User:Kwamikagami/sandbox: Difference between revisions
Kwamikagami (talk | contribs) |
Kwamikagami (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
===Dental consonants=== |
===Dental consonants=== |
||
{| class="wikitable IPA" |
{| class="wikitable IPA" |
||
| ꞇ ꝺ (τ ẟ) || ꝷ ꝱ || t̪ d̪ || c ɟ |
| '''ꞇ ꝺ''' (τ ẟ) || ꝷ ꝱ || t̪ d̪ || c ɟ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| θ ð | |
| colspan=2| '''θ ð''' || (θ͇ ð͇) || ç ʝ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| ς ζ | |
| colspan=2| '''ς ζ''' || s̪ z̪ || ɕ ʑ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 𝼦/⁊ || ꝲ || l̪ || ʎ |
| 𝼦/⁊ || '''ꝲ''' || l̪ || ʎ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 𝼧 || ꝴ || n̪ || ɲ |
| 𝼧 || '''ꝴ''' || n̪ || ɲ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| (𝼨) ||rowspan=2| ꝵ || r̪ || |
| ('''𝼨''') ||rowspan=2| ꝵ || r̪ || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| (ꭋ) || ɾ̪ || |
| ('''ꭋ''') || ɾ̪ || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| (<big><sub><span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">ð</span></sub></big>) (ᴆ) || ð̞ || ɹ̪ || j |
| ('''<big><sub><span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">ð</span></sub></big>''') (ᴆ) || ð̞ || ɹ̪ || j |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 1,138: | Line 1,138: | ||
|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
||
|[[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]] || [[File:Ariel symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |
|[[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]] || [[File:Ariel symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |
||
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ariel |
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ariel in monochrome.jpg|center|50x50px]] |
||
| {{val|578.9|0.6}} |
| {{val|578.9|0.6}} |
||
| {{val|1.25|0.02}} |
| {{val|1.25|0.02}} |
Latest revision as of 11:09, 29 August 2024
!
[edit]Additional lexical sets - the PASTA / ATLATL vowel (æ~ɑː) for loan [a] (for loan [aː], both countries use the PALM vowel), the ROSES vowel (schwi ᵻ) and the WILLOW vowel (schwu ᵿ~ɵ).
For the first, a monosyllabic key word would be best, but the only one I can think of is Mann, which wouldn't be clear in speach.
fontname:ss06&cv03 Stylistic set (1 to 20) and character variant
Suggestions for phonemic distinctions that don't have distinct letters.
Dental consonants
[edit]ꞇ ꝺ (τ ẟ) | ꝷ ꝱ | t̪ d̪ | c ɟ |
θ ð | (θ͇ ð͇) | ç ʝ | |
ς ζ | s̪ z̪ | ɕ ʑ | |
𝼦/⁊ | ꝲ | l̪ | ʎ |
𝼧 | ꝴ | n̪ | ɲ |
(𝼨) | ꝵ | r̪ | |
(ꭋ) | ɾ̪ | ||
(ð) (ᴆ) | ð̞ | ɹ̪ | j |
/t̪ d̪ s̪ z̪ n̪ l̪ r̪/ all contrastive, esp. if 'dental' includes laminal. [Alan Hall (1997) Phonology of Coronals, Rhotics, claims /r/ may be dental or alveolar, but there can be no contrast within a language; vd. Fig. 25.] In the 1989 Kiel convention, dental characters were proposed for [t̪ d̪ n̪ l̪ r̪] (ignoring [s̪ z̪], which are contrastive in e.g. Basque laminal dental vs apical alveolar). The flap ɾ̪ is thus probably not needed, and the approximant [ð̞] has likewise been found unnecessary despite many requests. The proposed characters were the alveolars with a left arm – thus ⟨ƌ⟩ for [d̪] and ꭋ n for [n̪] derived from Pullum. However, while there was 30% support for dental characters in the run-up to the convention (8/25 respondents), the proposed characters got only 4% support (1 respondent – presumably the proposer). They were not very distinct from the other t- and d-based letters of the IPA, so better to use Greek letters. We may want to make an exception for dental ⟨λ⟩, due to the potential of confusing it with palatal ⟨ʎ⟩ (both occur in Australian languages, for example). ⟨ⱹ⟩ may be a convenient graphic substitute for the lateral flap, if that's ever needed.
ᵷ ɢ
ꝿ ʁ
ϱ ʀ
Protruded front vowels & compressed back vowels
[edit]Diacritics may be used, but e.g. ⟨yʷ⟩ and ⟨uᵝ⟩ suggest an off-glide, which may be inaccurate, and are visually distracting.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Semivowel | j ɥ – | j̈ ɥ̈ ẅ | ɰ ꝡ w |
High | i y ỿ | ɨ ɏ ʉ | ɯ ư u |
Near high | ɪ ʏ Ỿ | ᵻ ʏ̵ ᵿ (ɪ̈ ʏ̈ ʊ̈) |
ʊ |
The three-way distinction here is unrounded, inrounded (compressed) and outrounded (protruded/pursed). A four-way distinction of horizontal compression alone vs vertical and horizontal compression is found (e.g. [ɯᵝ] vs [uᵝ] and [ɰᵝ] vs [wᵝ]), but this is probably more detail than distinct letters would be useful for. If they were needed, ⟨ɯ̛⟩, ⟨ư⟩ and ⟨ɰ̛⟩, ⟨w̛⟩ might be used.
Adequate click influx symbols
[edit]The current (Lepsius) click letters are incompatible with IPA prosodic notation, Wells has complained that the dental click is frequently confused with el, and publishers do not like to use them with IPA delimiters. The older (Jones) letters were better, but too limited for phonetic transcription, and Jones misanalyzed two of the places of articulation ('retroflex' for alveolar and 'velar' for palatal). An adequate set of symbols would distinguish not just place of articulation and shape of the tongue but whether the click release was abrupt or fricated. This would require more than the six phonemic distinctions or the current five letters designed for them. Because two articulations of the tongue are required, the tongue shapes of coronal clicks do not correlate perfectly to those of plosives, and separate letters are used for clicks where the same IPA letter would be used for plosives (e.g. dental vs alveolar).
affricated bilabial | φ (ꝍ) | ʘ |
---|---|---|
affricated sublingual (sucking teeth) | ᵹ | |
affricated laminal denti-alveolar | ꞇ | ǀ |
affricated laminal linguolabial | ꞇ̼ | ǀ̼ |
fronted lateral | ꜫ | ⫼ |
abrupt concave alveolar | ψ | ǃ |
slapped (sublaminal percussive) alveolar | ψ | ǃ¡ |
affricated lateral laminal alveolar | ξ | ǁ |
abrupt/palatal lateral | ξ | |
affricated subapical retroflex | ʗ | ‼ |
abrupt domed palatal | π | ǂ |
affricated (lateral) palatal | π | ʃ = |
affricated velar (back-released) | ʞ |
Whether ʃ = or π is used might depend on whether the click was analyzed as basically a ǃ-click or a ǂ-click. ⟨ꜫ⟩ would be a convenient alt for turned-ξ, or as a third letter if both place (alveolar vs palatal) and manner (affricated vs abrupt) need to be distinguished, or for the click that's been described as intermediate between [ʇ] and [ξ].
⟨ꞇ⟩ would really be a better letter for a dental click, if it's not used for a dental plosive – it resembles Zulu c, graphically it's half a ξ (paralleling the Lepsius letters), and it's the basis for ⟨ᵹ⟩. If pulmonic dental consonants are needed, perhaps ⟨ʇ⟩ and ⟨ꞇ⟩ could swap places.
As with labial-velar consonants, two letters are required to write a click. Distinguish velar-alveolar [k͜π] from uvular-alveolar [q͜π], and simultaneously released [k͜πʰ, q͜πʰ] from delayed release [π͜kʰ, π͜qʰ]. As the click letter is undefined for voicing or nasality, that information may be carried solely by the second letter. For velar clicks: voiceless oral [k͜π], voiced oral [ɡ͜π], voiced nasal [ŋ͜π], voiceless nasal [ŋ̊͜π].
Tie bars are strictly necessary, but may be omitted in loose transcription. They are probably best placed under the consonant, where they are less distracting. For glottalized clicks, two tie bars may be necessary: [ŋ̊͜π͡ʔ] or [ŋ͜π͡ʔ], though [ŋ̊͜πˀ], [ŋ͜πˀ] may be sufficient, even though the latter do not specify full glottal closure.
For back-released clicks, there's the possibility of alveolar-velar [t͜ʞ̃] (or [n̥͜ʞ]?) vs labial-velar [p͜ʞ̃] (or [m̥͜ʞ]?), but this may not be necessary in practice. [ʞ] and [ᵹ] only occur paralexically.
- Derivation
The above are Greek or Latinized Greek letters that graphically resemble orthographies for clicks or have iconic connections.
- ꞇ (≈ Latin tau) for Greek t and graphically recalls c, linking it to ʇ, c, tsk. Insular ꞇ has distinct capital (which true Greek τ does not) and has a better bowl than Greek τ in many fonts (i.e. it better resembles c). Or perhaps use ᵹ (which resembles a ꞇ-ς ligature -- cf. ƾ) if ꞇ is used for a dental plosive.
- ψ hollow bowl ≈ hollow sound + iconic | for click; graphically resembles q. Backformation of the Doke letter ψ for a true retroflex click, if a retroflex tail were added to ψ to make it consistent with other retroflex letters.
- ξ is Greek x, also resembles a double (stacked) dental ꞇ-ς ligature just as ǁ is double dental ǀ.
- π is Greek p for 'palate', ≈ rotated ǂ (horiz. bar for palate + 2 strokes rather than vert. bar). Doke's symbol ↆ would be appropriate at the (acoustically) flat analogue of [ψ]. ʗ, which in the IPA was ambiguous between alveolar and palatal, would also fit, as it matches palatal [c] in form.
- ? ϱ (≈ Latin curled p) resembles @ (typewriter substitute for ʘ), labial p, and old bilabial trill ρ.
- ʗ as a retroflex click per its retroflex form. ψ with a retroflex tail isn't particularly appropriate, as acoustically the retroflex is very different from the alveolar (e.g. it's affricated). One of the problems with the pre-Kiel letters is that 'retroflex' ⟨ʗ⟩ had the shape of a retroflex but was used for the alveolar, which made transcribing actual retroflex clicks unintuitive. It may be best to reassign it to an actual retroflex, per its label, or for a palatal click, given its graphic similarity to ⟨c⟩. Thus Doke's letters ψ, ʗ are exchanged.
- front lateral ꜫ as it resembles alveolar/palatal lateral ξ
- ʞ per old IPA value, no need for further distinctions
Star names
[edit]- List of proper names of stars
- List of proper names of exoplanets
- List of Arabic star names - continue fixing
- Chinese star names
The system occurs in the lunar station that was given the name πολις polis in a Coptic manuscript list of lunar stations, which Crum concluded were either in "debased" Greek or in a few cases Coptic equivalents of Greek names. Given that the Greeks are not known to have used lunar stations, the origin of the names is unknown.[4] Allen's source[5] reports the name as "Polis (= Sagittarius, particularly the Bow-stars)", translates it as "the Foal", and identifies it with the Greek word πῶλος pôlos "foal", which they identify as the Hippocentaur.[6] But ... this station would be called κάστρον kastron "fort" in later Greek documents, corresponding to (translating?) Arabic البلدة albalda "town", (Weinstock or the writer of his letter added "= Arabic" after πολις) suggesting that Coptic-Greek πολις is to be identified with Greek πόλις "city"[4]
- ^ Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
- ^ Rumrill, H. B. (June 1936). "Star Name Pronunciation". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 48 (283). San Francisco, California.
- ^ Davis, George A. (1944). "The pronunciations, derivations, and meanings of a selected list of star names". Popular Astronomy. 52: 8–30.
- ^ a b See station 22 in footnote 12 in Stefan Weinstock, "Lunar Mansions and Early Calendars", Journal of Hellenic Studies, Volume 69, November 1949, pp. 48-69.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
allen
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ p.33 of Robert Brown Jr, "Euphratean Stellar Researches", part V, in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, vol. xviii, no. cxxxiv, 1896 Jan 14, pp.25–44.
Family of alphabets
[edit]Barthel and Guy: A calendar on tablet C
[edit]- Phonetic complements and determinatives
- Guy: I think that's enough so I am commenting out the remainder
This corresponds well to the old Rapa Nui lunar calendar, which appears to have had 28 regular nights plus two intercalary nights. The connection is strengthened by the pattern of the crescents:
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
*New moon, full moon, and the first & last quarters. Days in green are modified crescents in the tablet. The o- prefix of some days has been removed. |
- To match the Rapa Nui lunar calendar, the first two crescents (on line Ca6) must be the night of the new moon and the following night. Now, in the old calendar, the six nights following these two nights all had the name kokore (kokore 1–6), as did the five nights following the full moon (kokore 1–5). The Mamari tablet has sequences of six and of five crescents at the proper locations to be the kokore: at the beginning (left side) of line Ca7 and at the break from Ca7 to Ca8 (right side).
- The six nights in the old calendar between the kokore 6 and the full moon are broken up by the intercalary day hotu in two of the three records we have. On the tablet, the six crescents between the sequence identified above as the kokore and the full moon are also broken up into two groups of three.
- The eight nights in the old calendar between kokore 5 and the new moon break naturally with the night for the third quarter, rongo, into three and five. The crescents on the tablet are also broken into groups of three and five.
There are in addition several phonetic values suggested by Guy for the glyphs (green) which appear to modify these crescents, which correspond to the old calendar:
- All of the kokore crescents are unadorned; phonetic complements would not be of much use distinguishing them.
- At least one crescent is modified in all other groups, where the nights have individual names.
Guy then compared possible meanings or near homonyms of the names of the other nights with Englert's Old Rapa Nui dictionary, and attempted to find correspondences with the modifying glyphs. His results were,
- Night 10, hua: Per Englert, hua means 'fruit' or 'testicles', which resemble the hairy double lump hanging from crescent 10. This was perhaps used for a phonetic value hu.
- Night 11, atua: This means 'god, lord'. The glyph preceding crescent 11 resembles the feathered capes emblematic of Polynesian chiefs.
- Night 12, maure: Ure means 'penis, line', which resembles the glyph attached to crescent 12.
- Night 23, rongo, the last quarter. Maro is a feathered garland, perhaps used for a phonetic value ro, and resembles the glyph attached to crescent 23.
- Night 24, rongo tane. The preceding glyph is generally assumed to be a frigatebird, which is tavake in Rapanui. Guy suggests that it is being used as a phonetic complement ta, to distinguish rongo tane from the preceding night rongo.
- Night 1, ata. Guy was not able to come up with any reading for the modifying glyph.
- Night 2, ari, or o-hiro in Englert. Hiro means 'to twine (cord)', and the glyph looks like two joined garlands.
Top 100 language populations (original numbers)
[edit]NE2007 data is directly from Parkvall. NE2010 data is not.
Extended content
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Turkmen entry spurious, perhaps typo. Data supports < 7M.
Swahili is 5.94M for 2012 data (4M TZ, 1M Zaire, 645k Kenya, 140k Rwanda, 40k Somalia)
Notes
[edit]- ^ E16 lists 1.4M for Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao, but in the change request, it's 1.4M in China, and 247k elsewhere, including Mong Njua in SE Asia and the US. But the latter figure appears to correspond to the 270k already listed for Hmong Njua outside China (310k − 40k in China). Numbers do not include Hm. Do or Hm. Don.
New phonetic alphabet
[edit]Letter | Word | 1972 version[1] | BNL song | P Is for Pterodactyl | other suggestions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | aether | aesthetic | aisle | aisle (aeon) | aye | "A" is aether across the aisles | |
B | bdellium | bdellium | bdellium | bdellium | bdellometer, bdellatomy | bee | "B" is a blessing with bdellium |
C | czar | cyst | czar | czar (Czech) | Chanukkah, chthonic | cue | "C" is the czar celebrating Chanukkah |
D | Django | djellaba | djinn ("gin") | Djibouti | Dzongkha, 'dswounds ("zounds") | double-u | "D" is a djinn dressed in a djellaba |
E | Euphrates | euphemism | Euphrates | ewe (euphoric) | eye, ewe | earn | "E" is the eye of a ewe |
F | ffoulkes | feign | fohn ("phone") [but dicts have "fain" or "fern"] |
-- | fhtagn [Lovecraft], Fe-based ['iron-based'], Felinfoel [vɛlɪnvɔɪl], FeO [wüstite] | fie | "F" is Fe2O3 [rust] from Felinfoel |
G | gnome | gnat | gnarly | gnocchi
(gnome, gnat) |
gnu, gaol, gjetost | gaol | "G" is a gnome going to gaol |
H | hour | heuristic | hour | heir (honest, herbalism) | honor, hlonipa, Hsi-an | hour | "H" is the herbs of Hsian |
I | IHVH | ithyphallic | irk | -- | "I" is irking to IHVH | ||
J | jarlsberg | jarlsberg | jalapeño | jai alai (Juanita, Juarez, Bjorn, fajitas) | jee | "J" is jarlsberg with jalapeños | |
K | knickers | knickers | knick-knack | knight (knife, knave, knee) | kshatriya, ktypeite ("tipi-ite"), kvetch | knight | "K" is a knight knitting knickers |
L | llama | llama | llama ("yama") | --
(palm, folks) |
Llandudno, Lodz, Lancut ("wine-soot") | "L" is the llamas of Lancut | |
M | mnemonic | mnemonic | mnemonic | mnemonic | mnemic, Mpret ("bret") | "M" is a mnemonic for Mpret | |
N | Ndilo ("Deelo") | nuance | Ngomo ("Gomo") | -- (solemn, hymn, autumn) | Nguyen ("win"), Ngaio | night | "N" is the Nguyens of Ndilo |
O | oestrogen | oestrogen | Ouija board | Ouija (oui, Oaxaca, leopard) | oud, oubliette | our | "O" is Oedipus operating a Ouija-board |
P | psychotic | pneumonia | pneumonia, pterodactyl, psychosis |
pterodactyl (Ptolemy, psychic, psoriasis) | Przewalski's horse, pseud? | pneus "news"? | "P" is a psychotic pterodactyl with pneumonia |
Q | qi? | quay | qat ("cat") | quinoa (quiche, quays, Qatar) | --> dicts have "kaht", not "cat" | queue | "Q" is quaffing qat on the quay |
R | Rzeszów "Zheshoof" | rhythm | "R-gyle" | -- | rGyalrong "Jiarong", Rwanda | "R" is the rGyalrong of Rzeszow / Rhonda's rhythmic rendezvous in Rzeszów | |
S | sjambok, sugar | sjambok | Saar ("Zar") | -- (debris, isle, Arkansas) | sbirro, 'Sblood, sphere, Szechuan, Stuttgart | sea | "S" is sugar sailing down the Saar |
T | Tlingit ("Klinkit") | tzar | tsunami | tsunami (Tchakovski, tchotchkes) | Tchaikovski, tmesis | tea | "T" is Tlingit tchotchkes |
U | uilleann | ulema | urn | -- (guess, disguise) | uakari, Uighur, Uitlander | urn | "U" is uilleann pipes on an urn |
V | veld ("felt") | veldt | vraisemblance | -- | Vlach, vlei | viii | "V" is verboten veld and vlei |
W | who | wrath | wren, wrinkly, who | wren (write) | wrack, wheki ("feki"), Whakatane | why | "W" is whoever wrecked Whakatane |
X | Xhosa | xylophone | Xi'an | xylophone (Xavier) | Xmas | "X" is Xmas in Xhosaland | |
Y | ych a fi? | yttrium | yperite | -- (Yves) | Ypers ("wipers") | you | "Y" is yttrium for you |
Z | Zsa Zsa | zloty | zed | Zhivago (rendezvous) | zwitterion, zhuyin | Zhou | "Z" is Zsa Zsa in zhuyin |
Kelkumaj numeraloj
[edit]La grandaj numeraloj dekumaj estas 101 dek, 102 cent, 103 mil; 106 meg, 109 gig, 1012 ter (duiliono), 1015 pet, 1018 eks (triiliono), 1021 zet, 1024 jot (kvariliono).
La numeraloj dekduumaj estas nul, unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naŭ, alf (A aŭ ↊), bet (B aŭ ↋), 121 doz (dekduuma 10), 122 groc (dekduuma 100), 123 groceg (dekduuma 1000; dekuma 1728).
La numeraloj deksesumaj estas nul, unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naŭ, alf (A), bet (B), gam (C), delt (D), eps (E), faŭ (F), 161 heks (deksesuma 10), 162 zenz (deksesuma 100) (< zenzic), 163 zenzeg (deksesuma 1000; dekuma 4096).
La bazaj numeraloj dudekumaj estas 201 vint (dudekuma 10 = dekuma 20), 202 bak (dudekuma 100 = dekuma 400), 203 pik (dudekuma 1000 = dekuma 8000), kaj 206 alaŭ = 1,000,000 / 64,000,000. (Ankaŭ troviĝis 204 kalab = 10,000 / 160,000, 205 kinĉil = 100,000 / 3,200,000.) La majaoj nombris per kvinoj kaj per dudekoj (ekz-e, 17 estis cit "trikvin du").
La sumeroj, babilonianoj kaj iliaj najbaroj uzis dekuman sistemon (dek, dudek, tridek ktp) ĝis 60, por kiu la sumeroj havis bazan vorton, geŝ, kaj la babilonianoj ŝuŝ (nuntempe internaciigita sos). De tie, oni nombris per sosoj (do, 600 estis dek sos, 1200 dudek sos, ktp) ĝis 602 = 3600, por kiu ili denove havis propran vorton, ŝar (internaciigita sar). Do oni povas nombri sesdekume per nur la numeraloj fundamentaj kaj du elbabiloniaj, sos kaj sar. La babilonianoj ankaŭ uzis numeralon ner por dek sos (600), do du ner por dudek sos (1200).
dekuma | dekduuma | deksesuma | dudekuma | sesdekuma | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | dek | doz | heks | vint | sos |
X2 | cent | groc | zenz | bak | sar |
X3 | mil | groceg | zenzeg | pik | sareg |
X6 | meg | (miliuno) | (miliuno) | alaŭ | (miliuno) |
Sunsistemaj astroj
[edit]grandaj
[edit]Name & symbol | Image | Mean radius | Mass | Density | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(km) | (1021 kg) | (g/cm3) | |||
Sun | 695508 ± ? | 1989100000 | 1.409 | ||
Jupiter | 69911±6 | 1898187±88 | 1.3262±0.0003 | ||
Saturn | 58232±6 (136775 for main rings) |
568317±13 | 0.6871±0.0002 | ||
Uranus | 25362±7 | 86813±4 | 1.270±0.001 | ||
Neptune | 24622±19 | 102413±5 | 1.638±0.004 | ||
Earth | 6371.0084±0.0001 | 5972.4±0.3 | 5.5136±0.0003 | ||
Venus | 6052±1 | 4867.5±0.2 | 5.243±0.003 | ||
Mars | 3389.5±0.2 | 641.71±0.03 | 3.9341±0.0007 | ||
Ganymede | 2634.1±0.3 | 148.2 | 1.936 | ||
Titan | 2574.73±0.09 | 134.5 | 1.880±0.004 | ||
Mercury | 2439.4±0.1 | 330.11±0.02 | 5.4291±0.007 | ||
Callisto | 2410.3±1.5 | 107.6 | 1.834±0.003 | ||
Io | 1821.6±0.5 | 89.32 | 3.528±0.006 | ||
Luna | 1737.5±0.1 | 73.46 | 3.344±0.005 | ||
Europa | 1560.8±0.5 | 48.00 | 3.013±0.005 | ||
Triton | 1353.4±0.9 (equatorial) |
21.39±0.03 | 2.061 | ||
Pluto | 1188.3±0.8 | 13.03±0.03 | 1.854±0.006 | ||
Eris | 1163±6 | 16.6±0.2 | 2.52±0.07 | ||
Haumea | 798±6 to 816 | 4.01±0.04 | 2.018 | ||
Titania | 788.9±1.8 | 3.40±0.06 | 1.711±0.005 | ||
Rhea | 763.8±1.0 | 2.307 | 1.236±0.005 | ||
Oberon | 761.4±2.6 (equatorial) |
3.08±0.09 | 1.63±0.05 | ||
Iapetus | 735.6±1.5 | 1.806 | 1.088±0.013 | ||
Makemake | 715+19 −11 |
≈ 3.1 | ≈ 2.1 | ||
Gonggong | 615±25 | 1.75±0.07 | 1.72±0.16 | ||
Charon | 606.0±0.5 | 1.586±0.015 | 1.70±0.02 | ||
Umbriel | 584.7±2.8 | 1.28±0.03 | 1.39±0.16 | ||
Ariel | 578.9±0.6 | 1.25±0.02 | 1.66±0.15 | ||
Dione | 561.7±0.45 | 1.095 | 1.478±0.003 | ||
Quaoar | 560.5±0.6 | 1.4±0.2 | 2.0±0.5 | ||
Tethys | 533.0±0.7 | 0.617 | 0.984±0.003 | ||
Sedna | 498±40 | ? | |||
Ceres | 469.7±0.1 | 0.938 | 2.17 | ||
Orcus | 458±13 | 0.61±0.04 | 1.53±0.14 | ||
Salacia | 423±11 | 0.492±0.007 | 1.5±0.1 | ||
2002 MS4 | 400±12 | ||||
2002 AW197 | 384±19 | – | – | ||
Varda | 373±8 | 0.245±0.006 | 1.23±0.04 | ||
2013 FY27 | 370±40 | – | – | ||
Ixion | 354.8±0.1 | – | – | ||
2003 AZ84 | 353±12 | ?? 0.17 | ?? 1.13±0.17 | ||
Dysnomia | 350±58 | – | – | ||
Varuna | 334+77 −43 |
≈ 0.16 | 0.99+0.09 −0.02 | ||
2012 VP113 | 325±175 | – | – | ||
Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà | 321±14 | 0.1361±0.0033 | 1.02±0.17 | ||
Chaos | 300+70 −65 |
– | – | ||
Vesta | 262.7±0.1 | 0.259 | 3.46 | ||
Pallas | 256±3 | 0.204±0.003 | 2.89±0.08 | ||
Enceladus | 252.1±0.2 | 0.1080±0.0001 | 1.609±0.005 | ||
Miranda | 235.8±0.7 | 0.0659±0.0075 | 1.2±0.15 | ||
Dziewanna | 235+18 −5 |
– | – | ||
Vanth | 221.3±5.1 | ≈ 0.07 | ≈ 1.5 | ||
Hygiea | 217±7 | 0.0832±0.008 | 1.944±0.25 | ||
Proteus | 210±7 | 0.044 | ≈ 1.3 | ||
Huya | 203±8 | > 0.05 | > 1.43 | ||
Mimas | 198.2±0.25 | 0.03749±0.00003 | 1.1479±0.007 | ||
Nereid | 170±25 | – | – | ||
704 Interamnia | 166±3 | 0.038±0.013 | 2.0±0.7 | ||
52 Europa | 152±2 | 0.023±0.016 | 1.5±0.4 | ||
Lempo | 136±9 | 0.007±0.002 | 0.64±0.13 | ||
511 Davida | 135±1 | 0.038±0.002 | 3.66±0.24 | ||
87 Sylvia | 136±3 | 0.015 | 1.38±0.05 | ||
Hyperion | 135±4 | 0.006 | 0.54±0.05 | ||
15 Eunomia | 116±1 | 0.03 | 4.9 | ||
324 Bamberga | 115±4 | 0.011 | 1.5±0.2 | ||
16 Psyche | 111±2 | 0.022±0.003 | 3.9±0.5 | ||
7 Iris | 104±3 | 0.014±0.001 | 2.7±0.3 |
Name & symbol | |
---|---|
Theia |
lunoj
[edit]planedetoj
[edit]148±16 + Emma-I 145±9 -- d=141.6 ca. 140 118±2 121 (88×2) 77±18 + 66 < 60 + < 66