in Swedish). Mana. Retrieved 30 December 2007. [dead link]
  12. ^ Darvishpour, Mehrdad (30 September 2003). "Säpo skyddar Irans flyktingspioner". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 December 2007.
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