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{{short description|American philanthropist, feminist and suffragist}}
{{short description|American philanthropist, feminist and suffragist (1842–1919)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Phoebe Hearst
| name = Phoebe Hearst
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| birth_name = Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson
| birth_name = Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson
| birth_date = {{birth date|1842|12|03|mf=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1842|12|03|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Franklin County, Missouri]], US
| birth_place = [[St. Clair, Missouri]], US
| death_date = {{death date and age|1919|04|13|1842|12|03|mf=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1919|04|13|1842|12|03|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pleasanton, California]], US
| death_place = [[Pleasanton, California]], US
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| occupation = Philanthropist
| occupation = Philanthropist
| years_active =
| years_active =
| spouse = [[George Hearst]] (m.1862–1891, his death)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[George Hearst]]|1862|1891|reason=died}}
| partner =
| partner =
| children = [[William Randolph Hearst]]
| children = [[William Randolph Hearst]]
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}}
}}


'''Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson Hearst''' (December 3, 1842 &ndash; April 13, 1919) was an American [[philanthropist]], [[feminist]] and [[suffragist]].<ref>{{Citation | author = Nickliss, Alexandra | title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst's 'Gospel of Wealth,' 1883-1901 | journal = Pacific Historical Review | volume = 71 | issue = 4 |date=November 2002 | pages = 525–605 | postscript = . | doi=10.1525/phr.2002.71.4.575}}</ref> She was the mother of [[William Randolph Hearst]] and wife of [[George Hearst]].
'''Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson Hearst''' (December 3, 1842 &ndash; April 13, 1919) was an American [[philanthropist]], [[feminist]] and [[suffragist]].<ref>{{Citation | author = Nickliss, Alexandra | title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst's 'Gospel of Wealth,' 1883-1901 | journal = Pacific Historical Review | volume = 71 | issue = 4 |date=November 2002 | pages = 525–605 | postscript = . | doi=10.1525/phr.2002.71.4.575}}</ref> Hearst was the founder of the University of California Museum of Anthropology, now called the [[Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology]], and the co-founder of the [[Parent–teacher association|National Parent-Teacher Association]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
She was born '''Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson''' in [[Saint Clair, Missouri|St. Clair, Missouri]], in [[Franklin County, Missouri|Franklin County]], the daughter of Drucilla (Whitmire) and Randolph Walker Apperson. In her early years, Phoebe studied to be a teacher. Her childhood consisted of helping her father with finances at his store, learning [[French (language)|French]], and playing the piano.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Hearst's San Simeon: the Gardens and the Land |last1=Kastner |first1=Victoria |last2=Garagliano |first2=Victoria |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-81097-290-2 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810972902/page/34 34, 25, 13] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810972902/page/34 }}</ref> [[George Hearst]] returned to St. Clair in 1860 to care for his dying mother and met Phoebe. When they married on June 15, 1862, she was 19.
She was born '''Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson''' in [[Saint Clair, Missouri|St. Clair, Missouri]], in [[Franklin County, Missouri|Franklin County]], the daughter of Drucilla (Whitmire) and Randolph Walker Apperson. In her early years, Phoebe studied to be a teacher. Her childhood consisted of helping her father with finances at his store, learning [[French (language)|French]], and playing the piano.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Hearst's San Simeon: the Gardens and the Land |last1=Kastner |first1=Victoria |last2=Garagliano |first2=Victoria |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-81097-290-2 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810972902/page/34 34, 25, 13] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810972902/page/34 }}</ref> In 1860, businessman [[George Hearst]] met Phoebe when he returned to St. Clair to care for his dying mother. When they married on June 15, 1862, George Hearst was 41 years old, and Phoebe was 19.


==Family life==
==Family life==
[[File:Home of Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst, 1400 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.jpg|thumb|left|Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst's house, 1400 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., by Frances Benjamin Johnston]]
[[File:Home of Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst, 1400 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.jpg|thumb|left|Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst's house, 1400 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., by Frances Benjamin Johnston]]


Soon after their marriage,<ref>Crawford County, Missouri Marriage Book, Volume B, page 139</ref> the couple left Missouri and moved to [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]], where Phoebe gave birth to their only child, [[William Randolph Hearst]]. As a very successful miner who later became a U.S. senator, George often left Phoebe alone during his work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She and her son were close and had many similar interests, including art and design.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hearst Castle: the Biography of a Country House |last=Kastner |first=Victoria |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-81097-290-2 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810972902/page/23 23] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810972902/page/23 }}</ref> After Phoebe's death in 1919, William inherited a $10 million fortune.<ref name=":0" />
Soon after their marriage,<ref>Crawford County, Missouri Marriage Book, Volume B, page 139</ref> the couple left Missouri and moved to [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]], where Phoebe gave birth to their only child, [[William Randolph Hearst]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Phoebe Apperson Hearst - Hearst Castle |url=https://hearstcastle.org/history-behind-hearst-castle/historic-people/profiles/phoebe-apperson-hearst/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=hearstcastle.org |language=en-US}}</ref> As a very successful miner who later became a U.S. senator,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Phoebe Apperson Hearst - Hearst Castle |url=https://hearstcastle.org/history-behind-hearst-castle/historic-people/profiles/phoebe-apperson-hearst/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=hearstcastle.org |language=en-US}}</ref> George often left Phoebe alone during his work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She and her son were close and had many similar interests, including art and design.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hearst Castle: the Biography of a Country House |last=Kastner |first=Victoria |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-81097-290-2 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810972902/page/23 23] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810972902/page/23 }}</ref> After Phoebe's death in 1919, William inherited a $10 million fortune.<ref name=":0" />


== Philanthropy==
== Philanthropy==
In the 1880s, she became a major benefactor and director of the Golden Gate Kindergarten Association<ref>{{Citation | author = Edward T. James, ed. | title = Notable American Women 1607–1950 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | year = 1971 | page = 171 | volume = II }}</ref> and the first president of the Century Club of California.<ref>{{citation | author = Century Club of California | title = Historical Sketch | publisher = Century Club of California | year = 1893 }}</ref> In 1902, Hearst funded the construction of a building to provide teacher training and to house kindergarten classes and the association's offices. The association had 26 schools at the time of the [[San Francisco earthquake]] in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Development « Phoebe Hearst Preschool|url = http://www.phoebehearstpreschool.org/history/development/|website = www.phoebehearstpreschool.org|access-date = 2015-12-03}}</ref>
In the 1880s, she became a major benefactor and director of the Golden Gate Kindergarten Association<ref>{{Citation | editor = Edward T. James | title = Notable American Women 1607–1950 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | year = 1971 | page = 171 | volume = II }}</ref> and the first president of the Century Club of California.<ref>{{citation | author = Century Club of California | title = Historical Sketch | publisher = Century Club of California | year = 1893 }}</ref> In 1902, Hearst funded the construction of a building to provide teacher training and to house kindergarten classes and the association's offices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Phoebe Apperson Hearst - Hearst Castle |url=https://hearstcastle.org/history-behind-hearst-castle/historic-people/profiles/phoebe-apperson-hearst/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=hearstcastle.org |language=en-US}}</ref> The association had 26 schools at the time of the [[San Francisco earthquake]] in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Development « Phoebe Hearst Preschool|url = http://www.phoebehearstpreschool.org/history/development/|website = www.phoebehearstpreschool.org|access-date = 2015-12-03}}</ref>
Hearst was a major benefactor of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and its first woman [[Regents of the University of California|regent]], serving on the board from 1897 until her death. That year, she contributed to the establishment of the National Congress of Mothers, which evolved eventually into the [[Parent-Teacher Association|National Parent-Teacher Association]]. In 1900, she co-founded the all-girls [[National Cathedral School]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. A nearby public elementary school bears her name.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hearst Elementary School |url=http://www.hearstes.org/ |access-date=February 2, 2016}}</ref> Hearst funded the Hearst Library in [[Anaconda, Montana]], in 1898. She maintained it until 1904.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Library's History |url=http://www.hearstfreelibrary.org/history.php |website=Hearst Free Library |access-date=January 29, 2016}}</ref>
Hearst was a major benefactor of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and its first woman [[Regents of the University of California|regent]], serving on the board from 1897 until her death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Phoebe Apperson Hearst - Hearst Castle |url=https://hearstcastle.org/history-behind-hearst-castle/historic-people/profiles/phoebe-apperson-hearst/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=hearstcastle.org |language=en-US}}</ref> That year, she contributed to the establishment of the National Congress of Mothers, which evolved eventually into the [[Parent-Teacher Association|National Parent-Teacher Association]]. In 1900, she co-founded the all-girls [[National Cathedral School]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. A nearby public elementary school bears her name.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hearst Elementary School |url=http://www.hearstes.org/ |access-date=February 2, 2016}}</ref> Hearst funded the Hearst Library in [[Anaconda, Montana]], in 1898. She maintained it until 1904.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Library's History |url=http://www.hearstfreelibrary.org/history.php |website=Hearst Free Library |access-date=January 29, 2016 |archive-date=January 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131120941/http://www.hearstfreelibrary.org/history.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Hearst became a close friend of Dr. [[William Pepper]], provost of the [[University of Pennsylvania]], who was also a medical doctor who treated her for a heart condition. In 1896, in her first major act of museum philanthropy, she donated more than two hundred objects to the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|Penn Museum]], many of them items such as Anasazi ceramics excavated from the Cliff Palace site of [[Mesa Verde National Park|Mesa Verde]], Colorado.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jacknis|first=Ira|title="Patrons, Potters, and Painters: Phoebe Hearst's Collections from the American Southwest," in Collecting Native America, 1870-1960, ed. Shepard Krech III and Barbara A. Hail|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=1999|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=144, 158, 161–62, 164 footnote 13}}</ref>[https://www.penn.museum/collections/list.php?id=9279] Later, she also funded a Penn Museum expedition to Russia, and sent the Aztec specialist, [[Zelia Nuttall]], to Moscow for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pezzati|first=Alex|date=2000|title=A Crowning Achievement: Zelia Nuttall in Czarist Russia|journal=Expedition|volume=42:2|pages=7–8}}</ref>
Hearst became a close friend of Dr. [[William Pepper]], provost of the [[University of Pennsylvania]], who was also a medical doctor who treated her for a heart condition. In 1896, in her first major act of museum philanthropy, she donated more than two hundred objects to the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|Penn Museum]], many of them items such as Anasazi ceramics excavated from the Cliff Palace site of [[Mesa Verde National Park|Mesa Verde]], Colorado.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jacknis|first=Ira|title="Patrons, Potters, and Painters: Phoebe Hearst's Collections from the American Southwest," in Collecting Native America, 1870-1960, ed. Shepard Krech III and Barbara A. Hail|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=1999|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=144, 158, 161–62, 164 footnote 13}}</ref>[https://www.penn.museum/collections/list.php?id=9279] Later, she also funded a Penn Museum expedition to Russia, and sent the Aztec specialist, [[Zelia Nuttall]], to Moscow for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pezzati|first=Alex|date=2000|title=A Crowning Achievement: Zelia Nuttall in Czarist Russia|journal=Expedition|volume=42|issue=2 |pages=7–8}}</ref>


In 1901, Phoebe Hearst founded the University of California Museum of Anthropology, renamed the [[Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology]] in 1992. The original collection comprised 230,000 objects representing cultures and civilizations throughout history.
In 1901, Phoebe Hearst founded the University of California Museum of Anthropology, later called the Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology and renamed the [[Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology]] in 1992. The original collection comprised 230,000 objects representing cultures and civilizations throughout history.


The museum now contains about 3.8 million objects. Throughout her lifetime and as provided in her will, Hearst donated over 60,000 objects to the museum. She also funded expeditions such as the [[Pepper-Hearst Expedition]] (1895–1897) on the coast of [[Florida]], near [[Tarpon Springs]]. Most notable are the 1899 [[Hearst Expedition|expeditions in Egypt]] by American archaeologist [[George A. Reisner]] and in [[Peru]] by German archaeologist [[Max Uhle]]. These ventures further contributed to the museum's collection. Among these are approximately 20,000 ancient Egyptian artifacts, the largest such collection west of Chicago. Hearst also realized the importance of preserving Native Californian culture. With her support, anthropologist [[Alfred L. Kroeber]] and his students, including [[Robert F. Heizer]], documented Native Californian culture in the form of photographs, audio recordings, texts, and artifacts. This research helped to preserve approximately 250,000 Native Californian artifacts, the most extensive in the world. The museum collection is available to students and researchers for examination. A gallery located on the University of California Berkeley campus is available for public view.
The museum now contains about 3.8 million objects. Throughout her lifetime and as provided in her will, Hearst donated over 60,000 objects to the museum. She also funded expeditions such as the [[Pepper–Hearst expedition]] (1895–1897) on the coast of [[Florida]], near [[Tarpon Springs]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Cushing|first=F. H.|title=Preliminary Report on the Exploration of Ancient Key-dweller Remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9P0SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2|edition=Public domain|year=1896|publisher=MacCalla |pages=446–447}}</ref> Most notable are the 1899 [[Hearst Expedition|expeditions in Egypt]] by American archaeologist [[George A. Reisner]] and in [[Peru]] by German archaeologist [[Max Uhle]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Egyptian Medicine|first=John F.|last=Nunn|page=35|year=2002|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press}}</ref> These ventures further contributed to the museum's collection. Among these are approximately 20,000 ancient Egyptian artifacts, the largest such collection west of Chicago. Hearst also realized the importance of preserving Native Californian culture. With her support, anthropologist [[Alfred L. Kroeber]] and his students, including [[Robert F. Heizer]], documented Native Californian culture in the form of photographs, audio recordings, texts, and artifacts. This research helped to preserve approximately 250,000 Native Californian artifacts, the most extensive in the world. The museum collection is available to students and researchers for examination. A gallery located on the University of California Berkeley campus is available for public view.


Hearst was named to the [[Mount Vernon Ladies' Association]] as the second vice-regent representing California. She held that position from 1889 to 1918, contributing much time and money to the restoration of [[George Washington]]'s home at [[Mount Vernon]], furnishing it with Washington-owned objects and improving the visitor experience. The William Randolph Hearst Foundation continues to fund projects at Mount Vernon in her memory.<ref>{{cite book |last = Bonfils |first = Winifred Black |year = 1991 |title = The Life and Personality of Phoebe Apperson Hearst |edition = Reproduced from the original edition of 1928 |publisher = Friends of Hearst Castle |place = San Simeon, California |isbn = 0-945092-22-9 | pages = 81–83}}</ref>
Hearst was named to the [[Mount Vernon Ladies' Association]] as the second vice-regent representing California. She held that position from 1889 to 1918, contributing much time and money to the restoration of [[George Washington]]'s home at [[Mount Vernon]], furnishing it with Washington-owned objects and improving the visitor experience. The William Randolph Hearst Foundation continues to fund projects at Mount Vernon in her memory.<ref>{{cite book |last = Bonfils |first = Winifred Black |year = 1991 |title = The Life and Personality of Phoebe Apperson Hearst |edition = Reproduced from the original edition of 1928 |publisher = Friends of Hearst Castle |place = San Simeon, California |isbn = 0-945092-22-9 | pages = 81–83}}</ref>


Hearst also donated money to the restoration of [[Pohick Church]] in Virginia.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Christian Advocate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LQ6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA218|year=1916|publisher=T. Carlton & J. Porter|pages=218–}}</ref>
Hearst also donated money to the restoration of [[Pohick Church]] in Virginia,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Christian Advocate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LQ6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA218|year=1916|publisher=T. Carlton & J. Porter|pages=218–}}</ref> and donated a [[pipe organ]] to [[St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (San Luis Obispo, California)|St. Stephen's Church]] in California, where she was also a parishoner.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krieger |first1=Dan |title=Spanish Flu Left Tragic Mark on County History |url=https://southcountyhistory.org/Newsletters/June2020.pdf |access-date=13 September 2024 |agency=The San Luis Obispo Tribune |publisher=South County Historical Society |date=25 January 1986}}</ref>


Hearst chose a "different way" than radical feminists.<ref>{{cite book |last = Nickliss |first = Alexandra M. |year = 2018 |title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |place = Lincoln |pages = 367}}</ref> While she believed in women having financial freedom, in her support for women's suffrage she did not strongly believe in women gaining political power. She thought women should have the right to vote "to protect homes and children." <ref>{{cite book |last = Nickliss |first = Alexandra M. |year = 2018 |title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |place = Lincoln |pages = 370}}</ref> In 1895, when the Women's Congress resolved for the passage of a federal amendment, Hearst supported it "distantly".<ref>{{cite book |last = Nickliss |first = Alexandra M. |year = 2018 |title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |place = Lincoln |pages = 371}}</ref> She officially declared herself in favor of suffrage in the summer of 1911, saying it would enable "the betterment of conditions affecting children and women particularly." <ref>{{cite book |last = Nickliss |first = Alexandra M. |year = 2018 |title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |place = Lincoln |pages = 383}}</ref>
Hearst chose a "different way" than radical feminists.<ref>{{cite book |last = Nickliss |first = Alexandra M. |year = 2018 |title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |place = Lincoln |pages = 367}}</ref> While she believed in women having financial freedom, in her support for women's suffrage she did not strongly believe in women gaining political power. She thought women should have the right to vote "to protect homes and children."<ref>{{cite book |last = Nickliss |first = Alexandra M. |year = 2018 |title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |place = Lincoln |pages = 370}}</ref> In 1895, when the Women's Congress resolved for the passage of a federal amendment, Hearst supported it "distantly".<ref>{{cite book |last = Nickliss |first = Alexandra M. |year = 2018 |title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |place = Lincoln |pages = 371}}</ref> She officially declared herself in favor of suffrage in the summer of 1911, saying it would enable "the betterment of conditions affecting children and women particularly."<ref>{{cite book |last = Nickliss |first = Alexandra M. |year = 2018 |title = Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |place = Lincoln |pages = 383}}</ref>


==Religion==
==Religion==
[[File:Phoebe Hearst Grave site.jpg|thumb|Resting place of Phoebe Hearst at Cypress Lawn Cemetery in San Bruno, California]]
[[File:Phoebe Hearst Grave site.jpg|thumb|Resting place of Phoebe Hearst at Cypress Lawn Cemetery in San Bruno, California]]


Hearst was raised a member of the [[Cumberland Presbyterian]] faith in the 1840s.<ref>{{Citation |author1=Owens, Billie Louise |author2=Robert James |name-list-style=amp | title = Sons of Frontiersmen: History & Genealogy of Rowland, Whitmire and Associated Families | publisher = Billie Louise and Robert James Owens | year = 1976 | page = 62}}</ref> In 1898 she declared her belief in the [[Baháʼí Faith]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sandra Hutchinson|author2=Richard Hollinger | editor-last =Keller| editor-first = Rosemary Skinner | editor2-last = Ruether | editor2-first =Rosemary Radford | editor3-last =Cantlon | editor3-first = Marie |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Native American creation stories | chapter =Women in the North American Baha'i Community | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA776 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34687-8|pages=776–786}}</ref> and helped play a key role in the spread of the religion in the United States. In November 1898, Hearst, with [[Lua Getsinger]] and others, briefly stopped off in Paris, on their way to Palestine, and was shocked to see [[May Maxwell|May Bolles]] (later Maxwell), a well known American member of the Baháʼí Faith, bedridden with the chronic malady with which she had been afflicted.<ref>{{citation |last1= Hogenson |first1=Kathryn J. |year= 2010 |title= Lighting the Western Sky: The Hearst Pilgrimage & Establishment of the Baha'i Faith in the West |publisher= George Ronald |isbn= 978-0-85398-543-3|page = 60}}</ref> Hearst invited Bolles to travel to Palestine with her, believing that the change of air would be conducive to her health. Getsinger disclosed to Bolles the purpose of the journey: a pilgrimage to visit the then head of the Baháʼí Faith: [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]].<ref name="Nakhjavani ">{{Cite book |author=Nakhjavani, Violette|year=1996|title=Maxwells of Montreal, The|publisher = George Ronald |isbn=978-0-85398-551-8|pages = 52, 70}}</ref> The group travelled to [[Acre, Israel|Akka]] and [[Haifa]] in [[History of Palestine#Ottoman period|Ottoman Palestine]] on pilgrimage, arriving on December 14, 1898.<ref>{{citation | title = Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America | first1 = Rosemary Skinner | last1 = Keller | first2 = Rosemary Radford | last2 = Ruether | first3 = Marie | last3 = Cantlon | publisher = Indiana University Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-253-34685-1 | pages = 777}}</ref><ref>{{citation | title = The Hearsts | first = Judith | last = Robinson | publisher = University of Delaware Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-87413-383-1 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/hearstsamericand0000robi/page/311 311–312] | url = https://archive.org/details/hearstsamericand0000robi/page/311 }}</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Hatcher | first1 = W.S. |last2 = Martin | first2 = J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher = Harper & Row |location = San Francisco | pages = 52–53 | isbn = 0-87743-264-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IZmkG1ASirgC }}</ref><ref>{{citation | title = The Origins of the Baháʼí Community of Canada, 1898-1948 | first = Will C. | last = Van den Hoonaard | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-88920-272-9 | pages = 17, 36, 356 pages | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=znXIbkNA1nQC }}</ref> That group was the very first Westerners to make the pilgrimage and meet ʻAbdu'l-Baha. Hearst later wrote, "Those three days were the most memorable days of my life."<ref>{{citation | title = Persia by a Persian: Personal Experiences, Manners, Customs, Habits, Religious and Social Life in Persia | first = Isaac | last = Adams | publisher = E. Stock | year= 1906 | location = New York Public Library | pages = 489}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | author=Effendi, Shoghi | title=God Passes By | location=Wilmette | publisher=Baháʼí Pub. Trust | year=1974 | isbn=0-87743-020-9}}</ref> In October 1912, she invited ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's journeys to the West|who was travelling]] throughout the United States, to stay at her home for a long weekend, even though at that time she had become estranged from the Faith. During his stay, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mentioned that anyone who tried to extort money or goods from others should not be considered a true Baháʼí. Mrs. Hearst had been a victim of such an incident, which had caused her estrangement.<ref>{{cite book |last = Balyuzi |first = H.M. |author-link = Hasan M. Balyuzi |year = 2001 |title = ʻAbdu'l-Bahá: The Centre of the Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh |edition = Paperback |publisher = George Ronald |place = Oxford, UK |isbn = 0-85398-043-8 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/abdulbahacentreo0000baly/page/308 308–309] |url = https://archive.org/details/abdulbahacentreo0000baly/page/308 }}</ref>
Hearst was raised a member of the Christian [[Cumberland Presbyterian]] community in the 1840s.<ref>{{Citation |author1=Owens, Billie Louise |author2=Robert James |name-list-style=amp | title = Sons of Frontiersmen: History & Genealogy of Rowland, Whitmire and Associated Families | publisher = Billie Louise and Robert James Owens | year = 1976 | page = 62}}</ref> In 1898 she declared her belief in the [[Baháʼí Faith]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sandra Hutchinson|author2=Richard Hollinger | editor-last =Keller| editor-first = Rosemary Skinner | editor2-last = Ruether | editor2-first =Rosemary Radford | editor3-last =Cantlon | editor3-first = Marie |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Native American creation stories | chapter =Women in the North American Baha'i Community | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA776 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34687-8|pages=776–786}}</ref> and helped play a key role in the spread of the religion in the United States.
Hearst had already been an early investor in the initiative of Sarah Farmer using the [[Green Acre Baháʼí School|Greenacre Inn]] as a summer center of cross-religion gatherings and cultural development shortly after the 1893 [[Parliament of Religions]].<ref name=Schmidt>{{cite book|author=Leigh Eric Schmidt|title=Restless Souls: The Making of American Spirituality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wbk80IOIgzEC|date=6 August 2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95411-3}}</ref>{{rp|p.193}} In November 1898, Hearst, with [[Lua Getsinger]] and others, briefly stopped off in Paris, on their way to Palestine, and was shocked to see [[May Maxwell|May Bolles]] (later Maxwell), later a well known American member of the Baháʼí Faith, bedridden with the chronic malady with which she had been afflicted.<ref>{{citation |last1= Hogenson |first1=Kathryn J. |year= 2010 |title= Lighting the Western Sky: The Hearst Pilgrimage & Establishment of the Baha'i Faith in the West |publisher= George Ronald |isbn= 978-0-85398-543-3|page = 60}}</ref> Hearst invited Bolles to travel to Palestine with her, believing that the change of air would be conducive to her health. Getsinger disclosed to Bolles the purpose of the journey: a pilgrimage to visit the then head of the Baháʼí Faith: [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]].<ref name="Nakhjavani">{{Cite book |author=Nakhjavani, Violette|year=1996|title=Maxwells of Montreal, The|publisher = George Ronald |isbn=978-0-85398-551-8|pages = 52, 70}}</ref> The group travelled to [[Acre, Israel|Akka]] and [[Haifa]] in [[History of Palestine#Ottoman period|Ottoman Palestine]] on pilgrimage, arriving on December 14, 1898.<ref>{{citation | title = Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America | first1 = Rosemary Skinner | last1 = Keller | first2 = Rosemary Radford | last2 = Ruether | first3 = Marie | last3 = Cantlon | publisher = Indiana University Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-253-34685-1 | pages = 777}}</ref><ref>{{citation | title = The Hearsts | first = Judith | last = Robinson | publisher = University of Delaware Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-87413-383-1 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/hearstsamericand0000robi/page/311 311–312] | url = https://archive.org/details/hearstsamericand0000robi/page/311 }}</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Hatcher | first1 = W.S. |last2 = Martin | first2 = J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher = Harper & Row |location = San Francisco | pages = 52–53 | isbn = 0-87743-264-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IZmkG1ASirgC }}</ref><ref>{{citation | title = The Origins of the Bahá'í Community of Canada, 1898-1948 | first = Will C. | last = Van den Hoonaard | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-88920-272-9 | pages = 17, 36, 356 pages | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=znXIbkNA1nQC }}</ref> They were the very first Westerners to make the pilgrimage and meet ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Hearst later wrote, "Those three days were the most memorable days of my life."<ref>{{citation | title = Persia by a Persian: Personal Experiences, Manners, Customs, Habits, Religious and Social Life in Persia | first = Isaac | last = Adams | publisher = E. Stock | year= 1906 | location = New York Public Library | pages = 489}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | author=Effendi, Shoghi | title=God Passes By | location=Wilmette | publisher=Baháʼí Pub. Trust | year=1974 | isbn=0-87743-020-9}}</ref> Yet after the first pilgrimage attempts at correspondence on behalf of Hearst by Lua Getsinger were leaked naming her involvement in the religion at a time of rising considerations of her son's political activities and so Hearst dismissed the Getsingers from their stay at her home in 1901.<ref name=Hogerson>{{cite book
| author= Kathryn Jewett Hogenson
| title =Lighting the Western Sky - The Hearst Pilgrimage and the Establishment of the Baha'i Faith in the West
| publisher =George Ronald
| edition = Kindle|orig-year= May 1, 2010
| date =Oct 23, 2013
| location =Oxford,UK
| id = B00G5U5FW2
| isbn =978-0-85398-543-3
|oclc= 650516706}}</ref><sup>Kindle:6195</sup> Still in the spring of 1901 Hearst also met with Sarah Farmer again,<ref name="Remey1949">{{cite book|author=Charles Mason Remey|title=Reminiscences of the summer school Green-Acre, Eliot, Maine: of seasons there, of happenings there, and some of the people who went there and the things they did|url=http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/MSS/P-T/R/Remey/RGA.htm|orig-year=1949|year=1955|pages=7–8}}</ref> and invested again in Green Acre, as it came to be called, in 1902,<ref name=RichardsonOC>{{cite journal| last = Richardson| first =Robert P.| title =The Rise and Fall of the Parliament of Religions at Greenacre| journal =The Open Court| volume = XLVI| issue =3| pages = 128–166| date = March 1931| url =https://archive.org/stream/opencourt_mar1931caru#page/n11/mode/2up/| access-date = Oct 22, 2013}}</ref> and, further, an agent of Hearst acted for Sarah Farmer when she changed her will in 1909 to bequeath Green Acre to the Baháʼís in the event of Farmer's death.<ref name=Atkinson1990>{{cite web| author=Anne Gordon Atkinson| title =Introduction to Green Acre Baháʼí School| website =Bahai-Library.com| date =1997| url =http://bahai-library.com/atkinson_history_green_acre| access-date = August 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title =Hooe will is filed | newspaper =The Washington Herald| location =Washington, District of Columbia| page =12| date =13 Jan 1911| url =https://www.newspapers.com/clip/656469/1911_jan_13_green_acre_was_to_go_to/ | access-date = August 7, 2015 }}</ref> Hearst had also been a victim of an incident seeking to extort money from her, which had caused her estrangement from some Bahá'ís.<ref name=Balyuzi/> In October 1912, she invited ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's journeys to the West|who was travelling]] throughout the United States, to stay at her home for a long weekend, even though at that time she had become estranged from the Bahá'í community.<ref name=Balyuzi>{{cite book |last = Balyuzi |first = H.M. |author-link = Hasan M. Balyuzi |year = 2001 |title = ʻAbdu'l-Bahá: The Centre of the Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh |edition = Paperback |publisher = George Ronald |place = Oxford, UK |isbn = 0-85398-043-8 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/abdulbahacentreo0000baly/page/308 308–309] |url = https://archive.org/details/abdulbahacentreo0000baly/page/308 }}</ref> During his stay, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mentioned that anyone who tried to extort money or goods from others should not be considered a true Bahá'í.<ref name=Balyuzi/>


==Death==
==Death==
She died at her home in [[Pleasanton, California]], aged 76, on April 13, 1919, during the worldwide [[Spanish flu|influenza epidemic of 1918-1919]], and was buried at [[Cypress Lawn Memorial Park]] in [[Colma, California]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Phoebe Apperson Hearst (1842–1919) |url=http://www.hearstcastle.org/history/phoebe_hearst.asp |publisher=[[Hearst Castle]] |access-date=2007-06-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629092413/http://www.hearstcastle.org/history/phoebe_hearst.asp |archive-date=2007-06-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Phoebe Hearst Dies in California. Her Son, W.R. Hearst, at Her Bedside When the End Came. Lived on the Frontier. Gave Millions to University of California and Cathedral School for Girls. Her Gifts to Art and Education. A Leader in Washington. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E7D71E39E13ABC4C52DFB2668382609EDE |quote=[[Pleasanton, California]], April 13, 1919. Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst, widow of George Hearst, who was United States Senator from California, and mother of William Randolph Hearst, the publisher, died at her home here today, after an illness of several weeks. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 13, 1919 |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 20, 2017}}</ref>
She died at her home, [[Hacienda del Pozo de Verona]],<ref>{{cite web |title=PCAD - Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, House, Pleasanton, CA |url=http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/3370/ |website=pcad.lib.washington.edu |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> in [[Pleasanton, California]], aged 76, on April 13, 1919, during the worldwide [[Spanish flu|influenza epidemic of 1918–1919]], and was buried at [[Cypress Lawn Memorial Park]] in [[Colma, California]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Phoebe Apperson Hearst (1842–1919) |url=http://www.hearstcastle.org/history/phoebe_hearst.asp |publisher=[[Hearst Castle]] |access-date=2007-06-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629092413/http://www.hearstcastle.org/history/phoebe_hearst.asp |archive-date=2007-06-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Phoebe Hearst Dies in California. Her Son, W.R. Hearst, at Her Bedside When the End Came. Lived on the Frontier. Gave Millions to University of California and Cathedral School for Girls. Her Gifts to Art and Education. A Leader in Washington. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E7D71E39E13ABC4C52DFB2668382609EDE |quote=[[Pleasanton, California]], April 13, 1919. Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst, widow of George Hearst, who was United States Senator from California, and mother of William Randolph Hearst, the publisher, died at her home here today, after an illness of several weeks. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 13, 1919 |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Buried at Cypress: A Billionaire and a Medical Mystery |url=https://www.cypresslawn.com/blog/buried-cypress-billionaire-medical-mystery/ |website=Cypress Lawn |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210219031340/https://www.cypresslawn.com/blog/buried-cypress-billionaire-medical-mystery/ |archive-date=19 February 2021 |quote=Phoebe Hearst commissioned the mausoleum, which is a reproduction of the Temple of Athena Nike in the Acropolis and features 16 granite columns. |url-status=live }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 64: Line 75:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Nickliss, Alexandra M. ""Phoebe Apperson Hearst's 'Gospel of Wealth,' 1883-1901," ''Pacific Historical Review'' 71#4 (Nov. 2002) pp 575–605.
* Nickliss, Alexandra M. ""Phoebe Apperson Hearst's 'Gospel of Wealth,' 1883–1901," ''Pacific Historical Review'' 71#4 (Nov. 2002) pp 575–605.
* Nickliss, Alexandra M. ''Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics'' (Bison Books, 2018)
* Nickliss, Alexandra M. ''Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics'' (Bison Books, 2018) {{ISBN?}}
* Paul, Rodman Wilson. "Phoebe Apperson Hearst," in Edward T. James et al. eds. ''Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary'' (3 vols., 1971), 2: 171.
* Paul, Rodman Wilson. "Phoebe Apperson Hearst," in Edward T. James et al. eds. ''Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary'' (3 vols., 1971), 2: 171. {{ISBN?}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 91: Line 102:
[[Category:American Bahá'ís]]
[[Category:American Bahá'ís]]
[[Category:20th-century Bahá'ís]]
[[Category:20th-century Bahá'ís]]
[[Category:Deaths from Spanish flu]]
[[Category:Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic in California]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in California]]
[[Category:Suffragists from California]]
⚫
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:American suffragists]]
[[Category:Activists from California]]
[[Category:Burials at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park]]
[[Category:Burials at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park]]
[[Category:Baháʼí feminists]]
[[Category:Baháʼí feminists]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:19th-century American philanthropists]]
⚫
[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]]

Latest revision as of 04:47, 13 September 2024

Phoebe Hearst
Phoebe Apperson Hearst, Who's who among the women of California
Born
Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson

(1842-12-03)December 3, 1842
St. Clair, Missouri, US
DiedApril 13, 1919(1919-04-13) (aged 76)
Pleasanton, California, US
Resting placeCypress Lawn Memorial Park
NationalityAmerican
OccupationPhilanthropist
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1862; died 1891)​
ChildrenWilliam Randolph Hearst

Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson Hearst (December 3, 1842 – April 13, 1919) was an American philanthropist, feminist and suffragist.[1] Hearst was the founder of the University of California Museum of Anthropology, now called the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, and the co-founder of the National Parent-Teacher Association.

Early life

[edit]

She was born Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson in St. Clair, Missouri, in Franklin County, the daughter of Drucilla (Whitmire) and Randolph Walker Apperson. In her early years, Phoebe studied to be a teacher. Her childhood consisted of helping her father with finances at his store, learning French, and playing the piano.[2] In 1860, businessman George Hearst met Phoebe when he returned to St. Clair to care for his dying mother. When they married on June 15, 1862, George Hearst was 41 years old, and Phoebe was 19.

Family life

[edit]
Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst's house, 1400 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., by Frances Benjamin Johnston

Soon after their marriage,[3] the couple left Missouri and moved to San Francisco, California, where Phoebe gave birth to their only child, William Randolph Hearst.[4] As a very successful miner who later became a U.S. senator,[5] George often left Phoebe alone during his work.[2][6] She and her son were close and had many similar interests, including art and design.[7] After Phoebe's death in 1919, William inherited a $10 million fortune.[2]

Philanthropy

[edit]

In the 1880s, she became a major benefactor and director of the Golden Gate Kindergarten Association[8] and the first president of the Century Club of California.[9] In 1902, Hearst funded the construction of a building to provide teacher training and to house kindergarten classes and the association's offices.[10] The association had 26 schools at the time of the San Francisco earthquake in 1906.[11] Hearst was a major benefactor of the University of California, Berkeley, and its first woman regent, serving on the board from 1897 until her death.[12] That year, she contributed to the establishment of the National Congress of Mothers, which evolved eventually into the National Parent-Teacher Association. In 1900, she co-founded the all-girls National Cathedral School in Washington, DC. A nearby public elementary school bears her name.[13] Hearst funded the Hearst Library in Anaconda, Montana, in 1898. She maintained it until 1904.[14]

Hearst became a close friend of Dr. William Pepper, provost of the University of Pennsylvania, who was also a medical doctor who treated her for a heart condition. In 1896, in her first major act of museum philanthropy, she donated more than two hundred objects to the Penn Museum, many of them items such as Anasazi ceramics excavated from the Cliff Palace site of Mesa Verde, Colorado.[15][1] Later, she also funded a Penn Museum expedition to Russia, and sent the Aztec specialist, Zelia Nuttall, to Moscow for this purpose.[16]

In 1901, Phoebe Hearst founded the University of California Museum of Anthropology, later called the Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology and renamed the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology in 1992. The original collection comprised 230,000 objects representing cultures and civilizations throughout history.

The museum now contains about 3.8 million objects. Throughout her lifetime and as provided in her will, Hearst donated over 60,000 objects to the museum. She also funded expeditions such as the Pepper–Hearst expedition (1895–1897) on the coast of Florida, near Tarpon Springs.[17] Most notable are the 1899 expeditions in Egypt by American archaeologist George A. Reisner and in Peru by German archaeologist Max Uhle.[18] These ventures further contributed to the museum's collection. Among these are approximately 20,000 ancient Egyptian artifacts, the largest such collection west of Chicago. Hearst also realized the importance of preserving Native Californian culture. With her support, anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber and his students, including Robert F. Heizer, documented Native Californian culture in the form of photographs, audio recordings, texts, and artifacts. This research helped to preserve approximately 250,000 Native Californian artifacts, the most extensive in the world. The museum collection is available to students and researchers for examination. A gallery located on the University of California Berkeley campus is available for public view.

Hearst was named to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association as the second vice-regent representing California. She held that position from 1889 to 1918, contributing much time and money to the restoration of George Washington's home at Mount Vernon, furnishing it with Washington-owned objects and improving the visitor experience. The William Randolph Hearst Foundation continues to fund projects at Mount Vernon in her memory.[19]

Hearst also donated money to the restoration of Pohick Church in Virginia,[20] and donated a pipe organ to St. Stephen's Church in California, where she was also a parishoner.[21]

Hearst chose a "different way" than radical feminists.[22] While she believed in women having financial freedom, in her support for women's suffrage she did not strongly believe in women gaining political power. She thought women should have the right to vote "to protect homes and children."[23] In 1895, when the Women's Congress resolved for the passage of a federal amendment, Hearst supported it "distantly".[24] She officially declared herself in favor of suffrage in the summer of 1911, saying it would enable "the betterment of conditions affecting children and women particularly."[25]

Religion

[edit]
Resting place of Phoebe Hearst at Cypress Lawn Cemetery in San Bruno, California

Hearst was raised a member of the Christian Cumberland Presbyterian community in the 1840s.[26] In 1898 she declared her belief in the Baháʼí Faith,[27] and helped play a key role in the spread of the religion in the United States.

Hearst had already been an early investor in the initiative of Sarah Farmer using the Greenacre Inn as a summer center of cross-religion gatherings and cultural development shortly after the 1893 Parliament of Religions.[28]: p.193  In November 1898, Hearst, with Lua Getsinger and others, briefly stopped off in Paris, on their way to Palestine, and was shocked to see May Bolles (later Maxwell), later a well known American member of the Baháʼí Faith, bedridden with the chronic malady with which she had been afflicted.[29] Hearst invited Bolles to travel to Palestine with her, believing that the change of air would be conducive to her health. Getsinger disclosed to Bolles the purpose of the journey: a pilgrimage to visit the then head of the Baháʼí Faith: ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.[30] The group travelled to Akka and Haifa in Ottoman Palestine on pilgrimage, arriving on December 14, 1898.[31][32][33][34] They were the very first Westerners to make the pilgrimage and meet ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Hearst later wrote, "Those three days were the most memorable days of my life."[35][36] Yet after the first pilgrimage attempts at correspondence on behalf of Hearst by Lua Getsinger were leaked naming her involvement in the religion at a time of rising considerations of her son's political activities and so Hearst dismissed the Getsingers from their stay at her home in 1901.[37]Kindle:6195 Still in the spring of 1901 Hearst also met with Sarah Farmer again,[38] and invested again in Green Acre, as it came to be called, in 1902,[39] and, further, an agent of Hearst acted for Sarah Farmer when she changed her will in 1909 to bequeath Green Acre to the Baháʼís in the event of Farmer's death.[40][41] Hearst had also been a victim of an incident seeking to extort money from her, which had caused her estrangement from some Bahá'ís.[42] In October 1912, she invited ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, who was travelling throughout the United States, to stay at her home for a long weekend, even though at that time she had become estranged from the Bahá'í community.[42] During his stay, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mentioned that anyone who tried to extort money or goods from others should not be considered a true Bahá'í.[42]

Death

[edit]

She died at her home, Hacienda del Pozo de Verona,[43] in Pleasanton, California, aged 76, on April 13, 1919, during the worldwide influenza epidemic of 1918–1919, and was buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California.[6][44][45]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nickliss, Alexandra (November 2002), "Phoebe Apperson Hearst's 'Gospel of Wealth,' 1883-1901", Pacific Historical Review, 71 (4): 525–605, doi:10.1525/phr.2002.71.4.575.
  2. ^ a b c Kastner, Victoria; Garagliano, Victoria (2009). Hearst's San Simeon: the Gardens and the Land. New York: Harry N. Abrams. pp. 34, 25, 13. ISBN 978-0-81097-290-2.
  3. ^ Crawford County, Missouri Marriage Book, Volume B, page 139
  4. ^ "Phoebe Apperson Hearst - Hearst Castle". hearstcastle.org. 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  5. ^ "Phoebe Apperson Hearst - Hearst Castle". hearstcastle.org. 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  6. ^ a b Phoebe Apperson Hearst (1842–1919), Hearst Castle, archived from the original on 2007-06-29, retrieved 2007-06-18
  7. ^ Kastner, Victoria (2000). Hearst Castle: the Biography of a Country House. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-81097-290-2.
  8. ^ Edward T. James, ed. (1971), Notable American Women 1607–1950, vol. II, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, p. 171
  9. ^ Century Club of California (1893), Historical Sketch, Century Club of California
  10. ^ "Phoebe Apperson Hearst - Hearst Castle". hearstcastle.org. 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  11. ^ "Development « Phoebe Hearst Preschool". www.phoebehearstpreschool.org. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  12. ^ "Phoebe Apperson Hearst - Hearst Castle". hearstcastle.org. 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  13. ^ "Hearst Elementary School". Retrieved February 2, 2016.
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  19. ^ Bonfils, Winifred Black (1991). The Life and Personality of Phoebe Apperson Hearst (Reproduced from the original edition of 1928 ed.). San Simeon, California: Friends of Hearst Castle. pp. 81–83. ISBN 0-945092-22-9.
  20. ^ The Christian Advocate. T. Carlton & J. Porter. 1916. pp. 218–.
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  23. ^ Nickliss, Alexandra M. (2018). Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 370.
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  37. ^ Kathryn Jewett Hogenson (Oct 23, 2013) [May 1, 2010]. Lighting the Western Sky - The Hearst Pilgrimage and the Establishment of the Baha'i Faith in the West (Kindle ed.). Oxford,UK: George Ronald. ISBN 978-0-85398-543-3. OCLC 650516706. B00G5U5FW2.
  38. ^ Charles Mason Remey (1955) [1949]. Reminiscences of the summer school Green-Acre, Eliot, Maine: of seasons there, of happenings there, and some of the people who went there and the things they did. pp. 7–8.
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  43. ^ "PCAD - Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, House, Pleasanton, CA". pcad.lib.washington.edu. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  44. ^ "Mrs. Phoebe Hearst Dies in California. Her Son, W.R. Hearst, at Her Bedside When the End Came. Lived on the Frontier. Gave Millions to University of California and Cathedral School for Girls. Her Gifts to Art and Education. A Leader in Washington". The New York Times. April 13, 1919. Retrieved May 20, 2017. Pleasanton, California, April 13, 1919. Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst, widow of George Hearst, who was United States Senator from California, and mother of William Randolph Hearst, the publisher, died at her home here today, after an illness of several weeks.
  45. ^ "Buried at Cypress: A Billionaire and a Medical Mystery". Cypress Lawn. 4 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021. Phoebe Hearst commissioned the mausoleum, which is a reproduction of the Temple of Athena Nike in the Acropolis and features 16 granite columns.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Nickliss, Alexandra M. ""Phoebe Apperson Hearst's 'Gospel of Wealth,' 1883–1901," Pacific Historical Review 71#4 (Nov. 2002) pp 575–605.
  • Nickliss, Alexandra M. Phoebe Apperson Hearst: A Life of Power and Politics (Bison Books, 2018) [ISBN missing]
  • Paul, Rodman Wilson. "Phoebe Apperson Hearst," in Edward T. James et al. eds. Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary (3 vols., 1971), 2: 171. [ISBN missing]
[edit]
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