User:Kwamikagami/sandbox

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Additional lexical sets - the PASTA / ATLATL vowel (æ~ɑː) for loan [a] (for loan [aː], both countries use the PALM vowel), the ROSES vowel (schwi ᵻ) and the WILLOW vowel (schwu ᵿ~ɵ).

For the first, a monosyllabic key word would be best, but the only one I can think of is Mann, which wouldn't be clear in speach.

fontname:ss06&cv03 Stylistic set (1 to 20) and character variant

Suggestions for phonemic distinctions that don't have distinct letters.

Dental consonants

ꞇ ꝺ (τ ẟ)	ꝷ ꝱ	t̪ d̪	c ɟ
θ ð		(θ͇ ð͇)	ç ʝ
ς ζ		s̪ z̪	ɕ ʑ
𝼦/⁊	ꝲ	l̪	ʎ
𝼧	ꝴ	n̪	ɲ
(𝼨)	ꝵ	r̪
(ꭋ)		ɾ̪
(ð) (ᴆ)	ð̞	ɹ̪	j

/t̪ d̪ s̪ z̪ n̪ l̪ r̪/ all contrastive, esp. if 'dental' includes laminal. [Alan Hall (1997) Phonology of Coronals, Rhotics, claims /r/ may be dental or alveolar, but there can be no contrast within a language; vd. Fig. 25.] In the 1989 Kiel convention, dental characters were proposed for [t̪ d̪ n̪ l̪ r̪] (ignoring [s̪ z̪], which are contrastive in e.g. Basque laminal dental vs apical alveolar). The flap ɾ̪ is thus probably not needed, and the approximant [ð̞] has likewise been found unnecessary despite many requests. The proposed characters were the alveolars with a left arm – thus ⟨ƌ⟩ for [d̪] and ꭋ n for [n̪] derived from Pullum. However, while there was 30% support for dental characters in the run-up to the convention (8/25 respondents), the proposed characters got only 4% support (1 respondent – presumably the proposer). They were not very distinct from the other t- and d-based letters of the IPA, so better to use Greek letters. We may want to make an exception for dental ⟨λ⟩, due to the potential of confusing it with palatal ⟨ʎ⟩ (both occur in Australian languages, for example). ⟨ⱹ⟩ may be a convenient graphic substitute for the lateral flap, if that's ever needed.

---

ᵷ ɢ

ꝿ ʁ

ϱ ʀ

Protruded front vowels & compressed back vowels

Diacritics may be used, but e.g. ⟨yʷ⟩ and ⟨uᵝ⟩ suggest an off-glide, which may be inaccurate, and are visually distracting.

	Front	Central	Back
Semivowel	j ɥ –	j̈ ɥ̈ ẅ	ɰ ꝡ w
High	i y ỿ	ɨ ɏ ʉ	ɯ ư u
Near high	ɪ ʏ Ỿ	ᵻ ʏ̵ ᵿ (ɪ̈ ʏ̈ ʊ̈)	ʊ

The three-way distinction here is unrounded, inrounded (compressed) and outrounded (protruded/pursed). A four-way distinction of horizontal compression alone vs vertical and horizontal compression is found (e.g. [ɯᵝ] vs [uᵝ] and [ɰᵝ] vs [wᵝ]), but this is probably more detail than distinct letters would be useful for. If they were needed, ⟨ɯ̛⟩, ⟨ư⟩ and ⟨ɰ̛⟩, ⟨w̛⟩ might be used.

Adequate click influx symbols

The current (Lepsius) click letters are incompatible with IPA prosodic notation, Wells has complained that the dental click is frequently confused with el, and publishers do not like to use them with IPA delimiters. The older (Jones) letters were better, but too limited for phonetic transcription, and Jones misanalyzed two of the places of articulation ('retroflex' for alveolar and 'velar' for palatal). An adequate set of symbols would distinguish not just place of articulation and shape of the tongue but whether the click release was abrupt or fricated. This would require more than the six phonemic distinctions or the current five letters designed for them. Because two articulations of the tongue are required, the tongue shapes of coronal clicks do not correlate perfectly to those of plosives, and separate letters are used for clicks where the same IPA letter would be used for plosives (e.g. dental vs alveolar).

Click release ('influx') symbols

affricated bilabial	φ (ꝍ)	ʘ
affricated sublingual (sucking teeth)	ᵹ
affricated laminal denti-alveolar	ꞇ	ǀ
affricated laminal linguolabial	ꞇ̼	ǀ̼
fronted lateral	ꜫ	⫼
abrupt concave alveolar	ψ	ǃ
slapped (sublaminal percussive) alveolar	ψ	ǃ¡
affricated lateral laminal alveolar	ξ	ǁ
abrupt/palatal lateral	ξ
affricated subapical retroflex	ʗ	‼
abrupt domed palatal	π	ǂ
affricated (lateral) palatal	π	ʃ =
affricated velar (back-released)	ʞ

Whether  ʃ = or _π is used might depend on whether the click was analyzed as basically a ǃ-click or a ǂ-click. ⟨ꜫ⟩ would be a convenient alt for turned-ξ, or as a third letter if both place (alveolar vs palatal) and manner (affricated vs abrupt) need to be distinguished, or for the click that's been described as intermediate between [ʇ] and [ξ].

⟨ꞇ⟩ would really be a better letter for a dental click, if it's not used for a dental plosive – it resembles Zulu c, graphically it's half a ξ (paralleling the Lepsius letters), and it's the basis for ⟨ᵹ⟩. If pulmonic dental consonants are needed, perhaps ⟨ʇ⟩ and ⟨ꞇ⟩ could swap places.

As with labial-velar consonants, two letters are required to write a click. Distinguish velar-alveolar [k͜π] from uvular-alveolar [q͜π], and simultaneously released [k͜πʰ, q͜πʰ] from delayed release [π͜kʰ, π͜qʰ]. As the click letter is undefined for voicing or nasality, that information may be carried solely by the second letter. For velar clicks: voiceless oral [k͜π], voiced oral [ɡ͜π], voiced nasal [ŋ͜π], voiceless nasal [ŋ̊͜π].

Tie bars are strictly necessary, but may be omitted in loose transcription. They are probably best placed under the consonant, where they are less distracting. For glottalized clicks, two tie bars may be necessary: [ŋ̊͜π͡ʔ] or [ŋ͜π͡ʔ], though [ŋ̊͜πˀ], [ŋ͜πˀ] may be sufficient, even though the latter do not specify full glottal closure.

For back-released clicks, there's the possibility of alveolar-velar [t͜ʞ̃] (or [n̥͜ʞ]?) vs labial-velar [p͜ʞ̃] (or [m̥͜ʞ]?), but this may not be necessary in practice. [ʞ] and [ᵹ] only occur paralexically.

Derivation

The above are Greek or Latinized Greek letters that graphically resemble orthographies for clicks or have iconic connections.

• ꞇ (≈ Latin tau) for Greek t and graphically recalls c, linking it to ʇ, c, tsk. Insular ꞇ has distinct capital (which true Greek τ does not) and has a better bowl than Greek τ in many fonts (i.e. it better resembles c). Or perhaps use ᵹ (which resembles a ꞇ-ς ligature -- cf. ƾ) if ꞇ is used for a dental plosive.
• ψ hollow bowl ≈ hollow sound + iconic | for click; graphically resembles q. Backformation of the Doke letter ψ for a true retroflex click, if a retroflex tail were added to ψ to make it consistent with other retroflex letters.
• ξ is Greek x, also resembles a double (stacked) dental ꞇ-ς ligature just as ǁ is double dental ǀ.
• π is Greek p for 'palate', ≈ rotated ǂ (horiz. bar for palate + 2 strokes rather than vert. bar). Doke's symbol ↆ would be appropriate at the (acoustically) flat analogue of [ψ]. ʗ, which in the IPA was ambiguous between alveolar and palatal, would also fit, as it matches palatal [c] in form.
• ? ϱ (≈ Latin curled p) resembles @ (typewriter substitute for ʘ), labial p, and old bilabial trill ρ.
• ʗ as a retroflex click per its retroflex form. ψ with a retroflex tail isn't particularly appropriate, as acoustically the retroflex is very different from the alveolar (e.g. it's affricated). One of the problems with the pre-Kiel letters is that 'retroflex' ⟨ʗ⟩ had the shape of a retroflex but was used for the alveolar, which made transcribing actual retroflex clicks unintuitive. It may be best to reassign it to an actual retroflex, per its label, or for a palatal click, given its graphic similarity to ⟨c⟩. Thus Doke's letters ψ, ʗ are exchanged.
• front lateral ꜫ as it resembles alveolar/palatal lateral ξ
• ʞ per old IPA value, no need for further distinctions

Star names

• List of proper names of stars
• List of proper names of exoplanets
• List of Arabic star names - continue fixing
• Chinese star names

The system occurs in the lunar station that was given the name πολις polis in a Coptic manuscript list of lunar stations, which Crum concluded were either in "debased" Greek or in a few cases Coptic equivalents of Greek names. Given that the Greeks are not known to have used lunar stations, the origin of the names is unknown. Allen's source reports the name as "Polis (= Sagittarius, particularly the Bow-stars)", translates it as "the Foal", and identifies it with the Greek word πῶλος pôlos "foal", which they identify as the Hippocentaur. But ... this station would be called κάστρον kastron "fort" in later Greek documents, corresponding to (translating?) Arabic البلدة albalda "town", (Weinstock or the writer of his letter added "= Arabic" after πολις) suggesting that Coptic-Greek πολις is to be identified with Greek πόλις "city"

Family of alphabets

Western ←		Phoenician	→ Brahmic			→ Hangul
Latin	Greek		Gujarati	Devanagari	Tibetan		Cree
A	Α		અ	अ	ཨ
B	В		બ	ब	བ	ㅂ, ㅁ
C, G	Г		ગ	ग	ག	ㄱ, (ㆁ)	ᑯ
D	Δ		ધ (ઢ)	ध (ढ)	-
E	Ε		હ	ह	ཧ	(ㅱ)
F, V	Ϝ, Υ		વ	व	ཝ		ᐤ
Z	Ζ		દ (ડ)	द (ड)	ད (ཌ)	ㄷ, ㄴ
H	Η		ઘ	घ	-
-	Θ		થ (ઠ)	थ (ठ)	ཐ (ཋ)
I, J	Ι		ય	य	ཡ		ᔪ
K	Κ		ક	क	ཀ
L	Λ		લ	ल	ལ	ㄹ	ᓫ
M	Μ		મ	म	མ		ᒪ
N	Ν		ન	न	ན		ᓂ
-	Ξ		શ	श	ཤ
O	Ο			?
P	Π		પ, ફ	प, फ	པ, ཕ		ᐸ
-	Ϡ		સ	स	ས	ㅈ, ㅅ	ᓴ
Q	Ϙ		ખ	ख	ཁ
R	Ρ		ર	र	ར		ᕑ
S	Σ		ષ	ष	ཥ
T	Τ		ત (ટ)	त (ट)	ཏ (ཊ)		ᑕ

Barthel and Guy: A calendar on tablet C

Phonetic complements and determinatives

Guy: I think that's enough so I am commenting out the remainder

This corresponds well to the old Rapa Nui lunar calendar, which appears to have had 28 regular nights plus two intercalary nights. The connection is strengthened by the pattern of the crescents:

	The days of the old calendar *1 ata *15 motohi 2 ari, hiro 16 kokore 1 3 kokore 1 17 kokore 2 4 kokore 2 18 kokore 3 5 kokore 3 19 kokore 4 6 kokore 4 20 kokore 5 7 kokore 5 21 tapume 8 kokore 6 22 matua *9 maharu *23 rongo 10 hua 24 rongo tane 11 atua 25 mauri nui 12 maure 26 mauri kero 13 ina-ira 27 mutu 14 rakau 28 tireo
	*New moon, full moon, and the first & last quarters. Days in green are modified crescents in the tablet. The o- prefix of some days has been removed.

• To match the Rapa Nui lunar calendar, the first two crescents (on line Ca6) must be the night of the new moon and the following night. Now, in the old calendar, the six nights following these two nights all had the name kokore (kokore 1–6), as did the five nights following the full moon (kokore 1–5). The Mamari tablet has sequences of six and of five crescents at the proper locations to be the kokore: at the beginning (left side) of line Ca7 and at the break from Ca7 to Ca8 (right side).
• The six nights in the old calendar between the kokore 6 and the full moon are broken up by the intercalary day hotu in two of the three records we have. On the tablet, the six crescents between the sequence identified above as the kokore and the full moon are also broken up into two groups of three.
• The eight nights in the old calendar between kokore 5 and the new moon break naturally with the night for the third quarter, rongo, into three and five. The crescents on the tablet are also broken into groups of three and five.

There are in addition several phonetic values suggested by Guy for the glyphs (green) which appear to modify these crescents, which correspond to the old calendar:

• All of the kokore crescents are unadorned; phonetic complements would not be of much use distinguishing them.
• At least one crescent is modified in all other groups, where the nights have individual names.

Guy then compared possible meanings or near homonyms of the names of the other nights with Englert's Old Rapa Nui dictionary, and attempted to find correspondences with the modifying glyphs. His results were,

• Night 10, hua: Per Englert, hua means 'fruit' or 'testicles', which resemble the hairy double lump hanging from crescent 10. This was perhaps used for a phonetic value hu.
• Night 11, atua: This means 'god, lord'. The glyph preceding crescent 11 resembles the feathered capes emblematic of Polynesian chiefs.
• Night 12, maure: Ure means 'penis, line', which resembles the glyph attached to crescent 12.
• Night 23, rongo, the last quarter. Maro is a feathered garland, perhaps used for a phonetic value ro, and resembles the glyph attached to crescent 23.
• Night 24, rongo tane. The preceding glyph is generally assumed to be a frigatebird, which is tavake in Rapanui. Guy suggests that it is being used as a phonetic complement ta, to distinguish rongo tane from the preceding night rongo.
• Night 1, ata. Guy was not able to come up with any reading for the modifying glyph.
• Night 2, ari, or o-hiro in Englert. Hiro means 'to twine (cord)', and the glyph looks like two joined garlands.

Top 100 language populations (original numbers)

NE2007 data is directly from Parkvall. NE2010 data is not.

Extended content

Language NE 2007 NE 2010 other notes Mandarin 935 955 910 (2015) Spanish 387 407 480 (2018) English 365 359 360–400 (2006) per Talk Hindi+ 295 311 322 (2011) census conflation Hindustani guestimate ~250 million (2011 & 2017 censuses) + ~500 million L2 (1999–2016) Arabic 280 293 310 (2011–2016), w 270 Classical L2 Portuguese 204 216 220 million (2012–2016) Estimate based on 30% of Angola, but that claim is based on urban pop only. Bengali 202 206 256 (2011 census [India][1] – 2015 [Bangl.]) Russian 160 154 110 L2 Japanese 127 126 Punjabi 95.5 102 120M 2011-2015, artificial borders German 92.1 89 –95 (2014) per Talk Javanese 82.4 Wu 79.5 Indonesian/Malay 76.9 200–250 total (2009) Telugu 75.9 Vietnamese 75.6 Korean 75.5 78 (2008–2012) French 73.8 77 (2015 OIF) per Talk. + 70M L2 and 70M partial Marathi 72.9 Tamil 70 Urdu 65.6 Turkish 62.6 Italian 59.4 64 (ca. 2012) reasonable update Cantonese 59.2 Thai 56.2 20 (2000) different scope; 40M L2 (2001) Gujarati 48.9 Jin 47.6 Min Nan 46.9 Persian 45.3 60 (2009) reasonable alt. estimate; NE may be underestimate due to reliance on falsified Uzbek census. 110M total. Polish 40.2 Pashto 38.6 –60 (2009) per Talk? Kannada 38.1 Xiang 38.1 Malayalam 37.7 Sundanese 37.5 Hausa 34.5 Oriya 33.4 Burmese 33.2 Hakka 30.6 Ukrainian 30.4 Bhojpuri 28.7 40 (2001 census) conflation w Hindi Tagalog 27.5 45M L2 (2013) Yoruba 27.5 Maithili 26.8 34.7 (2000–2001) [round to 1 sigfig] conflation w Hindi Uzbek 25.6 27 (2011–2014) reasonable alt estimate Sindhi 25.5 Amharic 24.8 21.8 (2007 census) reasonable alt Fula 24.5 Romanian 24.5 23.7 (2004–2012) reasonable alt Oromo 24.1 25.8 Eth (2007 census) + 0.4 Igbo 24.0 Azerbaijani 22.7 25.7 (1997–2010) reasonable alt. Awadhi 22.0 38.3 (2001) conflated w Hindi Gan Chinese 21.8 Cebuano 21.1 Dutch 20.9 21.9 (2012) assuming Vlaams is double-counted in [nld] Kurdish 20.6 –30 (2010 est.) highly uncertain Serbo-Croatian 18.8 Malagasy 18.4 Saraiki 17.2 20 (2013) reasonable alt. Nepali 16.8 16.2 (2001–2011 censuses) Sinhalese 16.5 Chittagonian 15.9 –13 (2006) Zhuang 15.9 Khmer 15.8 Assamese 15.4 Madurese 15 Somali 14.7 14.8 (2002–2009) Marwari 14.1 22.2 (2001 census – 2007) includes Dhundari (1.9M here and 9.6M below); 30.0 total w latter Magahi 13.9 14 (2001 census) conflated w Hindi Haryanvi 13.8 13 (1992) census conflation w Hindi Hungarian 12.7 12.6 (2002–2012) Chattisgarhi 12.3 17.5 (2002) conflated w Hindi Greek 11.9 13.4 (2012) Chewa 11.5 Deccan 11.4 Akan 11.0 Kazakh 11.0 Min Bei 10.9 Sylheti 10.7 Zulu 10.4 12 (2011 census) Czech 10.0 10.6 (2012) Kinyarwanda 9.8 Dhundhari 9.6 Haitian Creole 9.6 Min Dong 9.5 Ilokano 9.1 Quechua 8.9 Kirundi 8.8 Swedish 8.7 9.2 (2012) Hmong 8.4 3.71 (1995–2000) different scope; Ethn. figures double-counted from change request Shona 8.3 Uyghur 8.2 10.4 (2010 census) Hiligaynon 8.2 Mossi 7.6 Xhosa 7.6 8.2 (2011 census) Belarusian 7.6 3.2 (ca. 2009 census) per Talk; NE figure demonstrably wrong Balochi 7.6 Konkani 7.4

Turkmen entry spurious, perhaps typo. Data supports < 7M.

Swahili is 5.94M for 2012 data (4M TZ, 1M Zaire, 645k Kenya, 140k Rwanda, 40k Somalia)

New phonetic alphabet

Letter	Word	1972 version[1]	BNL song	P Is for Pterodactyl	other suggestions
A	aether	aesthetic	aisle	aisle (aeon)		aye	"A" is aether across the aisles
B	bdellium	bdellium	bdellium	bdellium	bdellometer, bdellatomy	bee	"B" is a blessing with bdellium
C	czar	cyst	czar	czar (Czech)	Chanukkah, chthonic	cue	"C" is the czar celebrating Chanukkah
D	Django	djellaba	djinn ("gin")	Djibouti	Dzongkha, 'dswounds ("zounds")	double-u	"D" is a djinn dressed in a djellaba
E	Euphrates	euphemism	Euphrates	ewe (euphoric)	eye, ewe	earn	"E" is the eye of a ewe
F	ffoulkes	feign	fohn ("phone") [but dicts have "fain" or "fern"]	--	fhtagn [Lovecraft], Fe-based ['iron-based'], Felinfoel [vɛlɪnvɔɪl], FeO [wüstite]	fie	"F" is Fe2O3 [rust] from Felinfoel
G	gnome	gnat	gnarly	gnocchi (gnome, gnat)	gnu, gaol, gjetost	gaol	"G" is a gnome going to gaol
H	hour	heuristic	hour	heir (honest, herbalism)	honor, hlonipa, Hsi-an	hour	"H" is the herbs of Hsian
I	IHVH	ithyphallic	irk	--			"I" is irking to IHVH
J	jarlsberg	jarlsberg	jalapeño	jai alai (Juanita, Juarez, Bjorn, fajitas)		jee	"J" is jarlsberg with jalapeños
K	knickers	knickers	knick-knack	knight (knife, knave, knee)	kshatriya, ktypeite ("tipi-ite"), kvetch	knight	"K" is a knight knitting knickers
L	llama	llama	llama ("yama")	-- (palm, folks)	Llandudno, Lodz, Lancut ("wine-soot")		"L" is the llamas of Lancut
M	mnemonic	mnemonic	mnemonic	mnemonic	mnemic, Mpret ("bret")		"M" is a mnemonic for Mpret
N	Ndilo ("Deelo")	nuance	Ngomo ("Gomo")	-- (solemn, hymn, autumn)	Nguyen ("win"), Ngaio	night	"N" is the Nguyens of Ndilo
O	oestrogen	oestrogen	Ouija board	Ouija (oui, Oaxaca, leopard)	oud, oubliette	our	"O" is Oedipus operating a Ouija-board
P	psychotic	pneumonia	pneumonia, pterodactyl, psychosis	pterodactyl (Ptolemy, psychic, psoriasis)	Przewalski's horse, pseud?	pneus "news"?	"P" is a psychotic pterodactyl with pneumonia
Q	qi?	quay	qat ("cat")	quinoa (quiche, quays, Qatar)	--> dicts have "kaht", not "cat"	queue	"Q" is quaffing qat on the quay
R	Rzeszów "Zheshoof"	rhythm	"R-gyle"	--	rGyalrong "Jiarong", Rwanda		"R" is the rGyalrong of Rzeszow / Rhonda's rhythmic rendezvous in Rzeszów
S	sjambok, sugar	sjambok	Saar ("Zar")	-- (debris, isle, Arkansas)	sbirro, 'Sblood, sphere, Szechuan, Stuttgart	sea	"S" is sugar sailing down the Saar
T	Tlingit ("Klinkit")	tzar	tsunami	tsunami (Tchakovski, tchotchkes)	Tchaikovski, tmesis	tea	"T" is Tlingit tchotchkes
U	uilleann	ulema	urn	-- (guess, disguise)	uakari, Uighur, Uitlander	urn	"U" is uilleann pipes on an urn
V	veld ("felt")	veldt	vraisemblance	--	Vlach, vlei	viii	"V" is verboten veld and vlei
W	who	wrath	wren, wrinkly, who	wren (write)	wrack, wheki ("feki"), Whakatane	why	"W" is whoever wrecked Whakatane
X	Xhosa	xylophone	Xi'an	xylophone (Xavier)	Xmas		"X" is Xmas in Xhosaland
Y	ych a fi?	yttrium	yperite	-- (Yves)	Ypers ("wipers")	you	"Y" is yttrium for you
Z	Zsa Zsa	zloty	zed	Zhivago (rendezvous)	zwitterion, zhuyin	Zhou	"Z" is Zsa Zsa in zhuyin

Kelkumaj numeraloj

La grandaj numeraloj dekumaj estas 10¹ dek, 10² cent, 10³ mil; 10⁶ meg, 10⁹ gig, 10¹² ter (duiliono), 10¹⁵ pet, 10¹⁸ eks (triiliono), 10²¹ zet, 10²⁴ jot (kvariliono).

La numeraloj dekduumaj estas nul, unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naŭ, alf (A aŭ ↊), bet (B aŭ ↋), 12¹ doz (dekduuma 10), 12² groc (dekduuma 100), 12³ groceg (dekduuma 1000; dekuma 1728).

La numeraloj deksesumaj estas nul, unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naŭ, alf (A), bet (B), gam (C), delt (D), eps (E), faŭ (F), 16¹ heks (deksesuma 10), 16² zenz (deksesuma 100) (< zenzic), 16³ zenzeg (deksesuma 1000; dekuma 4096).

La bazaj numeraloj dudekumaj estas 20¹ vint (dudekuma 10 = dekuma 20), 20² bak (dudekuma 100 = dekuma 400), 20³ pik (dudekuma 1000 = dekuma 8000), kaj 20⁶ alaŭ = 1,000,000 / 64,000,000. (Ankaŭ troviĝis 20⁴ kalab = 10,000 / 160,000, 20⁵ kinĉil = 100,000 / 3,200,000.) La majaoj nombris per kvinoj kaj per dudekoj (ekz-e, 17 estis cit "trikvin du").

La sumeroj, babilonianoj kaj iliaj najbaroj uzis dekuman sistemon (dek, dudek, tridek ktp) ĝis 60, por kiu la sumeroj havis bazan vorton, geŝ, kaj la babilonianoj ŝuŝ (nuntempe internaciigita sos). De tie, oni nombris per sosoj (do, 600 estis dek sos, 1200 dudek sos, ktp) ĝis 60² = 3600, por kiu ili denove havis propran vorton, ŝar (internaciigita sar). Do oni povas nombri sesdekume per nur la numeraloj fundamentaj kaj du elbabiloniaj, sos kaj sar. La babilonianoj ankaŭ uzis numeralon ner por dek sos (600), do du ner por dudek sos (1200).

	dekuma	dekduuma	deksesuma	dudekuma	sesdekuma
X1	dek	doz	heks	vint	sos
X2	cent	groc	zenz	bak	sar
X3	mil	groceg	zenzeg	pik	sareg
X6	meg	(miliuno)	(miliuno)	alaŭ	(miliuno)

Sunsistemaj astroj

grandaj

Name & symbol		Image	Mean radius	Mass	Density
			(km)	(1021 kg)	(g/cm3)
Sun			695508 ± ?	1989100000	1.409
Jupiter			69911±6	1898187±88	1.3262±0.0003
Saturn			58232±6 (136775 for main rings)	568317±13	0.6871±0.0002
Uranus			25362±7	86813±4	1.270±0.001
Neptune			24622±19	102413±5	1.638±0.004
Earth			6371.0084±0.0001	5972.4±0.3	5.5136±0.0003
Venus			6052±1	4867.5±0.2	5.243±0.003
Mars			3389.5±0.2	641.71±0.03	3.9341±0.0007
Ganymede			2634.1±0.3	148.2	1.936
Titan			2574.73±0.09	134.5	1.880±0.004
Mercury			2439.4±0.1	330.11±0.02	5.4291±0.007
Callisto			2410.3±1.5	107.6	1.834±0.003
Io			1821.6±0.5	89.32	3.528±0.006
Luna			1737.5±0.1	73.46	3.344±0.005
Europa			1560.8±0.5	48.00	3.013±0.005
Triton			1353.4±0.9 (equatorial)	21.39±0.03	2.061
Pluto			1188.3±0.8	13.03±0.03	1.854±0.006
Eris			1163±6	16.6±0.2	2.52±0.07
Haumea			798±6 to 816	4.01±0.04	2.018
Titania			788.9±1.8	3.40±0.06	1.711±0.005
Rhea			763.8±1.0	2.307	1.236±0.005
Oberon			761.4±2.6 (equatorial)	3.08±0.09	1.63±0.05
Iapetus			735.6±1.5	1.806	1.088±0.013
Makemake			715+19 −11	≈ 3.1	≈ 2.1
Gonggong			615±25	1.75±0.07	1.72±0.16
Charon			606.0±0.5	1.586±0.015	1.70±0.02
Umbriel			584.7±2.8	1.28±0.03	1.39±0.16
Ariel			578.9±0.6	1.25±0.02	1.66±0.15
Dione			561.7±0.45	1.095	1.478±0.003
Quaoar			560.5±0.6	1.4±0.2	2.0±0.5
Tethys			533.0±0.7	0.617	0.984±0.003
Sedna			498±40	?
Ceres			469.7±0.1	0.938	2.17
Orcus			458±13	0.61±0.04	1.53±0.14
Salacia			423±11	0.492±0.007	1.5±0.1
2002 MS4			400±12
2002 AW197			384±19	–	–
Varda			373±8	0.245±0.006	1.23±0.04
2013 FY27			370±40	–	–
Ixion			354.8±0.1	–	–
2003 AZ84			353±12	?? 0.17	?? 1.13±0.17
Dysnomia			350±58	–	–
Varuna			334+77 −43	≈ 0.16	0.99+0.09 −0.02
2012 VP113			325±175	–	–
Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà			321±14	0.1361±0.0033	1.02±0.17
Chaos			300+70 −65	–	–
Vesta			262.7±0.1	0.259	3.46
Pallas			256±3	0.204±0.003	2.89±0.08
Enceladus			252.1±0.2	0.1080±0.0001	1.609±0.005
Miranda			235.8±0.7	0.0659±0.0075	1.2±0.15
Dziewanna			235+18 −5	–	–
Vanth			221.3±5.1	≈ 0.07	≈ 1.5
Hygiea			217±7	0.0832±0.008	1.944±0.25
Proteus			210±7	0.044	≈ 1.3
Huya			203±8	> 0.05	> 1.43
Mimas			198.2±0.25	0.03749±0.00003	1.1479±0.007
Nereid			170±25	–	–
704 Interamnia			166±3	0.038±0.013	2.0±0.7
52 Europa			152±2	0.023±0.016	1.5±0.4
Lempo			136±9	0.007±0.002	0.64±0.13
511 Davida			135±1	0.038±0.002	3.66±0.24
87 Sylvia			136±3	0.015	1.38±0.05
Hyperion			135±4	0.006	0.54±0.05
15 Eunomia			116±1	0.03	4.9
324 Bamberga			115±4	0.011	1.5±0.2
16 Psyche			111±2	0.022±0.003	3.9±0.5
7 Iris			104±3	0.014±0.001	2.7±0.3

Name & symbol
Theia

lunoj

planedetoj

Symbol	D comb. (prim.)	moons		density
	~660	--
	642±28
	525.4	--		2.362
	511±4	--		2.773
	458±9		--
	433±8	--		3.139
	393±26	251	132
	335±42	(ibid.)	--
	332±5	--		3.062
	320	--
	319±4	--		3.095
	310 (est.)	--
	>300	--
	298±4	--		3.168
	274±4			3.485
	232–316	--
	270±3	--		2.643
	268±4	I	--	3.149
	260	--
	256±12		--	5.235
	254±2	--		2.672
	254±12	I	II	3.476
	250±30	--
	237±4 ?	--		3.439
	234±10	--		3.059
	227±3	--		2.684
	223±3	--		2.924
	220±43 (178±35)		--
	223±10 (174±17)		--
	218±3	--		2.769
	216±10	--
	215±3	--		3.108
	211±2	--		2.442
	208±3	--		3.136
	205±4	--
	204±2	--		2.554
	202±3	--		2.576
	199±2	I II III		3.127
	199±6	--
	199±10	--		2.386
	209±5 ? (< 200 km)	--		3.065
	195±3	--		2.426
	192±4	--
	191±3	--
	190±7	--
	190 (187)	I (LaFayette?)	--
	190 (160)
	188±2		II	2.720
	188±16	--
	187±2	--
	187±13	Peneius	--	2.765
	184±4	--
	173±2	--		2.385
	172±55	Pichi üñëm	--
	168±1	--		2.772
	ca. 170 (150)		--
	164±24 (138±23)
	163+33 −66 (126+25 −51 + 105+20 −42)		--
	150±5		--	4.36
	150 (140)
	140 (113±3)		--

 148±16 + Emma-I
 145±9 --
 d=141.6 
 ca. 140
 118±2 
 121 (88×2)
 77±18 + 66 
 < 60 + < 66 

(diam. uncertain)