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Line 13: Line 13:
===Dental consonants===
===Dental consonants===
{| class="wikitable IPA"
{| class="wikitable IPA"
| ꞇ ꝺ (τ ẟ þ/ʇ) || t̪ d̪ || c ɟ
| '''ꞇ ꝺ''' (τ ẟ) || ꝷ ꝱ || t̪ d̪ || c ɟ
|-
|-
| θ ð || (θ͇ ð͇) || ç ʝ
| colspan=2| '''θ ð''' || (θ͇ ð͇) || ç ʝ
|-
|-
| ς ζ || s̪ z̪ || ɕ ʑ
| colspan=2| '''ς ζ''' || s̪ z̪ || ɕ ʑ
|-
|-
| 𝼦 || l̪ || ʎ
| 𝼦/⁊ || '''ꝲ''' || l̪ || ʎ
|-
|-
| 𝼧 || n̪ || ɲ
| 𝼧 || '''ꝴ''' || n̪ || ɲ
|-
|-
| (𝼨) || r̪ ||
| ('''𝼨''') ||rowspan=2| ꝵ || r̪ ||
|-
|-
| (ꭋ) || ɾ̪ ||
| ('''''') || ɾ̪ ||
|-
|-
| (<big><sub><span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">ð</span></sub></big>) (ᴆ) || ɹ̪ / ð̞ || j
| ('''<big><sub><span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">ð</span></sub></big>''') (ᴆ) || ð̞ || ɹ̪ || j
|}
|}


Line 189: Line 189:
| A
| A
| Α
| Α
| [[Image:Phoenician aleph.png|15px|Aleph]]
| [[Image:Phoenician aleph.svg|15px|Aleph]]
| અ
| અ
| अ
| अ
Line 205: Line 205:
| C, G
| C, G
| Г
| Г
| [[Image:Phoenician gimel.png|15px|Gimel]]
| [[Image:Phoenician gimel.svg|15px|Gimel]]
| ગ
| ગ
| ग
| ग
Line 214: Line 214:
| D
| D
| Δ
| Δ
| [[Image:Phoenician daleth.png|15px|Daleth]]
| [[Image:Phoenician daleth.svg|15px|Daleth]]
| ધ (ઢ)
| ધ (ઢ)
| ध (ढ)
| ध (ढ)
Line 222: Line 222:
| E
| E
| Ε
| Ε
| [[Image:phoenician he.png|15px|He]]
| [[Image:Phoenician he.svg|15px|He]]
| હ
| હ
| ह
| ह
Line 230: Line 230:
| F, V
| F, V
| Ϝ, Υ
| Ϝ, Υ
| [[Image:Phoenician waw.png|15px|Waw]]
| [[Image:Phoenician waw.svg|15px|Waw]]
| વ
| વ
| व
| व
Line 239: Line 239:
| Z
| Z
| Ζ
| Ζ
|[[Image:phoenician zayin.png|15px|Zayin]]
|[[Image:Phoenician zayin.svg|15px|Zayin]]
| દ (ડ)
| દ (ડ)
| द (ड)
| द (ड)
Line 247: Line 247:
| H
| H
| Η
| Η
| [[Image:phoenician heth.png|15px|Heth]]
| [[Image:Phoenician heth.svg|15px|Heth]]
| ઘ
| ઘ
| घ
| घ
Line 255: Line 255:
| -
| -
| Θ
| Θ
| [[Image:phoenician teth.png|15px|Teth]]
| [[Image:Phoenician teth.svg|15px|Teth]]
| થ (ઠ)
| થ (ઠ)
| थ (ठ)
| थ (ठ)
Line 263: Line 263:
| I, J
| I, J
| Ι
| Ι
|[[Image:phoenician yodh.png|15px|Yodh]]
|[[Image:Phoenician yodh.svg|15px|Yodh]]
| ય
| ય
| य
| य
Line 272: Line 272:
| K
| K
| Κ
| Κ
| [[Image:Phoenician kaph.png|15px|Kaph]]
| [[Image:Phoenician kaph.svg|15px|Kaph]]
| ક
| ક
| क
| क
Line 280: Line 280:
| L
| L
| Λ
| Λ
| [[Image:phoenician lamedh.png|15px|Lamedh]]
| [[Image:Phoenician lamedh.svg|15px|Lamedh]]
| લ
| લ
| ल
| ल
Line 289: Line 289:
| M
| M
| Μ
| Μ
|[[Image:phoenician mem.png|15px|Mem]]
|[[Image:Phoenician mem.svg|15px|Mem]]
| મ
| મ
| म
| म
Line 298: Line 298:
| N
| N
| Ν
| Ν
| [[Image:phoenician nun.png|15px|Nun]]
| [[Image:Phoenician nun.svg|15px|Nun]]
| ન
| ન
| न
| न
Line 315: Line 315:
| O
| O
| Ο
| Ο
| [[Image:phoenician ayin.png|15px|Ayin]]
| [[Image:Phoenician ayin.svg|15px|Ayin]]
|
|
| ?
| ?
Line 322: Line 322:
| P
| P
| Π
| Π
|[[Image:phoenician pe.png|15px|Pe]]
|[[Image:Phoenician pe.svg|15px|Pe]]
| પ, ફ
| પ, ફ
| प, फ
| प, फ
Line 331: Line 331:
| -
| -
| Ϡ
| Ϡ
|[[Image:phoenician sade.png|15px|Sade]]
|[[Image:Phoenician sade.svg|15px|Sade]]
| સ
| સ
| स
| स
Line 348: Line 348:
| R
| R
| Ρ
| Ρ
| [[Image:phoenician res.png|15px|Res]]
| [[Image:Phoenician res.svg|15px|Res]]
| ર
| ર
| र
| र
Line 357: Line 357:
| S
| S
| Σ
| Σ
| [[Image:phoenician sin.png|15px|Sin]]
| [[Image:Phoenician sin.svg|15px|Sin]]
| ષ
| ષ
| ष
| ष
Line 365: Line 365:
| T
| T
| Τ
| Τ
| [[Image:phoenician taw.png|15px|Taw]]
| [[Image:Phoenician taw.svg|15px|Taw]]
| ત (ટ)
| ત (ટ)
| त (ट)
| त (ट)
Line 688: Line 688:
===Notes===
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

===Constellation symbols===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-4}}
: [[Andromeda (constellation)|Andromeda]] [[File:Andromeda symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Antlia]] [[File:Antlia symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Apus]] [[File:Apus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]] [[File:Aquarius symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]] [[File:Aquila symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Ara (constellation)|Ara]] [[File:Ara symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Argo Navis]] [[File:Argo Navis symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]] [[File:Aries symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]] [[File:Auriga symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Boötes]] [[File:Bootes symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Caelum]] [[File:Caelum symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Camelopardalis]] [[File:Camelopardalis symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]] [[File:Cancer symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Canes Venatici]] [[File:Canes Venatici symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Canis Major]] [[File:Canis Major symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Canis Minor]] [[File:Canis Minor symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Capricornus]] [[File:Capricornus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Carina (constellation)|Carina]] [[File:Carina symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]] [[File:Cassiopeia symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Centaurus]] [[File:Centaurus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Cepheus (constellation)|Cepheus]] [[File:Cepheus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Cetus]] [[File:Cetus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Chamaeleon]] [[File:Chamaeleon symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
{{Col-4}}
: [[Circinus (constellation)|Circinus]] [[File:Circinus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]] [[File:Columba symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Coma Berenices]] [[File:Coma Berenices symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Corona Australis]] [[File:Corona Australis symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Corona Borealis]] [[File:Corona Borealis symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Corvus (constellation)|Corvus]] [[File:Corvus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Crater (constellation)|Crater]] [[File:Crater symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Crux]] [[File:Crux symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Cygnus (constellation)|Cygnus]] [[File:Cygnus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Delphinus]] [[File:Delphinus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Dorado]] [[File:Dorado symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]] [[File:Draco symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Equuleus]] [[File:Equuleus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]] [[File:Eridanus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Fornax]] [[File:Fornax symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]] [[File:Gemini symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]] [[File:Grus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Hercules (constellation)|Hercules]] [[File:Hercules symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]] [[File:Horologium symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]] [[File:Hydra symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Hydrus]] [[File:Hydrus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]] [[File:Indus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Lacerta]] [[File:Lacerta symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
{{Col-4}}
: [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] [[File:Leo symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Leo Minor]] [[File:Leo Minor symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]] [[File:Lepus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]] [[File:Libra symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Lupus (constellation)|Lupus]] [[File:Lupus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Lynx (constellation)|Lynx]] [[File:Lynx symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Lyra]] [[File:Lyra symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Mensa (constellation)|Mensa]] [[File:Mensa symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Microscopium]] [[File:Microscopium symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]] [[File:Monoceros symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Musca]] [[File:Musca symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Norma (constellation)|Norma]] [[File:Norma symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Octans]] [[File:Octans symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Ophiuchus]] [[File:Ophiuchus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]] [[File:Orion symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]] [[File:Pavo symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]] [[File:Pegasus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Perseus (constellation)|Perseus]] [[File:Perseus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]] [[File:Phoenix symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Pictor]] [[File:Pictor symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]] [[File:Pisces symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Piscis Austrinus]] [[File:Piscis Austrinus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Puppis]] [[File:Puppis symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
{{Col-4}}
: [[Pyxis]] [[File:Pyxis symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Quadrans Muralis]] [[File:Quadrans Muralis symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Reticulum]] [[File:Reticulum symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Sagitta]] [[File:Sagitta symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]] [[File:Sagittarius symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Scorpius]] [[File:Scorpius symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Sculptor (constellation)|Sculptor]] [[File:Sculptor symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Scutum (constellation)|Scutum]] [[File:Scutum symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Serpens]] [[File:Serpens symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
:: [[Serpens Cauda]] [[File:Serpens cauda symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
:: [[Serpens Caput]] [[File:Serpens caput symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Sextans]] [[File:Sextans symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] [[File:Taurus symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Telescopium]] [[File:Telescopium symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Triangulum]] [[File:Triangulum symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Triangulum Australe]] [[File:Triangulum Australe symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Tucana]] [[File:Tucana symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Ursa Major]] [[File:Ursa Major symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Ursa Minor]] [[File:Ursa Minor symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Vela (constellation)|Vela]] [[File:Vela symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]] [[File:Virgo symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Volans]] [[File:Volans symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
: [[Vulpecula]] [[File:Vulpecula symbol (Moskowitz, variable width).svg|20px]]
{{Col-end}}


==New phonetic alphabet==
==New phonetic alphabet==
Line 804: Line 704:
|aisle (aeon)
|aisle (aeon)
|
|
|aye
| "A" is aether across the aisles
| "A" is aether across the aisles
|-
|-
Line 812: Line 713:
|bdellium
|bdellium
| bdellometer, bdellatomy
| bdellometer, bdellatomy
|bee
| "B" is a blessing with bdellium
| "B" is a blessing with bdellium
|-
|-
Line 820: Line 722:
|czar (Czech)
|czar (Czech)
| [[Chanukkah]], [[chthonic]]
| [[Chanukkah]], [[chthonic]]
| cue
| "C" is the czar celebrating Chanukkah
| "C" is the czar celebrating Chanukkah
|-
|-
Line 828: Line 731:
|Djibouti
|Djibouti
| [[Dzongkha]], 'dswounds ("zounds")
| [[Dzongkha]], 'dswounds ("zounds")
| double-u
| "D" is a djinn dressed in a djellaba
| "D" is a djinn dressed in a djellaba
|-
|-
Line 836: Line 740:
|ewe (euphoric)
|ewe (euphoric)
| eye, ewe
| eye, ewe
| earn
| "E" is the eye of a ewe
| "E" is the eye of a ewe
|-
|-
Line 844: Line 749:
| --
| --
| fhtagn [Lovecraft], Fe-based ['iron-based'], Felinfoel [vɛlɪnvɔɪl], FeO [wüstite]
| fhtagn [Lovecraft], Fe-based ['iron-based'], Felinfoel [vɛlɪnvɔɪl], FeO [wüstite]
| fie
| "F" is Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> [rust] from Felinfoel
| "F" is Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> [rust] from Felinfoel
|-
|-
Line 853: Line 759:
(gnome, gnat)
(gnome, gnat)
| [[gnu]], [[gaol]], [[gjetost]]
| [[gnu]], [[gaol]], [[gjetost]]
| gaol
| "G" is a gnome going to gaol
| "G" is a gnome going to gaol
|-
|-
Line 861: Line 768:
|heir (honest, herbalism)
|heir (honest, herbalism)
| [[honor]], [[hlonipa]], Hsi-an
| [[honor]], [[hlonipa]], Hsi-an
| hour
| "H" is the herbs of Hsian
| "H" is the herbs of Hsian
|-
|-
Line 869: Line 777:
| --
| --
|
|
|
| "I" is irking to IHVH
| "I" is irking to IHVH
|-
|-
Line 877: Line 786:
|jai alai <small>(Juanita, Juarez, Bjorn, fajitas)</small>
|jai alai <small>(Juanita, Juarez, Bjorn, fajitas)</small>
|
|
| jee
| "J" is jarlsberg with jalapeños
| "J" is jarlsberg with jalapeños
|-
|-
Line 885: Line 795:
|knight (knife, knave, knee)
|knight (knife, knave, knee)
| kshatriya, ktypeite ("tipi-ite"), kvetch
| kshatriya, ktypeite ("tipi-ite"), kvetch
| knight
| "K" is a knight knitting knickers
| "K" is a knight knitting knickers
|-
|-
Line 894: Line 805:
(palm, folks)
(palm, folks)
| [[Llandudno]], [[Lodz]], [[Lancut]] ("wine-soot")
| [[Llandudno]], [[Lodz]], [[Lancut]] ("wine-soot")
|
| "L" is the llamas of Lancut
| "L" is the llamas of Lancut
|-
|-
Line 902: Line 814:
|mnemonic
|mnemonic
| mnemic, Mpret ("bret")
| mnemic, Mpret ("bret")
|
| "M" is a mnemonic for Mpret
| "M" is a mnemonic for Mpret
|-
|-
!N
!N
| [[Yellowknives#Yellowknives_First_Nations|Ndilo]] ("Deelo")
| [[Yellowknives#Yellowknives First Nations|Ndilo]] ("Deelo")
| nuance
| nuance
| Ngomo ("Gomo")
| Ngomo ("Gomo")
| -- (solemn, hymn, autumn)
| -- (solemn, hymn, autumn)
| [[Nguyen]] ("win"), [[Ngaio]]
| [[Nguyen]] ("win"), [[Ngaio]]
| night
| "N" is the Nguyens of Ndilo
| "N" is the Nguyens of Ndilo
|-
|-
Line 918: Line 832:
|Ouija (oui, Oaxaca, leopard)
|Ouija (oui, Oaxaca, leopard)
| oud, oubliette
| oud, oubliette
| our
| "O" is Oedipus operating a Ouija-board
| "O" is Oedipus operating a Ouija-board
|-
|-
Line 925: Line 840:
| pneumonia, pterodactyl, <br>psychosis
| pneumonia, pterodactyl, <br>psychosis
|pterodactyl <small>(Ptolemy, psychic, psoriasis)</small>
|pterodactyl <small>(Ptolemy, psychic, psoriasis)</small>
| [[Przewalski's horse]], pneus "news"? pseud?
| [[Przewalski's horse]], pseud?
| pneus "news"?
| "P" is a psychotic pterodactyl with pneumonia
| "P" is a psychotic pterodactyl with pneumonia
|-
|-
Line 934: Line 850:
|quinoa (quiche, quays, Qatar)
|quinoa (quiche, quays, Qatar)
| --> dicts have "kaht", not "cat"
| --> dicts have "kaht", not "cat"
| queue
| "Q" is quaffing qat on the quay
| "Q" is quaffing qat on the quay
|-
|-
Line 942: Line 859:
| --
| --
| [[rGyalrong language|rGyalrong]] "Jiarong", Rwanda
| [[rGyalrong language|rGyalrong]] "Jiarong", Rwanda
|
| "R" is the rGyalrong of Rzeszow / Rhonda's rhythmic rendezvous in Rzeszów
| "R" is the rGyalrong of Rzeszow / Rhonda's rhythmic rendezvous in Rzeszów
|-
|-
Line 950: Line 868:
| -- (debris, isle, Arkansas)
| -- (debris, isle, Arkansas)
| sbirro, 'Sblood, sphere, Szechuan, Stuttgart
| sbirro, 'Sblood, sphere, Szechuan, Stuttgart
| sea
| "S" is sugar sailing down the Saar
| "S" is sugar sailing down the Saar
|-
|-
Line 958: Line 877:
|tsunami (Tchakovski, tchotchkes)
|tsunami (Tchakovski, tchotchkes)
| Tchaikovski, [[tmesis]]
| Tchaikovski, [[tmesis]]
| tea
| "T" is Tlingit tchotchkes
| "T" is Tlingit tchotchkes
|-
|-
Line 966: Line 886:
| -- (guess, disguise)
| -- (guess, disguise)
| uakari, Uighur, Uitlander
| uakari, Uighur, Uitlander
| urn
| "U" is uilleann pipes on an urn
| "U" is uilleann pipes on an urn
|-
|-
Line 974: Line 895:
| --
| --
| [[Vlach]], [[vlei]]
| [[Vlach]], [[vlei]]
| viii
| "V" is verboten veld and vlei
| "V" is verboten veld and vlei
|-
|-
Line 982: Line 904:
|wren (write)
|wren (write)
| [[wrack]], [[wheki]] ("feki"), [[Whakatane]]
| [[wrack]], [[wheki]] ("feki"), [[Whakatane]]
| why
| "W" is whoever wrecked Whakatane
| "W" is whoever wrecked Whakatane
|-
|-
Line 990: Line 913:
|xylophone (Xavier)
|xylophone (Xavier)
| Xmas
| Xmas
|
| "X" is Xmas in Xhosaland
| "X" is Xmas in Xhosaland
|-
|-
Line 997: Line 921:
| [[yperite]]
| [[yperite]]
| -- (Yves)
| -- (Yves)
| [[Ypers]] ("wipers") , you
| [[Ypers]] ("wipers")
| you
| "Y" is yttrium for you
| "Y" is yttrium for you
|-
|-
Line 1,006: Line 931:
|Zhivago (rendezvous)
|Zhivago (rendezvous)
| [[zwitterion]], zhuyin
| [[zwitterion]], zhuyin
| Zhou
| "Z" is Zsa Zsa in zhuyin
| "Z" is Zsa Zsa in zhuyin
|}
|}
Line 1,049: Line 975:
! data-sort-type="number" |(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
! data-sort-type="number" |(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Sun]] || [[File:Sun_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Sun]] || [[File:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Sun_white.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Sun white.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|695508}} ± ?
| {{val|695508}} ± ?
| {{small|{{val|1989100000}}}}
| {{small|{{val|1989100000}}}}
| {{val|1.409}}
| {{val|1.409}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Jupiter]] || [[File:Jupiter_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Jupiter]] || [[File:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Jupiter and its shrunken Great Red Spot.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|69911|6}}
| {{val|69911|6}}
| {{val|1898187|88}}
| {{val|1898187|88}}
| {{val|1.3262|.0003}}
| {{val|1.3262|.0003}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Saturn]] || [[File:Saturn_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Saturn]] || [[File:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ringworld_Waiting.jpg|center|80x80px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ringworld Waiting.jpg|center|80x80px]]
| {{val|58232|6}}<br>{{small|({{val|136775}} for [[Rings of Saturn|main rings]])}}
| {{val|58232|6}}<br>{{small|({{val|136775}} for [[Rings of Saturn|main rings]])}}
| {{val|568317|13}}
| {{val|568317|13}}
| {{val|0.6871|.0002}}
| {{val|0.6871|.0002}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Uranus]] || [[File:Uranus_platinum_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Uranus]] || [[File:Uranus platinum symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Uranus.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Uranus.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|25362|7}}
| {{val|25362|7}}
Line 1,073: Line 999:
| {{val|1.270|.001}}
| {{val|1.270|.001}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Neptune]] || [[File:Neptune_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Neptune]] || [[File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Neptune_-_Voyager_2_(29347980845)_flatten_crop.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Neptune - Voyager 2 (29347980845) flatten crop.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|24622|19}}
| {{val|24622|19}}
| {{val|102413|5}}
| {{val|102413|5}}
| {{val|1.638|.004}}
| {{val|1.638|.004}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Earth]] || [[File:Earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Earth]] || [[File:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Africa_and_Europe_from_a_Million_Miles_Away.png|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Africa and Europe from a Million Miles Away.png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|6371.0084|.0001}}
| {{val|6371.0084|.0001}}
| {{val|5,972.4|.3}}
| {{val|5,972.4|.3}}
| {{val|5.5136|.0003}}
| {{val|5.5136|.0003}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Venus]] || [[File:Venus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Venus]] || [[File:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg|center|53x53px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Venus from Mariner 10.jpg|center|53x53px]]
| {{val|6052|1}}
| {{val|6052|1}}
| {{val|4867.5|.2}}
| {{val|4867.5|.2}}
| {{val|5.243|.003}}
| {{val|5.243|.003}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Mars]] || [[File:Mars_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Mars]] || [[File:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:OSIRIS Mars true color.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|3389.5|0.2}}
| {{val|3389.5|0.2}}
| {{val|641.71|.03}}
| {{val|641.71|.03}}
| {{val|3.9341|.0007}}
| {{val|3.9341|.0007}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] || [[File:Ganymede_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] || [[File:Ganymede symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ganymede_JunoGill_2217.jpg|center|45x45px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ganymede JunoGill 2217.jpg|center|45x45px]]
| {{val|2634.1|0.3}}
| {{val|2634.1|0.3}}
| {{val|148.2}}
| {{val|148.2}}
| {{val|1.936}}
| {{val|1.936}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Titan (moon)|Titan]] || [[File:Titan_T_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]] [[File:Titan_moon_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Titan (moon)|Titan]] || [[File:Titan T symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] [[File:Titan symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Titan_in_true_color.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Titan in true color.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|2574.73|0.09|fmt=gaps}}
| {{val|2574.73|0.09|fmt=gaps}}
| {{val|134.5}}
| {{val|134.5}}
| {{val|1.880|0.004}}
| {{val|1.880|0.004}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] || [[File:Mercury_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] || [[File:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Mercury_in_true_color.jpg|center|54x54px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Mercury in true color.jpg|center|54x54px]]
| {{val|2439.4|.1}}
| {{val|2439.4|.1}}
| {{val|330.11|.02}}
| {{val|330.11|.02}}
| {{val|5.4291|.007}}
| {{val|5.4291|.007}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]] || [[File:Callisto_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]] || [[File:Callisto symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Callisto.jpg|center|51x51px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Callisto.jpg|center|51x51px]]
| {{val|2410.3|1.5}}
| {{val|2410.3|1.5}}
Line 1,122: Line 1,048:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Io (moon)|Io]] || [[File:Io symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|[[Io (moon)|Io]] || [[File:Io symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|1821.6|.5}}
| {{val|1821.6|.5}}
| {{val|89.32}}
| {{val|89.32}}
Line 1,133: Line 1,059:
| {{val|3.344|.005}}
| {{val|3.344|.005}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Europa (moon)|Europa]] || [[File:Europa moon symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Europa (moon)|Europa]] || [[File:Europa moon symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|1560.8|.5}}
| {{val|1560.8|.5}}
Line 1,139: Line 1,065:
| {{val|3.013|0.005}}
| {{val|3.013|0.005}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Triton (moon)|Triton]] || [[File:Triton_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Triton (moon)|Triton]] || [[File:Triton symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Triton moon mosaic Voyager 2 (large).jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|1353.4|0.9}} <br>(equatorial)
| {{val|1353.4|0.9}} <br>(equatorial)
| {{val|21.39|0.03}}
| {{val|21.39|0.03}}
| {{val|2.061}}
| {{val|2.061}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Pluto]] || [[File:Pluto_bident_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Pluto]] || [[File:Pluto symbol (large orb, fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Pluto in True Color - High-Res.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|1188.3|0.8|fmt=gaps}}
| {{val|1188.3|0.8|fmt=gaps}}
| {{val|13.03|0.03}}
| {{val|13.03|0.03}}
| {{val|1.854|0.006}}
| {{val|1.854|0.006}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] || [[File:Eris_symbol_(Moskowitz,_fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] || [[File:Eris symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#420001;" | [[File:Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#420001;" | [[File:Eris and dysnomia2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|1163|6|fmt=gaps}}
| {{val|1163|6|fmt=gaps}}
| {{val|16.6|0.2}}
| {{val|16.6|0.2}}
| {{val|2.52|0.07}}
| {{val|2.52|0.07}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|{{dp|Haumea}} || [[File:Haumea_symbol_(Moskowitz,_fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|{{dp|Haumea}} || [[File:Haumea symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="#181818" | [[File:Haumea_Hubble.png|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="#181818" | [[File:Haumea Hubble.png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|798|6}} to 816
| {{val|798|6}} to 816
| {{val|4.01|0.04}}
| {{val|4.01|0.04}}
| {{val|2.018}}
| {{val|2.018}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Titania (moon)|Titania]] || [[File:Titania_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Titania (moon)|Titania]] || [[File:Titania symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Titania_(moon)_color,_cropped.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Titania (moon) color, cropped.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|788.9|1.8}}
| {{val|788.9|1.8}}
| {{val|3.40|0.06}}
| {{val|3.40|0.06}}
| {{val|1.711|0.005}}
| {{val|1.711|0.005}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]] || [[File:Rhea_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]] || [[File:Rhea symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Rhea_hi-res_PIA07763.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Rhea hi-res PIA07763.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|763.8|1.0}}
| {{val|763.8|1.0}}
| {{val|2.307}}
| {{val|2.307}}
| {{val|1.236|0.005}}
| {{val|1.236|0.005}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]] || [[File:Oberon_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]] || [[File:Oberon symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Voyager_2_picture_of_Oberon.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|761.4|2.6}} <br>(equatorial)
| {{val|761.4|2.6}} <br>(equatorial)
| {{val|3.08|0.09}}
| {{val|3.08|0.09}}
| {{val|1.63|0.05}}
| {{val|1.63|0.05}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]] || [[File:Iapetus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]] || [[File:Iapetus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Iapetus_706_1419_1.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Iapetus 706 1419 1.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|735.6|1.5}}
| {{val|735.6|1.5}}
| {{val|1.806}}
| {{val|1.806}}
| {{val|1.088|0.013}}
| {{val|1.088|0.013}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|{{dp|Makemake}} || [[File:Makemake_symbol_(Moskowitz,_fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|{{dp|Makemake}} || [[File:Makemake symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Makemake_moon_Hubble_image_with_legend_(cropped).jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|715|19|11}}
| {{val|715|19|11}}
| {{val|3.1|p=≈&nbsp;}}
| {{val|3.1|p=≈&nbsp;}}
| {{val|2.1|p=≈&nbsp;}}
| {{val|2.1|p=≈&nbsp;}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[225088 Gonggong|Gonggong]] || [[File:Gonggong_symbol_(Moskowitz,_fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[225088 Gonggong|Gonggong]] || [[File:Gonggong symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#3c3c3c;" | [[File:2007_OR10_and_its_moon.png|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#3c3c3c;" | [[File:2007 OR10 and its moon.png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|615|25}}
| {{val|615|25}}
| {{val|1.75|0.07}}
| {{val|1.75|0.07}}
Line 1,200: Line 1,126:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Charon (moon)|Charon]] || [[File:Charon symbol (fixed width).svg|26x26px]]
|[[Charon (moon)|Charon]] || [[File:Charon symbol (fixed width).svg|26x26px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Charon in True Color - High-Res.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|606.0|0.5}}
| {{val|606.0|0.5}}
| {{val|1.586|0.015}}
| {{val|1.586|0.015}}
| {{val|1.70|0.02}}
| {{val|1.70|0.02}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]] || [[File:Umbriel_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]] || [[File:Umbriel symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:PIA00040_Umbrielx2.47.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|584.7|2.8}}
| {{val|584.7|2.8}}
| {{val|1.28|0.03}}
| {{val|1.28|0.03}}
| {{val|1.39|0.16}}
| {{val|1.39|0.16}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]] || [[File:Ariel_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]] || [[File:Ariel symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ariel_(moon).jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ariel in monochrome.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|578.9|0.6}}
| {{val|578.9|0.6}}
| {{val|1.25|0.02}}
| {{val|1.25|0.02}}
| {{val|1.66|0.15}}
| {{val|1.66|0.15}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Dione (moon)|Dione]] || [[File:Dione_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Dione (moon)|Dione]] || [[File:Dione symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Dione_in_natural_light.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Dione in natural light.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|561.7|0.45}}
| {{val|561.7|0.45}}
| {{val|1.095}}
| {{val|1.095}}
| {{val|1.478|0.003}}
| {{val|1.478|0.003}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]] || [[File:Quaoar_symbol_(Moskowitz,_fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]] || [[File:Quaoar symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="#181818" | [[File:Quaoar-weywot_hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="#181818" | [[File:Quaoar-weywot hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|560.5|0.6}}
| {{val|560.5|0.6}}
| {{val|1.4|0.2}}
| {{val|1.4|0.2}}
| {{val|2.0|0.5}}
| {{val|2.0|0.5}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]] || [[File:Tethys_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]] || [[File:Tethys symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|533.0|0.7}}
| {{val|533.0|0.7}}
Line 1,235: Line 1,161:
| {{val|0.984|0.003}}
| {{val|0.984|0.003}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[90377 Sedna|Sedna]] || [[File:Sedna_symbol_(Moskowitz,_fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[90377 Sedna|Sedna]] || [[File:Sedna symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:Sedna_PRC2004-14d.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:Sedna PRC2004-14d.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|498|40}}
| {{val|498|40}}
| ?
| ?
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] || [[File:Ceres_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] || [[File:Ceres symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_(22381131691)_(cropped).jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691) (cropped).jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|469.7|.1}}
| {{val|469.7|.1}}
| {{val|0.938}}
| {{val|0.938}}
| {{val|2.17}}
| {{val|2.17}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[90482 Orcus|Orcus]] || [[File:Orcus_symbol_(Moskowitz,_fixed_width).svg|24px]]
|[[90482 Orcus|Orcus]] || [[File:Orcus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:Orcus-vanth_hst2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:Orcus-vanth hst2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|458|13}}
| {{val|458|13}}
| {{val|0.61<!--subtracting an est. 5% for Vanth-->|0.04<!--adding 0.02 for the likely error in the Vanth estimate-->}}
| {{val|0.61<!--subtracting an est. 5% for Vanth-->|0.04<!--adding 0.02 for the likely error in the Vanth estimate-->}}
Line 1,254: Line 1,180:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[120347 Salacia|Salacia]] || [[File:Salacia symbol (Latin).svg|24px]]
|[[120347 Salacia|Salacia]] || [[File:Salacia symbol (Latin).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Salacia_Hubble.png|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Salacia Hubble.png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|423|11}}
| {{val|423|11}}
| {{val|0.492|0.007}}
| {{val|0.492|0.007}}
Line 1,260: Line 1,186:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|{{mpl-|307261|2002 MS|4}} || [[File:MS4 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|{{mpl-|307261|2002 MS|4}} || [[File:MS4 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:2002MS4_Hubble.png|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:black;" | [[File:2002MS4 Hubble.png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|400|12}}
| {{val|400|12}}
|
|
Line 1,266: Line 1,192:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| {{mpl-|55565|2002 AW|197}} || [[File:AW197 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| {{mpl-|55565|2002 AW|197}} || [[File:AW197 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:55565-2002aw197_hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:55565-2002aw197 hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|384|19}}
| {{val|384|19}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[174567 Varda|Varda]] || [[File:Varda_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|31x31px]]
| [[174567 Varda|Varda]] || [[File:Varda symbol (fixed width).svg|31x31px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:Varda-ilmare_hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:Varda-ilmare hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|373|8}}
| {{val|373|8}}
| {{val|0.245|0.006}}<!-- 92% of system mass -->
| {{val|0.245|0.006}}<!-- 92% of system mass -->
Line 1,278: Line 1,204:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| {{mpl-|532037|2013 FY|27}} || [[File:FY27 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| {{mpl-|532037|2013 FY|27}} || [[File:FY27 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:2013_FY27_small.png|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:2013 FY27 small.png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|370|40}}
| {{val|370|40}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[28978 Ixion|Ixion]] || [[File:Ixion_symbol_(Latin, fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[28978 Ixion|Ixion]] || [[File:Ixion symbol (Latin, fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:28978-ixion_hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:28978-ixion hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|354.8|.1}}
| {{val|354.8|.1}}
| –
| –
Line 1,290: Line 1,216:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| {{mpl-|208996|2003 AZ|84}} || [[File:AZ84 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| {{mpl-|208996|2003 AZ|84}} || [[File:AZ84 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:2003AZ84_Hubble_small.png|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:2003AZ84 Hubble small.png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|353|12}}
| {{val|353|12}}
| {{val|0.17|p=??&nbsp;}}<!--from density and size-->
| {{val|0.17|p=??&nbsp;}}<!--from density and size-->
| {{val|1.13|0.17|p=??&nbsp;}}<!--scaled to the radius cited here-->
| {{val|1.13|0.17|p=??&nbsp;}}<!--scaled to the radius cited here-->
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]] || [[File:Dysnomia_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
| [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]] || [[File:Dysnomia symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#420001;" | [[File:Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#420001;" | [[File:Eris and dysnomia2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|350|58}}
| {{val|350|58}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[20000 Varuna|Varuna]] || [[File:Varuna_symbol_(Moskowitz,_fixed_width).svg|24px]]
| [[20000 Varuna|Varuna]] || [[File:Varuna symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:20000-varuna_hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:20000-varuna hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|334|77|43}}
| {{val|334|77|43}}
| {{val|0.16|p=≈&nbsp;}}
| {{val|0.16|p=≈&nbsp;}}
Line 1,313: Line 1,239:
| –
| –
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà|Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà]] || [[File:Gǃkunǁʼhomdima_symbol.svg|24px]]
| [[229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà|Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà]] || [[File:Gǃkunǁʼhomdima symbol.svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:2007_UK126_Hubble_(crop).png|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:2007 UK126 Hubble (crop).png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|321|14}}
| {{val|321|14}}
| {{val|0.1361|0.0033}}
| {{val|0.1361|0.0033}}
Line 1,325: Line 1,251:
| –
| –
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] || [[File:Vesta_symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] || [[File:Vesta symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Vesta_in_natural_color.jpg|center|49x49px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Vesta in natural color.jpg|center|49x49px]]
| {{val|262.7|0.1}}
| {{val|262.7|0.1}}
| {{val|0.259}}
| {{val|0.259}}
Line 1,332: Line 1,258:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[2 Pallas|Pallas]] || [[File:Pallas symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[2 Pallas|Pallas]] || [[File:Pallas symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Potw1749a_Pallas_crop.png|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Potw1749a Pallas crop.png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|256|3}}
| {{val|256|3}}
| {{val|0.204|0.003}}
| {{val|0.204|0.003}}
| {{val|2.89|0.08}}
| {{val|2.89|0.08}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[Enceladus]] || [[File:Enceladus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
| [[Enceladus]] || [[File:Enceladus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:PIA17202-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-ApproachingFlyby-20151028.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:PIA17202-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-ApproachingFlyby-20151028.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|252.1|0.2}}
| {{val|252.1|0.2}}
Line 1,343: Line 1,269:
| {{val|1.609|0.005}}
| {{val|1.609|0.005}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]] || [[File:Miranda_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
| [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]] || [[File:Miranda symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Miranda.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Miranda.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|235.8|0.7}}
| {{val|235.8|0.7}}
Line 1,349: Line 1,275:
| {{val|1.2|0.15}}
| {{val|1.2|0.15}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[471143 Dziewanna|Dziewanna]] || [[File:Dziewanna_symbol.svg|24px]]
| [[471143 Dziewanna|Dziewanna]] || [[File:Dziewanna symbol.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:471143-dziewanna_hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:471143-dziewanna hst.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|235|18|5}}
| {{val|235|18|5}}
| –
| –
| –
| –
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[Vanth (moon)|Vanth]] || [[File:Vanth_symbol_(fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[Vanth (moon)|Vanth]] || [[File:Vanth symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:Orcus-vanth_hst2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| style="background:#181818;" | [[File:Orcus-vanth hst2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|221.3|5.1}}
| {{val|221.3|5.1}}
| {{val|0.07|p=≈&nbsp;}}
| {{val|0.07|p=≈&nbsp;}}
| {{val|1.5|p=≈&nbsp;}}
| {{val|1.5|p=≈&nbsp;}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]] || [[File:Hygiea_symbol_(original, fixed width).svg|24px]] [[File:Hygiea_symbol_(astrological, fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]] || [[File:Hygiea symbol (original, fixed width).svg|24px]] [[File:Hygiea symbol (astrological, fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:SPHERE_image_of_Hygiea.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:SPHERE image of Hygiea.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|217|7}}
| {{val|217|7}}
| {{val|0.0832|0.008}}
| {{val|0.0832|0.008}}
| {{val|1.944|0.25}}
| {{val|1.944|0.25}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[Proteus (moon)|Proteus]] || [[File:Proteus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
| [[Proteus (moon)|Proteus]] || [[File:Proteus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Proteus_(Voyager_2).jpg|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Proteus (Voyager 2).jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|210|7}}
| {{val|210|7}}
| {{val|0.044}}
| {{val|0.044}}
| {{val|1.3|p=≈&nbsp;}}
| {{val|1.3|p=≈&nbsp;}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[38628 Huya|Huya]] || [[File:Huya_symbol.svg|24px]]
| [[38628 Huya|Huya]] || [[File:Huya symbol.svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Huya_Hubble.png|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Huya Hubble.png|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|203|8}}
| {{val|203|8}}
| {{val|0.05|p=>&nbsp;}}
| {{val|0.05|p=>&nbsp;}}
| {{val|1.43|p=>&nbsp;}}
| {{val|1.43|p=>&nbsp;}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]] || [[File:Mimas_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|24px]]
| [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]] || [[File:Mimas symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Mimas_Cassini.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Mimas Cassini.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|198.2|0.25}}
| {{val|198.2|0.25}}
| {{val|0.03749|0.00003}}
| {{val|0.03749|0.00003}}
| {{val|1.1479|0.007}}
| {{val|1.1479|0.007}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[Nereid (moon)|Nereid]] || [[File:Nereid symbol (fixed_width).svg|24px]]
| [[Nereid (moon)|Nereid]] || [[File:Nereid symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Nereid-Voyager2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Nereid-Voyager2.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|170|25}}
| {{val|170|25}}
Line 1,392: Line 1,318:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[704 Interamnia]] || [[File:Interamnia symbol (vertical).svg|24px]]
| [[704 Interamnia]] || [[File:Interamnia symbol (vertical).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:SPHERE image of Interamnia.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" |
| {{val|166|3}}
| {{val|166|3}}
| {{val|0.038|0.013}}
| {{val|0.038|0.013}}
Line 1,445: Line 1,371:
| {{val|3.9|0.5}}
| {{val|3.9|0.5}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[7 Iris]] || [[File:Iris symbol (fixed_width).svg|24px]]
| [[7 Iris]] || [[File:Iris symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Iris asteroid eso.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| bgcolor="black" | [[File:Iris asteroid eso.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| {{val|104|3}}
| {{val|104|3}}
Line 1,533: Line 1,459:
| [[File:Nereid symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Nereid symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
! [[File:Orcus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:Orcus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Vanth symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Vanth symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
Line 1,539: Line 1,465:
| [[File:AZ84 moon symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:AZ84 moon symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
! [[File:Pluto bident symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:Pluto symbol (large orb, fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Charon symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Charon symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Styx symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Styx symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Nix symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Nix symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Kerberos symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Kerberos symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Hydra symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Hydra moon symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
! [[File:Ixion symbol (Latin, fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:Ixion symbol (Latin, fixed width).svg|24px]]
Line 1,553: Line 1,479:
! [[File:MS4 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:MS4 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
! [[File:Haumea symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:Haumea symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Namaka symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Namaka symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Hiiaka symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Hiiaka symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
! [[File:Quaoar symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:Quaoar symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Weywot symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Weywot symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
! [[File:Makemake symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:Makemake symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:MK2 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:MK2 symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
Line 1,571: Line 1,497:
| [[File:FY27 moon symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:FY27 moon symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
! [[File:Gonggong symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:Gonggong symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Xiangliu symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Xiangliu symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
! [[File:Eris symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:Eris symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Dysnomia symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
| [[File:Dysnomia symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
! [[File:Sedna symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg|24px]]
! [[File:Sedna symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]]
|}
|}


Line 1,584: Line 1,510:
!Symbol || D comb. (prim.) || colspan=2| moons || density
!Symbol || D comb. (prim.) || colspan=2| moons || density
|-
|-
| [[File:Varuna symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg|24px|link=20000 Varuna]] || ~660 || colspan=2| -- ||
| [[File:Varuna symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|link=20000 Varuna]] || ~660 || colspan=2| -- ||
|-
|-
| [[File:Gǃkunǁʼhomdima_symbol.svg|24px|link=229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà]]
| [[File:Gǃkunǁʼhomdima symbol.svg|24px|link=229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà]]
| {{val|642|28}}
| {{val|642|28}}
| [[File:Gǃoʼe ǃHu_symbol.svg|24px|link=Gǃòʼé ǃHú]] || ||
| [[File:Gǃoʼe ǃHu symbol.svg|24px|link=Gǃòʼé ǃHú]] || ||
|-
|-
| [[File:Vesta symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|link=4 Vesta]] || {{val|525.4}} || colspan=2| -- || 2.362
| [[File:Vesta symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|link=4 Vesta]] || {{val|525.4}} || colspan=2| -- || 2.362

Latest revision as of 11:09, 29 August 2024


!

[edit]

Additional lexical sets - the PASTA / ATLATL vowel (æ~ɑː) for loan [a] (for loan [aː], both countries use the PALM vowel), the ROSES vowel (schwi ᵻ) and the WILLOW vowel (schwu ᵿ~ɵ).

For the first, a monosyllabic key word would be best, but the only one I can think of is Mann, which wouldn't be clear in speach.

fontname:ss06&cv03 Stylistic set (1 to 20) and character variant

Suggestions for phonemic distinctions that don't have distinct letters.

Dental consonants

[edit]
ꞇ ꝺ (τ ẟ) ꝷ ꝱ t̪ d̪ c ɟ
θ ð (θ͇ ð͇) ç ʝ
ς ζ s̪ z̪ ɕ ʑ
𝼦/⁊ ʎ
𝼧 ɲ
(𝼨)
() ɾ̪
(ð) (ᴆ) ð̞ ɹ̪ j

/t̪ r̪/ all contrastive, esp. if 'dental' includes laminal. [Alan Hall (1997) Phonology of Coronals, Rhotics, claims /r/ may be dental or alveolar, but there can be no contrast within a language; vd. Fig. 25.] In the 1989 Kiel convention, dental characters were proposed for [t̪ r̪] (ignoring [s̪ z̪], which are contrastive in e.g. Basque laminal dental vs apical alveolar). The flap ɾ̪ is thus probably not needed, and the approximant [ð̞] has likewise been found unnecessary despite many requests. The proposed characters were the alveolars with a left arm – thus ⟨ƌ⟩ for [d̪] and n for [n̪] derived from Pullum. However, while there was 30% support for dental characters in the run-up to the convention (8/25 respondents), the proposed characters got only 4% support (1 respondent – presumably the proposer). They were not very distinct from the other t- and d-based letters of the IPA, so better to use Greek letters. We may want to make an exception for dental ⟨λ⟩, due to the potential of confusing it with palatal ⟨ʎ⟩ (both occur in Australian languages, for example). ⟨⟩ may be a convenient graphic substitute for the lateral flap, if that's ever needed.


ᵷ ɢ

ꝿ ʁ

ϱ ʀ

Protruded front vowels & compressed back vowels

[edit]

Diacritics may be used, but e.g. ⟨⟩ and ⟨uᵝ⟩ suggest an off-glide, which may be inaccurate, and are visually distracting.

Front Central Back
Semivowel j ɥ – j̈ ɥ̈ ẅ ɰ ꝡ w
High i y ỿ ɨ ɏ ʉ ɯ ư u
Near high ɪ ʏ ᵻ ʏ̵ ᵿ
(ɪ̈ ʏ̈ ʊ̈)
ʊ

The three-way distinction here is unrounded, inrounded (compressed) and outrounded (protruded/pursed). A four-way distinction of horizontal compression alone vs vertical and horizontal compression is found (e.g. [ɯᵝ] vs [uᵝ] and [ɰᵝ] vs [wᵝ]), but this is probably more detail than distinct letters would be useful for. If they were needed, ⟨ɯ̛⟩, ⟨ư⟩ and ⟨ɰ̛⟩, ⟨⟩ might be used.

Adequate click influx symbols

[edit]

The current (Lepsius) click letters are incompatible with IPA prosodic notation, Wells has complained that the dental click is frequently confused with el, and publishers do not like to use them with IPA delimiters. The older (Jones) letters were better, but too limited for phonetic transcription, and Jones misanalyzed two of the places of articulation ('retroflex' for alveolar and 'velar' for palatal). An adequate set of symbols would distinguish not just place of articulation and shape of the tongue but whether the click release was abrupt or fricated. This would require more than the six phonemic distinctions or the current five letters designed for them. Because two articulations of the tongue are required, the tongue shapes of coronal clicks do not correlate perfectly to those of plosives, and separate letters are used for clicks where the same IPA letter would be used for plosives (e.g. dental vs alveolar).

Click release ('influx') symbols
affricated bilabial φ (ꝍ) ʘ
affricated sublingual (sucking teeth)
affricated laminal denti-alveolar ǀ
affricated laminal linguolabial ꞇ̼ ǀ̼
fronted lateral
abrupt concave alveolar ψ ǃ
slapped (sublaminal percussive) alveolar ψ ǃ¡
affricated lateral laminal alveolar ξ ǁ
abrupt/palatal lateral ξ
affricated subapical retroflex ʗ
abrupt domed palatal π ǂ
affricated (lateral) palatal π    ʃ =
affricated velar (back-released) ʞ

Whether  ʃ = or π is used might depend on whether the click was analyzed as basically a ǃ-click or a ǂ-click. ⟨ꜫ⟩ would be a convenient alt for turned-ξ, or as a third letter if both place (alveolar vs palatal) and manner (affricated vs abrupt) need to be distinguished, or for the click that's been described as intermediate between [ʇ] and [ξ].

⟩ would really be a better letter for a dental click, if it's not used for a dental plosive – it resembles Zulu c, graphically it's half a ξ (paralleling the Lepsius letters), and it's the basis for ⟨⟩. If pulmonic dental consonants are needed, perhaps ⟨ʇ⟩ and ⟨⟩ could swap places.

As with labial-velar consonants, two letters are required to write a click. Distinguish velar-alveolar [k͜π] from uvular-alveolar [q͜π], and simultaneously released [k͜πʰ, q͜πʰ] from delayed release [π͜kʰ, π͜qʰ]. As the click letter is undefined for voicing or nasality, that information may be carried solely by the second letter. For velar clicks: voiceless oral [k͜π], voiced oral [ɡ͜π], voiced nasal [ŋ͜π], voiceless nasal [ŋ̊͜π].

Tie bars are strictly necessary, but may be omitted in loose transcription. They are probably best placed under the consonant, where they are less distracting. For glottalized clicks, two tie bars may be necessary: [ŋ̊͜π͡ʔ] or [ŋ͜π͡ʔ], though [ŋ̊͜πˀ], [ŋ͜πˀ] may be sufficient, even though the latter do not specify full glottal closure.

For back-released clicks, there's the possibility of alveolar-velar [t͜ʞ̃] (or [n̥͜ʞ]?) vs labial-velar [p͜ʞ̃] (or [m̥͜ʞ]?), but this may not be necessary in practice. [ʞ] and [ᵹ] only occur paralexically.

Derivation

The above are Greek or Latinized Greek letters that graphically resemble orthographies for clicks or have iconic connections.

  • (≈ Latin tau) for Greek t and graphically recalls c, linking it to ʇ, c, tsk. Insular has distinct capital (which true Greek τ does not) and has a better bowl than Greek τ in many fonts (i.e. it better resembles c). Or perhaps use (which resembles a ꞇ-ς ligature -- cf. ƾ) if ꞇ is used for a dental plosive.
  • ψ hollow bowl ≈ hollow sound + iconic | for click; graphically resembles q. Backformation of the Doke letter ψ for a true retroflex click, if a retroflex tail were added to ψ to make it consistent with other retroflex letters.
  • ξ is Greek x, also resembles a double (stacked) dental ꞇ-ς ligature just as ǁ is double dental ǀ.
  • π is Greek p for 'palate', ≈ rotated ǂ (horiz. bar for palate + 2 strokes rather than vert. bar). Doke's symbol ↆ would be appropriate at the (acoustically) flat analogue of [ψ]. ʗ, which in the IPA was ambiguous between alveolar and palatal, would also fit, as it matches palatal [c] in form.
  • ? ϱ (≈ Latin curled p) resembles @ (typewriter substitute for ʘ), labial p, and old bilabial trill ρ.
  • ʗ as a retroflex click per its retroflex form. ψ with a retroflex tail isn't particularly appropriate, as acoustically the retroflex is very different from the alveolar (e.g. it's affricated). One of the problems with the pre-Kiel letters is that 'retroflex' ⟨ʗ⟩ had the shape of a retroflex but was used for the alveolar, which made transcribing actual retroflex clicks unintuitive. It may be best to reassign it to an actual retroflex, per its label, or for a palatal click, given its graphic similarity to ⟨c⟩. Thus Doke's letters ψ, ʗ are exchanged.
  • front lateral as it resembles alveolar/palatal lateral ξ
  • ʞ per old IPA value, no need for further distinctions

Star names

[edit]

[1] [2] [3]

The system occurs in the lunar station that was given the name πολις polis in a Coptic manuscript list of lunar stations, which Crum concluded were either in "debased" Greek or in a few cases Coptic equivalents of Greek names. Given that the Greeks are not known to have used lunar stations, the origin of the names is unknown.[4] Allen's source[5] reports the name as "Polis (= Sagittarius, particularly the Bow-stars)", translates it as "the Foal", and identifies it with the Greek word πῶλος pôlos "foal", which they identify as the Hippocentaur.[6] But ... this station would be called κάστρον kastron "fort" in later Greek documents, corresponding to (translating?) Arabic البلدة albalda "town", (Weinstock or the writer of his letter added "= Arabic" after πολις) suggesting that Coptic-Greek πολις is to be identified with Greek πόλις "city"[4]


  1. ^ Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
  2. ^ Rumrill, H. B. (June 1936). "Star Name Pronunciation". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 48 (283). San Francisco, California.
  3. ^ Davis, George A. (1944). "The pronunciations, derivations, and meanings of a selected list of star names". Popular Astronomy. 52: 8–30.
  4. ^ a b See station 22 in footnote 12 in Stefan Weinstock, "Lunar Mansions and Early Calendars", Journal of Hellenic Studies, Volume 69, November 1949, pp. 48-69.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference allen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ p.33 of Robert Brown Jr, "Euphratean Stellar Researches", part V, in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, vol. xviii, no. cxxxiv, 1896 Jan 14, pp.25–44.

Family of alphabets

[edit]
Western ← Phoenician → Brahmic → Hangul
Latin Greek Gujarati Devanagari Tibetan Cree
A Α Aleph
B В Beth ㅂ, ㅁ
C, G Г Gimel ㄱ, (ㆁ)
D Δ Daleth ધ (ઢ) ध (ढ) -
E Ε He (ㅱ)
F, V Ϝ, Υ Waw
Z Ζ Zayin દ (ડ) द (ड) ད (ཌ) ㄷ, ㄴ
H Η Heth -
- Θ Teth થ (ઠ) थ (ठ) ཐ (ཋ)
I, J Ι Yodh
K Κ Kaph
L Λ Lamedh
M Μ Mem
N Ν Nun
- Ξ Samek
O Ο Ayin ?
P Π Pe પ, ફ प, फ པ, ཕ
- Ϡ Sade ㅈ, ㅅ
Q Ϙ Qoph
R Ρ Res
S Σ Sin
T Τ Taw ત (ટ) त (ट) ཏ (ཊ)

Barthel and Guy: A calendar on tablet C

[edit]
Phonetic complements and determinatives
Guy: I think that's enough so I am commenting out the remainder

This corresponds well to the old Rapa Nui lunar calendar, which appears to have had 28 regular nights plus two intercalary nights. The connection is strengthened by the pattern of the crescents:

 
The days of the old calendar
*1 ata *15 motohi
2 ari, hiro 16 kokore 1
3 kokore 1 17 kokore 2
4 kokore 2 18 kokore 3
5 kokore 3 19 kokore 4
6 kokore 4 20 kokore 5
7 kokore 5 21 tapume
8 kokore 6 22 matua
*9 maharu *23 rongo
10 hua 24 rongo tane
11 atua 25 mauri nui
12 maure 26 mauri kero
13 ina-ira 27 mutu
14 rakau 28 tireo
*New moon, full moon, and
the first & last quarters.
Days in green are modified
crescents in the tablet.
The
o- prefix of some days
has been removed.
  • To match the Rapa Nui lunar calendar, the first two crescents (on line Ca6) must be the night of the new moon and the following night. Now, in the old calendar, the six nights following these two nights all had the name kokore (kokore 1–6), as did the five nights following the full moon (kokore 1–5). The Mamari tablet has sequences of six and of five crescents at the proper locations to be the kokore: at the beginning (left side) of line Ca7 and at the break from Ca7 to Ca8 (right side).
  • The six nights in the old calendar between the kokore 6 and the full moon are broken up by the intercalary day hotu in two of the three records we have. On the tablet, the six crescents between the sequence identified above as the kokore and the full moon are also broken up into two groups of three.
  • The eight nights in the old calendar between kokore 5 and the new moon break naturally with the night for the third quarter, rongo, into three and five. The crescents on the tablet are also broken into groups of three and five.

There are in addition several phonetic values suggested by Guy for the glyphs (green) which appear to modify these crescents, which correspond to the old calendar:

  • All of the kokore crescents are unadorned; phonetic complements would not be of much use distinguishing them.
  • At least one crescent is modified in all other groups, where the nights have individual names.

Guy then compared possible meanings or near homonyms of the names of the other nights with Englert's Old Rapa Nui dictionary, and attempted to find correspondences with the modifying glyphs. His results were,

  • Night 10, hua: Per Englert, hua means 'fruit' or 'testicles', which resemble the hairy double lump hanging from crescent 10. This was perhaps used for a phonetic value hu.
  • Night 11, atua: This means 'god, lord'. The glyph preceding crescent 11 resembles the feathered capes emblematic of Polynesian chiefs.
  • Night 12, maure: Ure means 'penis, line', which resembles the glyph attached to crescent 12.
  • Night 23, rongo, the last quarter. Maro is a feathered garland, perhaps used for a phonetic value ro, and resembles the glyph attached to crescent 23.
  • Night 24, rongo tane. The preceding glyph is generally assumed to be a frigatebird, which is tavake in Rapanui. Guy suggests that it is being used as a phonetic complement ta, to distinguish rongo tane from the preceding night rongo.
  • Night 1, ata. Guy was not able to come up with any reading for the modifying glyph.
  • Night 2, ari, or o-hiro in Englert. Hiro means 'to twine (cord)', and the glyph looks like two joined garlands.

Top 100 language populations (original numbers)

[edit]

NE2007 data is directly from Parkvall. NE2010 data is not.

Extended content
Language NE 2007 NE 2010 other notes
Mandarin 935 955 910 (2015)
Spanish 387 407 480 (2018)
English 365 359 360–400 (2006) per Talk
Hindi+ 295 311 322 (2011) census conflation Hindustani guestimate ~250 million (2011 & 2017 censuses) + ~500 million L2 (1999–2016)
Arabic 280 293 310 (2011–2016), w 270 Classical L2
Portuguese 204 216 220 million (2012–2016) Estimate based on 30% of Angola, but that claim is based on urban pop only.
Bengali 202 206 256 (2011 census [India][1] – 2015 [Bangl.])
Russian 160 154 110 L2
Japanese 127 126
Punjabi 95.5 102 120M 2011-2015, artificial borders
German 92.1 89 –95 (2014) per Talk
Javanese 82.4
Wu 79.5
Indonesian/Malay 76.9 200–250 total (2009)
Telugu 75.9
Vietnamese 75.6
Korean 75.5 78 (2008–2012)
French 73.8 77 (2015 OIF) per Talk. + 70M L2 and 70M partial
Marathi 72.9
Tamil 70
Urdu 65.6
Turkish 62.6
Italian 59.4 64 (ca. 2012) reasonable update
Cantonese 59.2
Thai 56.2 20 (2000) different scope; 40M L2 (2001)
Gujarati 48.9
Jin 47.6
Min Nan 46.9
Persian 45.3 60 (2009) reasonable alt. estimate; NE may be underestimate due to reliance on falsified Uzbek census. 110M total.
Polish 40.2
Pashto 38.6 –60 (2009) per Talk?
Kannada 38.1
Xiang 38.1
Malayalam 37.7
Sundanese 37.5
Hausa 34.5
Oriya 33.4
Burmese 33.2
Hakka 30.6
Ukrainian 30.4
Bhojpuri 28.7 40 (2001 census) conflation w Hindi
Tagalog 27.5 45M L2 (2013)
Yoruba 27.5
Maithili 26.8 34.7 (2000–2001)
[round to 1 sigfig]
conflation w Hindi
Uzbek 25.6 27 (2011–2014) reasonable alt estimate
Sindhi 25.5
Amharic 24.8 21.8 (2007 census) reasonable alt
Fula 24.5
Romanian 24.5 23.7 (2004–2012) reasonable alt
Oromo 24.1 25.8 Eth (2007 census) + 0.4
Igbo 24.0
Azerbaijani 22.7 25.7 (1997–2010) reasonable alt.
Awadhi 22.0 38.3 (2001) conflated w Hindi
Gan Chinese 21.8
Cebuano 21.1
Dutch 20.9 21.9 (2012) assuming Vlaams is double-counted in [nld]
Kurdish 20.6 –30 (2010 est.) highly uncertain
Serbo-Croatian 18.8
Malagasy 18.4
Saraiki 17.2 20 (2013) reasonable alt.
Nepali 16.8 16.2 (2001–2011 censuses)
Sinhalese 16.5
Chittagonian 15.9 –13 (2006)
Zhuang 15.9
Khmer 15.8
Assamese 15.4
Madurese 15
Somali 14.7 14.8 (2002–2009)
Marwari 14.1 22.2 (2001 census – 2007) includes Dhundari (1.9M here and 9.6M below); 30.0 total w latter
Magahi 13.9 14 (2001 census) conflated w Hindi
Haryanvi 13.8 13 (1992) census conflation w Hindi
Hungarian 12.7 12.6 (2002–2012)
Chattisgarhi 12.3 17.5 (2002) conflated w Hindi
Greek 11.9 13.4 (2012)
Chewa 11.5
Deccan 11.4
Akan 11.0
Kazakh 11.0
Min Bei 10.9
Sylheti 10.7
Zulu 10.4 12 (2011 census)
Czech 10.0 10.6 (2012)
Kinyarwanda 9.8
Dhundhari 9.6
Haitian Creole 9.6
Min Dong 9.5
Ilokano 9.1
Quechua 8.9
Kirundi 8.8
Swedish 8.7 9.2 (2012)
Hmong 8.4 3.71 (1995–2000) different scope; Ethn. figures double-counted from change request[1]
Shona 8.3
Uyghur 8.2 10.4 (2010 census)
Hiligaynon 8.2
Mossi 7.6
Xhosa 7.6 8.2 (2011 census)
Belarusian 7.6 3.2 (ca. 2009 census) per Talk; NE figure demonstrably wrong
Balochi 7.6
Konkani 7.4

Turkmen entry spurious, perhaps typo. Data supports < 7M.

Swahili is 5.94M for 2012 data (4M TZ, 1M Zaire, 645k Kenya, 140k Rwanda, 40k Somalia)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ E16 lists 1.4M for Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao, but in the change request, it's 1.4M in China, and 247k elsewhere, including Mong Njua in SE Asia and the US. But the latter figure appears to correspond to the 270k already listed for Hmong Njua outside China (310k − 40k in China). Numbers do not include Hm. Do or Hm. Don.

New phonetic alphabet

[edit]
Letter Word 1972 version[1]   BNL song P Is for Pterodactyl other suggestions
A aether aesthetic aisle aisle (aeon) aye "A" is aether across the aisles
B bdellium bdellium bdellium bdellium bdellometer, bdellatomy bee "B" is a blessing with bdellium
C czar cyst czar czar (Czech) Chanukkah, chthonic cue "C" is the czar celebrating Chanukkah
D Django djellaba djinn ("gin") Djibouti Dzongkha, 'dswounds ("zounds") double-u "D" is a djinn dressed in a djellaba
E Euphrates euphemism Euphrates ewe (euphoric) eye, ewe earn "E" is the eye of a ewe
F ffoulkes feign fohn ("phone")
[but dicts have "fain" or "fern"]
-- fhtagn [Lovecraft], Fe-based ['iron-based'], Felinfoel [vɛlɪnvɔɪl], FeO [wüstite] fie "F" is Fe2O3 [rust] from Felinfoel
G gnome gnat gnarly gnocchi

(gnome, gnat)

gnu, gaol, gjetost gaol "G" is a gnome going to gaol
H hour heuristic hour heir (honest, herbalism) honor, hlonipa, Hsi-an hour "H" is the herbs of Hsian
I IHVH ithyphallic irk -- "I" is irking to IHVH
J jarlsberg jarlsberg jalapeño jai alai (Juanita, Juarez, Bjorn, fajitas) jee "J" is jarlsberg with jalapeños
K knickers knickers knick-knack knight (knife, knave, knee) kshatriya, ktypeite ("tipi-ite"), kvetch knight "K" is a knight knitting knickers
L llama llama llama ("yama") --

(palm, folks)

Llandudno, Lodz, Lancut ("wine-soot") "L" is the llamas of Lancut
M mnemonic mnemonic mnemonic mnemonic mnemic, Mpret ("bret") "M" is a mnemonic for Mpret
N Ndilo ("Deelo") nuance Ngomo ("Gomo") -- (solemn, hymn, autumn) Nguyen ("win"), Ngaio night "N" is the Nguyens of Ndilo
O oestrogen oestrogen Ouija board Ouija (oui, Oaxaca, leopard) oud, oubliette our "O" is Oedipus operating a Ouija-board
P psychotic pneumonia pneumonia, pterodactyl,
psychosis
pterodactyl (Ptolemy, psychic, psoriasis) Przewalski's horse, pseud? pneus "news"? "P" is a psychotic pterodactyl with pneumonia
Q qi? quay qat ("cat") quinoa (quiche, quays, Qatar) --> dicts have "kaht", not "cat" queue "Q" is quaffing qat on the quay
R Rzeszów "Zheshoof" rhythm "R-gyle" -- rGyalrong "Jiarong", Rwanda "R" is the rGyalrong of Rzeszow / Rhonda's rhythmic rendezvous in Rzeszów
S sjambok, sugar sjambok Saar ("Zar") -- (debris, isle, Arkansas) sbirro, 'Sblood, sphere, Szechuan, Stuttgart sea "S" is sugar sailing down the Saar
T Tlingit ("Klinkit") tzar tsunami tsunami (Tchakovski, tchotchkes) Tchaikovski, tmesis tea "T" is Tlingit tchotchkes
U uilleann ulema urn -- (guess, disguise) uakari, Uighur, Uitlander urn "U" is uilleann pipes on an urn
V veld ("felt") veldt vraisemblance -- Vlach, vlei viii "V" is verboten veld and vlei
W who wrath wren, wrinkly, who wren (write) wrack, wheki ("feki"), Whakatane why "W" is whoever wrecked Whakatane
X Xhosa xylophone Xi'an xylophone (Xavier) Xmas "X" is Xmas in Xhosaland
Y ych a fi? yttrium yperite -- (Yves) Ypers ("wipers") you "Y" is yttrium for you
Z Zsa Zsa zloty zed Zhivago (rendezvous) zwitterion, zhuyin Zhou "Z" is Zsa Zsa in zhuyin

Kelkumaj numeraloj

[edit]

La grandaj numeraloj dekumaj estas 101 dek, 102 cent, 103 mil; 106 meg, 109 gig, 1012 ter (duiliono), 1015 pet, 1018 eks (triiliono), 1021 zet, 1024 jot (kvariliono).

La numeraloj dekduumaj estas nul, unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naŭ, alf (A aŭ ↊), bet (B aŭ ↋), 121 doz (dekduuma 10), 122 groc (dekduuma 100), 123 groceg (dekduuma 1000; dekuma 1728).

La numeraloj deksesumaj estas nul, unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naŭ, alf (A), bet (B), gam (C), delt (D), eps (E), faŭ (F), 161 heks (deksesuma 10), 162 zenz (deksesuma 100) (< zenzic), 163 zenzeg (deksesuma 1000; dekuma 4096).

La bazaj numeraloj dudekumaj estas 201 vint (dudekuma 10 = dekuma 20), 202 bak (dudekuma 100 = dekuma 400), 203 pik (dudekuma 1000 = dekuma 8000), kaj 206 alaŭ = 1,000,000 / 64,000,000. (Ankaŭ troviĝis 204 kalab = 10,000 / 160,000, 205 kinĉil = 100,000 / 3,200,000.) La majaoj nombris per kvinoj kaj per dudekoj (ekz-e, 17 estis cit "trikvin du").

La sumeroj, babilonianoj kaj iliaj najbaroj uzis dekuman sistemon (dek, dudek, tridek ktp) ĝis 60, por kiu la sumeroj havis bazan vorton, geŝ, kaj la babilonianoj ŝuŝ (nuntempe internaciigita sos). De tie, oni nombris per sosoj (do, 600 estis dek sos, 1200 dudek sos, ktp) ĝis 602 = 3600, por kiu ili denove havis propran vorton, ŝar (internaciigita sar). Do oni povas nombri sesdekume per nur la numeraloj fundamentaj kaj du elbabiloniaj, sos kaj sar. La babilonianoj ankaŭ uzis numeralon ner por dek sos (600), do du ner por dudek sos (1200).

dekuma dekduuma deksesuma dudekuma sesdekuma
X1 dek doz heks vint sos
X2 cent groc zenz bak sar
X3 mil groceg zenzeg pik sareg
X6 meg (miliuno) (miliuno) alaŭ (miliuno)

Sunsistemaj astroj

[edit]

grandaj

[edit]
Name & symbol Image Mean radius Mass Density
(km) (1021 kg) (g/cm3)
Sun
695508 ± ? 1989100000 1.409
Jupiter
69911±6 1898187±88 1.3262±0.0003
Saturn
58232±6
(136775 for main rings)
568317±13 0.6871±0.0002
Uranus
25362±7 86813±4 1.270±0.001
Neptune
24622±19 102413±5 1.638±0.004
Earth
6371.0084±0.0001 5972.4±0.3 5.5136±0.0003
Venus
6052±1 4867.5±0.2 5.243±0.003
Mars
3389.5±0.2 641.71±0.03 3.9341±0.0007
Ganymede
2634.1±0.3 148.2 1.936
Titan
2574.73±0.09 134.5 1.880±0.004
Mercury
2439.4±0.1 330.11±0.02 5.4291±0.007
Callisto
2410.3±1.5 107.6 1.834±0.003
Io
1821.6±0.5 89.32 3.528±0.006
Luna
1737.5±0.1 73.46 3.344±0.005
Europa
1560.8±0.5 48.00 3.013±0.005
Triton
1353.4±0.9
(equatorial)
21.39±0.03 2.061
Pluto
1188.3±0.8 13.03±0.03 1.854±0.006
Eris
1163±6 16.6±0.2 2.52±0.07
Haumea
798±6 to 816 4.01±0.04 2.018
Titania
788.9±1.8 3.40±0.06 1.711±0.005
Rhea
763.8±1.0 2.307 1.236±0.005
Oberon
761.4±2.6
(equatorial)
3.08±0.09 1.63±0.05
Iapetus
735.6±1.5 1.806 1.088±0.013
Makemake
715+19
−11
≈ 3.1 ≈ 2.1
Gonggong
615±25 1.75±0.07 1.72±0.16
Charon
606.0±0.5 1.586±0.015 1.70±0.02
Umbriel
584.7±2.8 1.28±0.03 1.39±0.16
Ariel
578.9±0.6 1.25±0.02 1.66±0.15
Dione
561.7±0.45 1.095 1.478±0.003
Quaoar
560.5±0.6 1.4±0.2 2.0±0.5
Tethys
533.0±0.7 0.617 0.984±0.003
Sedna
498±40 ?
Ceres
469.7±0.1 0.938 2.17
Orcus
458±13 0.61±0.04 1.53±0.14
Salacia
423±11 0.492±0.007 1.5±0.1
2002 MS4
400±12
2002 AW197
384±19
Varda
373±8 0.245±0.006 1.23±0.04
2013 FY27
370±40
Ixion
354.8±0.1
2003 AZ84
353±12 ?? 0.17 ?? 1.13±0.17
Dysnomia
350±58
Varuna
334+77
−43
≈ 0.16 0.99+0.09
−0.02
2012 VP113 325±175
Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà
321±14 0.1361±0.0033 1.02±0.17
Chaos
300+70
−65
Vesta
262.7±0.1 0.259 3.46
Pallas
256±3 0.204±0.003 2.89±0.08
Enceladus
252.1±0.2 0.1080±0.0001 1.609±0.005
Miranda
235.8±0.7 0.0659±0.0075 1.2±0.15
Dziewanna
235+18
−5
Vanth
221.3±5.1 ≈ 0.07 ≈ 1.5
Hygiea
217±7 0.0832±0.008 1.944±0.25
Proteus
210±7 0.044 ≈ 1.3
Huya
203±8 > 0.05 > 1.43
Mimas
198.2±0.25 0.03749±0.00003 1.1479±0.007
Nereid
170±25
704 Interamnia 166±3 0.038±0.013 2.0±0.7
52 Europa
152±2 0.023±0.016 1.5±0.4
Lempo
136±9 0.007±0.002 0.64±0.13
511 Davida
135±1 0.038±0.002 3.66±0.24
87 Sylvia
136±3 0.015 1.38±0.05
Hyperion
135±4 0.006 0.54±0.05
15 Eunomia 116±1 0.03 4.9
324 Bamberga
115±4 0.011 1.5±0.2
16 Psyche
111±2 0.022±0.003 3.9±0.5
7 Iris
104±3 0.014±0.001 2.7±0.3
Name & symbol
Theia

lunoj

[edit]


planedetoj

[edit]
Symbol D comb. (prim.) moons density
~660 --
642±28
525.4 -- 2.362
511±4 -- 2.773
458±9 --
433±8 -- 3.139
393±26 251 132
335±42 (ibid.) --
332±5 -- 3.062
320 --
319±4 -- 3.095
310 (est.) --
>300 --
298±4 -- 3.168
274±4

3.485
232–316 --
270±3 -- 2.643
268±4 I -- 3.149
260 --
256±12 -- 5.235
254±2 -- 2.672
254±12 I II 3.476
250±30 --
237±4 ? -- 3.439
234±10 -- 3.059
227±3 -- 2.684
223±3 -- 2.924
220±43 (178±35) --
223±10 (174±17) --
218±3 -- 2.769
216±10 --
215±3 -- 3.108
211±2 -- 2.442
208±3 -- 3.136
205±4 --
204±2 -- 2.554
202±3 -- 2.576
199±2 I II III 3.127
199±6 --
199±10 -- 2.386
209±5 ? (< 200 km) -- 3.065
195±3 -- 2.426
192±4 --
191±3 --
190±7 --
190 (187) I (LaFayette?) --
190 (160)
188±2 II 2.720
188±16 --
187±2 --
187±13 Peneius -- 2.765
184±4 --
173±2 -- 2.385
172±55 Pichi üñëm --
168±1 -- 2.772
ca. 170 (150) --
164±24 (138±23)
163+33
−66
(126+25
−51
+ 105+20
−42
)
--
150±5 -- 4.36
150 (140)
140 (113±3) --
 148±16 + Emma-I
 145±9 --
 d=141.6 
 ca. 140
 118±2 
 121 (88×2)
 77±18 + 66 
 < 60 + < 66 

(diam. uncertain)