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{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{for|the car with the same name|TVR Cerbera}}
{{For|the car with the same name|TVR Cerbera}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image =Cerbera_manghas_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-175.jpg
|image_caption = ''Cerbera manghas''<ref>1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen</ref>
|image = Cerbera tanghin - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-176.jpg
|image_caption = ''Cerbera manghas''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|display_parents = 3
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
|taxon = Cerbera
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753{{R|POWO}}
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Gentianales]]
|familia = [[Apocynaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Rauvolfioideae]]
|tribus = [[Plumerieae]]
⚫
|genus = '''''Cerbera'''''
⚫
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753
|type_species = ''Cerbera manghas''
|type_species = ''Cerbera manghas''
|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753
|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
*''Elcana'' <small>Blanco</small>
*''Elcana'' <small>[[Manuel Blanco Ramos|Blanco]]</small>
*''Odollam'' <small>Adans.</small>
*''Odollam'' <small>[[Michel Adanson|Adans.]]</small>
*''Odollamia'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Odollamia'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small>
*''Tanghinia'' <small>Thouars</small>
*''Tanghinia'' <small>[[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars|Thouars]]</small>
*''Thevetia'' <small>Adans.</small>
*''Thevetia'' <small>Adans.</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=k>{{cite web
|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
⚫
}}
|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=37142

|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
'''''Cerbera''''' is a [[genus]] of [[evergreen]] trees or shrubs, native to tropical Asia, Australia, [[Madagascar]], and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.{{R|FOA|FOC}}
|accessdate=May 21, 2014}}</ref>
⚫
|}}
'''''Cerbera''''' is a [[genus]] of [[evergreen]] small [[tree]]s or [[shrub]]s, native to tropical [[Asia]], [[Australia]], [[Madagascar]],and various islands in the [[Indian Ocean]] and the western [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name=k/><ref>{{cite journal| author=Forster, P. I. |year=1992|title= A taxonomic revision of ''Cerbera'' L. (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia|journal = Austrobaileya| volume = 3|issue=4|pages= 569–579}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Leeuwenberg, A. J. M.|year = 1999|title= Series of revisions of Apocynaceae XLVII. The genus ''Cerbera'' L | journal = Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap.|volume = 98–3|pages=1–64}}</ref>


Three trees of this genus are mangroves, ''[[Cerbera floribunda]]'', ''[[Cerbera manghas]]'' and ''[[Cerbera odollam]]''.
Three trees of this genus are mangroves, ''[[Cerbera floribunda]]'', ''[[Cerbera manghas]]'' and ''[[Cerbera odollam]]''.


==Description==
The leaves are alternate and lack interpetiolar stipules. The tubular [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]]s are actinomorphic, i.e. they are symmetric and can be divided in halves along any diameter.
They are [[perennial plant|perennial]] trees or shrubs growing up {{cvt|30|m}} high, the branches with conspicuous leaf scars. The leaves are spirally arranged and crowded towards the ends of the branches. Each has up to 30 lateral veins that may be straight or upcurved, at 50 to 90 degrees to the midrib. All parts produce a white sticky latex.{{R|FOA|FOC}}{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|570}}{{R|LEEUWENBERG}}{{rp|7}}
All trees contain a white [[latex]]. The fruits are [[drupe]]s.


The [[inflorescence]]s are terminal with long [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]], flowers are carried on short [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicels]]. Sepals are mostly free and usually pale green, the corolla is white, with a red, pink, yellow or white centre. Flowers are [[Merosity|5–merous]] and actinomorphic, i.e. they are symmetric and can be divided in equal halves along any diameter.{{R|FOA|FOC}}{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|570}}{{R|LEEUWENBERG}}{{rp|7}}
The genus is named after [[Cerberus]] because all its parts are [[poison]]ous : they contain [[cerberin]], a cardiac [[glycoside]], a substance that blocks electric impulses in the body (including the beating of the heart). Never use Cerbera wood to light a fire. Even its smoke may cause poisoning. ''Cerbera odollam'' poisoning was a significant cause of death in Madagascar in Victorian times.<ref>Scott, S. and Thomas, C., 2000. Poisonous Plants of Paradise: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii's Plants. University of Hawaii Press: ISBN 0-8248-2251-X</ref>


The fruit are ellipsoid [[drupe]]s containing one or two seeds, and may be green, red, purple or blue.{{R|FOA|FOC}}{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|570}}{{R|LEEUWENBERG}}{{rp|8}}
The genus is related to ''[[Cerberiopsis]]''<ref>Potgieter, K., and V. A. Albert. (2001) Phylogenetic Relationships within Apocynaceae S.l. Based on trnL Intron and trnL-F Spacer Sequences and Propagule Characters.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (4): 523–49.</ref>, endemic to [[New Caledonia]].


==Taxonomy==
;Species<ref name=k/>
''Cerbera'' was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 in his work ''[[Species Plantarum]]'', in which he described three species — ''C. manghas'', ''C. thevetia'' and ''C. ahouai''. Of these, only ''C. manghas'' is still included in ''Cerbera'' (the other two having been moved to other genera) and is considered to be the [[Type (biology)#Lectotype|lectotype]].{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|569}}
*''[[Cerbera dilatata]]'' <small>Markgraf.</small> - Chiute - Mariana Islands
⚫
* ''[[Cerbera dumicola]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small> - Queensland
* ''[[Cerbera floribunda]]'' <small>K. Schumann</small> – Cassowary Plum - Queensland, New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Micronesia
* ''[[Cerbera inflata]]'' <small>S.T. Blake</small> – Grey Milkwood, Milky Pine - Queensland, Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago
* ''[[Cerbera laeta]]'' <small>A.J.M.Leeuwenberg</small> - Papua New Guinea
* ''[[Cerbera manghas]]'' <small>L.</small> - Tanzania, Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, S China, Ryukyu Islands, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Indochina, insular Southeast Asia, N Australia, numerous Pacific islands
* ''[[Cerbera odollam]]'' <small>Gaertn.</small> – Suicide Tree - India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Indochina, insular Southeast Asia, Queensland, numerous Pacific islands


The genus is most closely related to ''[[Cerberiopsis]]'' {{au|[[Eugène Vieillard|Vieil.]]}}, ''[[Thevetia]]'' {{au|L.}} and ''[[Cascabela]]'' {{au|[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}}.{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|569}}
;formerly included
⚫
* ''Cerbera obovata'' <small>Roem. & Schult.</small> = ''[[Craspidospermum verticillatum]]'' <small>Bojer ex Decne.</small>
⚫
* ''Cerbera oppositifolia'' <small>Lam.</small> = ''[[Ochrosia oppositifolia]]'' <small>(Lam.) K.Schum.</small>


==References==
===Etymology===
The genus is named after [[Cerberus]], a three-headed dog in Greek mythology, because all the species are poisonous — they contain [[cerberin]], a cardiac [[glycoside]], a substance that blocks electric impulses in the body (including the beating of the heart). Therefore, it is advised to avoid using wood from Cerbera species due to their toxicity, and as their smoke may cause lethal poisoning.
{{reflist}}

==Species==
The following is a list of all six species in this genus that are accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]]
{{As of|2023|09|6|lc=y}}
{{R|POWO}}
⚫
* ''[[Cerbera dumicola]]'' {{au|[[Paul Irwin Forster|P.I.Forst.]]}} - Queensland
* ''[[Cerbera floribunda]]'' {{au|[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]}} - Sulawesi, Maluku, Caroline Islands, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Queensland
* ''[[Cerbera inflata]]'' {{au|[[Stanley Thatcher Blake|S.T.Blake]]}} - Queensland
* ''[[Cerbera laeta]]'' {{au|[[Anthonius Josephus Maria Leeuwenberg|Leeuwenb.]]}} - New Guinea
* ''[[Cerbera manghas]]'' {{au|[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]}} - Tanzania, Madagascar, the Indian subcontinent, mainland Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, northern Australia and numerous Pacific islands
* ''[[Cerbera odollam]]'' {{au|[[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]}} - Indian subcontinent, mainland Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia and numerous Pacific islands

===Formerly included here===
⚫
* ''Cerbera obovata'' {{au|[[Johann Jacob Roemer|Roem.]] & [[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]]}}, now ''[[Craspidospermum|Craspidospermum verticillatum]]'' {{au|[[Wenceslaus Bojer|Bojer]] ex [[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]}}{{R|POWO2}}
⚫
*''Cerbera oppositifolia'' {{au|[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]}}, now ''[[Ochrosia oppositifolia]]'' <small>(Lam.) K.Schum.</small>{{R|POWO3}}
*''Cerbera thevetia'' {{au|L.}}, now ''[[Cascabela thevetia]]'' {{au|(L.) [[Hans Lippold|Lippold]]}}{{R|POWO4}}
*''Cerbera ahouai'' {{au|L.}}, now ''[[Thevetia ahouai]]'' {{au|(L.) [[Martin Vahl|Vahl]]}}{{R|POWO5}}


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px">
Image:Cerbera manghas.jpg| ''Cerbera manghas'' tree in Hong Kong, early June.
File:Cerbera-floribunda-SF23249-04.jpg|''C. floribunda'' flower
Image:Cerbera manghas flower.jpg|''Cerbera manghas'' flowers
File:Cerbera-inflata-SF23236-12.jpg|''C. inflata'' flower
File:Cerbera manghas flower.jpg|''C. manghas'' flowers
File:Cerbera-odollam-SF23249-06.jpg|''C. odollam'' flower
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
⚫
[[Category:Apocynaceae genera]]

{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Apocynaceae-stub}}
<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60436653-2 |title=''Cerbera'' L. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO2">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77911-1 |title=''Cerbera obovata'' Roem. & Schult. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO3">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77914-1 |title=''Cerbera oppositifolia'' Lam. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO4">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:52627-2 |title=''Cerbera thevetia'' L. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO5">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77883-1 |title=''Cerbera ahouai'' L. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="FORSTER">{{cite journal |author=Forster, P. I. |year=1992 |title=A taxonomic revision of ''Cerbera'' L. (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia |journal=Austrobaileya |volume=3 |issue=4 |page=570 |jstor=41738802}}</ref>

<ref name="LEEUWENBERG">{{cite journal |author=Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. |year=1999 |title=Series of revisions of Apocynaceae XLVII. The genus ''Cerbera'' L. |journal=Agricultural University Wageningen Papers |volume=98 |issue=3 |url=https://edepot.wur.nl/282967}}</ref>

<ref name="FOA">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cerbera |title=''Cerbera'' |last1=Forster |first1=P.I. |year=2022 |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="FOC">{{cite web |title=''Cerbera'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=106213 |website=Flora of China (eFloras) |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1743845}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cerbera| ]]
⚫
[[Category:Apocynaceae genera]]

Latest revision as of 05:59, 3 July 2024

For the car with the same name, see TVR Cerbera.

Cerbera
Cerbera manghas
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Rauvolfioideae
Tribe: Plumerieae
Subtribe: Thevetiinae
Genus: Cerbera
L., 1753[1]
Type species
Cerbera manghas
L., 1753
Synonyms[1]

Cerbera is a genus of evergreen trees or shrubs, native to tropical Asia, Australia, Madagascar, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.[2][3]

Three trees of this genus are mangroves, Cerbera floribunda, Cerbera manghas and Cerbera odollam.

Description

[edit]

They are perennial trees or shrubs growing up 30 m (98 ft) high, the branches with conspicuous leaf scars. The leaves are spirally arranged and crowded towards the ends of the branches. Each has up to 30 lateral veins that may be straight or upcurved, at 50 to 90 degrees to the midrib. All parts produce a white sticky latex.[2][3][4]: 570 [5]: 7 

The inflorescences are terminal with long peduncles, flowers are carried on short pedicels. Sepals are mostly free and usually pale green, the corolla is white, with a red, pink, yellow or white centre. Flowers are 5–merous and actinomorphic, i.e. they are symmetric and can be divided in equal halves along any diameter.[2][3][4]: 570 [5]: 7 

The fruit are ellipsoid drupes containing one or two seeds, and may be green, red, purple or blue.[2][3][4]: 570 [5]: 8 

Taxonomy

[edit]

Cerbera was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in his work Species Plantarum, in which he described three species — C. manghas, C. thevetia and C. ahouai. Of these, only C. manghas is still included in Cerbera (the other two having been moved to other genera) and is considered to be the lectotype.[4]: 569 

The genus is most closely related to Cerberiopsis Vieil., Thevetia L. and Cascabela Raf..[4]: 569 

Etymology

[edit]

The genus is named after Cerberus, a three-headed dog in Greek mythology, because all the species are poisonous — they contain cerberin, a cardiac glycoside, a substance that blocks electric impulses in the body (including the beating of the heart). Therefore, it is advised to avoid using wood from Cerbera species due to their toxicity, and as their smoke may cause lethal poisoning.

Species

[edit]

The following is a list of all six species in this genus that are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of 6 September 2023 [1]

Formerly included here

[edit]
[edit]
  • C. floribunda flower
    C. floribunda flower
  • C. inflata flower
    C. inflata flower
  • C. manghas flowers
    C. manghas flowers
  • C. odollam flower
    C. odollam flower

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerbera.
  1. ^ a b c "Cerbera L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Forster, P.I. (2022). "Cerbera". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d "Cerbera". Flora of China (eFloras). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e Forster, P. I. (1992). "A taxonomic revision of Cerbera L. (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia". Austrobaileya. 3 (4): 570. JSTOR 41738802.
  5. ^ a b c Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1999). "Series of revisions of Apocynaceae XLVII. The genus Cerbera L." Agricultural University Wageningen Papers. 98 (3).
  6. ^ "Cerbera obovata Roem. & Schult". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  7. ^ "Cerbera oppositifolia Lam". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  8. ^ "Cerbera thevetia L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  9. ^ "Cerbera ahouai L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
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