Cerbera: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of plants}} |
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{{for|the car with the same name|TVR Cerbera}} |
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{{For|the car with the same name|TVR Cerbera}} |
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{{taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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|name = ''Cerbera'' |
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|image = |
|image = Cerbera tanghin - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-176.jpg |
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|image_caption = ''Cerbera manghas'' |
|image_caption = ''Cerbera manghas'' |
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|display_parents = 3 |
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|regnum = [[Plantae]] |
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|taxon = Cerbera |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753{{R|POWO}} |
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |
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|ordo = [[Gentianales]] |
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|familia = [[Apocynaceae]] |
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|subfamilia = [[Rauvolfioideae]] |
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|tribus = [[Plumerieae]] |
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|genus = '''''Cerbera''''' |
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|genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]], 1753 |
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|type_species = ''Cerbera manghas'' |
|type_species = ''Cerbera manghas'' |
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|type_species_authority = [[ |
|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753 |
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|synonyms = |
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|subdivision_ranks = Species |
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*''Elcana'' <small>[[Manuel Blanco Ramos|Blanco]]</small> |
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|subdivision = See text. |
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*''Odollam'' <small>[[Michel Adanson|Adans.]]</small> |
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|}} |
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*''Odollamia'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small> |
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*''Tanghinia'' <small>[[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars|Thouars]]</small> |
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*''Thevetia'' <small>Adans.</small> |
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|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} |
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}} |
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'''''Cerbera''''' is a [[genus]] |
'''''Cerbera''''' is a [[genus]] of [[evergreen]] trees or shrubs, native to tropical Asia, Australia, [[Madagascar]], and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.{{R|FOA|FOC}} |
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Three trees of this genus are mangroves, ''Cerbera floribunda'', ''Cerbera manghas'' and ''[[Cerbera odollam]]''. |
Three trees of this genus are mangroves, ''[[Cerbera floribunda]]'', ''[[Cerbera manghas]]'' and ''[[Cerbera odollam]]''. |
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==Description== |
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The leaves are alternate and lack interpetiolar stipules. The tubular [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]]s are actinomorphic, i.e. they are symmetric and can be divided in halves along any diameter. |
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They are [[perennial plant|perennial]] trees or shrubs growing up {{cvt|30|m}} high, the branches with conspicuous leaf scars. The leaves are spirally arranged and crowded towards the ends of the branches. Each has up to 30 lateral veins that may be straight or upcurved, at 50 to 90 degrees to the midrib. All parts produce a white sticky latex.{{R|FOA|FOC}}{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|570}}{{R|LEEUWENBERG}}{{rp|7}} |
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All trees contain a white [[latex]]. The fruits are [[drupe]]s. |
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The [[inflorescence]]s are terminal with long [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]], flowers are carried on short [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicels]]. Sepals are mostly free and usually pale green, the corolla is white, with a red, pink, yellow or white centre. Flowers are [[Merosity|5–merous]] and actinomorphic, i.e. they are symmetric and can be divided in equal halves along any diameter.{{R|FOA|FOC}}{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|570}}{{R|LEEUWENBERG}}{{rp|7}} |
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The genus is named after [[Cerberus]] because all its parts are [[poison]]ous : they contain [[cerberin]], a cardiac [[glycoside]], a substance that blocks electric impulses in the body (including the beating of the heart). Never use Cerbera wood to light a fire. Even its smoke may cause poisoning. <br clear = left> |
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The fruit are ellipsoid [[drupe]]s containing one or two seeds, and may be green, red, purple or blue.{{R|FOA|FOC}}{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|570}}{{R|LEEUWENBERG}}{{rp|8}} |
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;Selected species |
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*''[[Cerbera batjanica]]'' Teijsm. & Binn. |
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*''[[Cerbera dilatata]]'' Markgr. |
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*''[[Cerbera dumicola]]'' P.I.Forst. |
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*''[[Cerbera floribunda]]'' K. Schumann – Cassoway Plum |
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*''[[Cerbera inflata]]'' S.T. Blake – Grey Milkwood, Milky Pine |
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*''[[Cerbera laeta]]'' A.J.M.Leeuwenberg |
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*''[[Cerbera manghas]]'' L. |
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**''Cerbera manghas'' var. ''acutisperma'' Boiteau |
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**''Cerbera manghas''f. ''luteola'' Boiteau |
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*''[[Cerbera micrantha]]'' Kaneh. |
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*''[[Cerbera obovata]]'' Roem. & Schult. |
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*''[[Cerbera odollam]]'' Gaertn. – Suicide Tree |
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*''[[Cerbera oppositifolia]]'' Lam. |
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*''[[Cerbera quaternifolia]]'' Roxb. |
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*''[[Cerbera tanghin]]'' Hook. |
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== |
==Taxonomy== |
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''Cerbera'' was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 in his work ''[[Species Plantarum]]'', in which he described three species — ''C. manghas'', ''C. thevetia'' and ''C. ahouai''. Of these, only ''C. manghas'' is still included in ''Cerbera'' (the other two having been moved to other genera) and is considered to be the [[Type (biology)#Lectotype|lectotype]].{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|569}} |
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*{{cite journal | quotes=no| author=FORSTER, P.I. |year=1992|title= A taxonomic revision of Cerbera L. (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia|journal = Austrobaileya| volume = 3|issue=4|pages= 569–579}} |
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*{{cite journal | quotes=no| author=Leeuwenberg, A. J. M.|year = 1999|title= Series of revisions of Apocynaceae XLVII. The genus Cerbera L | journal = Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap.|volume = 98–3|pages=1–64}} |
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* Scott, S. and Thomas, C., 2000. Poisonous Plants of Paradise: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii's Plants. University of Hawaii Press: ISBN 0-8248-2251-X |
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The genus is most closely related to ''[[Cerberiopsis]]'' {{au|[[Eugène Vieillard|Vieil.]]}}, ''[[Thevetia]]'' {{au|L.}} and ''[[Cascabela]]'' {{au|[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}}.{{R|FORSTER}}{{rp|569}} |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Cerbera manghas.jpg| Cerbera manghas tree in Hong Kong, early June. |
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===Etymology=== |
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Image:Cerbera manghas flower.jpg|Cerbera manghas flowers |
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The genus is named after [[Cerberus]], a three-headed dog in Greek mythology, because all the species are poisonous — they contain [[cerberin]], a cardiac [[glycoside]], a substance that blocks electric impulses in the body (including the beating of the heart). Therefore, it is advised to avoid using wood from Cerbera species due to their toxicity, and as their smoke may cause lethal poisoning. |
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==Species== |
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The following is a list of all six species in this genus that are accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]] |
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{{As of|2023|09|6|lc=y}} |
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{{R|POWO}} |
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* ''[[Cerbera dumicola]]'' {{au|[[Paul Irwin Forster|P.I.Forst.]]}} - Queensland |
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* ''[[Cerbera floribunda]]'' {{au|[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]}} - Sulawesi, Maluku, Caroline Islands, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Queensland |
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* ''[[Cerbera inflata]]'' {{au|[[Stanley Thatcher Blake|S.T.Blake]]}} - Queensland |
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* ''[[Cerbera laeta]]'' {{au|[[Anthonius Josephus Maria Leeuwenberg|Leeuwenb.]]}} - New Guinea |
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* ''[[Cerbera manghas]]'' {{au|[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]}} - Tanzania, Madagascar, the Indian subcontinent, mainland Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, northern Australia and numerous Pacific islands |
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* ''[[Cerbera odollam]]'' {{au|[[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]}} - Indian subcontinent, mainland Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia and numerous Pacific islands |
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===Formerly included here=== |
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* ''Cerbera obovata'' {{au|[[Johann Jacob Roemer|Roem.]] & [[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]]}}, now ''[[Craspidospermum|Craspidospermum verticillatum]]'' {{au|[[Wenceslaus Bojer|Bojer]] ex [[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]}}{{R|POWO2}} |
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*''Cerbera oppositifolia'' {{au|[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]}}, now ''[[Ochrosia oppositifolia]]'' <small>(Lam.) K.Schum.</small>{{R|POWO3}} |
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*''Cerbera thevetia'' {{au|L.}}, now ''[[Cascabela thevetia]]'' {{au|(L.) [[Hans Lippold|Lippold]]}}{{R|POWO4}} |
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*''Cerbera ahouai'' {{au|L.}}, now ''[[Thevetia ahouai]]'' {{au|(L.) [[Martin Vahl|Vahl]]}}{{R|POWO5}} |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> |
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File:Cerbera-floribunda-SF23249-04.jpg|''C. floribunda'' flower |
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File:Cerbera-inflata-SF23236-12.jpg|''C. inflata'' flower |
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File:Cerbera manghas flower.jpg|''C. manghas'' flowers |
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File:Cerbera-odollam-SF23249-06.jpg|''C. odollam'' flower |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==References== |
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[[Category:Apocynaceae]] |
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{{Commons category}} |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60436653-2 |title=''Cerbera'' L. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="POWO2">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77911-1 |title=''Cerbera obovata'' Roem. & Schult. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="POWO3">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77914-1 |title=''Cerbera oppositifolia'' Lam. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="POWO4">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:52627-2 |title=''Cerbera thevetia'' L. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="POWO5">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77883-1 |title=''Cerbera ahouai'' L. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="FORSTER">{{cite journal |author=Forster, P. I. |year=1992 |title=A taxonomic revision of ''Cerbera'' L. (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia |journal=Austrobaileya |volume=3 |issue=4 |page=570 |jstor=41738802}}</ref> |
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<ref name="LEEUWENBERG">{{cite journal |author=Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. |year=1999 |title=Series of revisions of Apocynaceae XLVII. The genus ''Cerbera'' L. |journal=Agricultural University Wageningen Papers |volume=98 |issue=3 |url=https://edepot.wur.nl/282967}}</ref> |
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<ref name="FOA">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cerbera |title=''Cerbera'' |last1=Forster |first1=P.I. |year=2022 |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="FOC">{{cite web |title=''Cerbera'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=106213 |website=Flora of China (eFloras) |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1743845}} |
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{{Apocynaceae-stub}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[ |
[[Category:Cerbera| ]] |
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[[Category:Apocynaceae genera]] |
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[[fr:Cerbera]] |
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[[pt:Cerbera]] |
Latest revision as of 05:59, 3 July 2024
Cerbera | |
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Cerbera manghas | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Gentianales |
Family: | Apocynaceae |
Subfamily: | Rauvolfioideae |
Tribe: | Plumerieae |
Subtribe: | Thevetiinae |
Genus: | Cerbera L., 1753[1] |
Type species | |
Cerbera manghas L., 1753
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Synonyms[1] | |
Cerbera is a genus of evergreen trees or shrubs, native to tropical Asia, Australia, Madagascar, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.[2][3]
Three trees of this genus are mangroves, Cerbera floribunda, Cerbera manghas and Cerbera odollam.
Description
[edit]They are perennial trees or shrubs growing up 30 m (98 ft) high, the branches with conspicuous leaf scars. The leaves are spirally arranged and crowded towards the ends of the branches. Each has up to 30 lateral veins that may be straight or upcurved, at 50 to 90 degrees to the midrib. All parts produce a white sticky latex.[2][3][4]: 570 [5]: 7
The inflorescences are terminal with long peduncles, flowers are carried on short pedicels. Sepals are mostly free and usually pale green, the corolla is white, with a red, pink, yellow or white centre. Flowers are 5–merous and actinomorphic, i.e. they are symmetric and can be divided in equal halves along any diameter.[2][3][4]: 570 [5]: 7
The fruit are ellipsoid drupes containing one or two seeds, and may be green, red, purple or blue.[2][3][4]: 570 [5]: 8
Taxonomy
[edit]Cerbera was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in his work Species Plantarum, in which he described three species — C. manghas, C. thevetia and C. ahouai. Of these, only C. manghas is still included in Cerbera (the other two having been moved to other genera) and is considered to be the lectotype.[4]: 569
The genus is most closely related to Cerberiopsis Vieil., Thevetia L. and Cascabela Raf..[4]: 569
Etymology
[edit]The genus is named after Cerberus, a three-headed dog in Greek mythology, because all the species are poisonous — they contain cerberin, a cardiac glycoside, a substance that blocks electric impulses in the body (including the beating of the heart). Therefore, it is advised to avoid using wood from Cerbera species due to their toxicity, and as their smoke may cause lethal poisoning.
Species
[edit]The following is a list of all six species in this genus that are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of 6 September 2023[update] [1]
- Cerbera dumicola P.I.Forst. - Queensland
- Cerbera floribunda K.Schum. - Sulawesi, Maluku, Caroline Islands, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Queensland
- Cerbera inflata S.T.Blake - Queensland
- Cerbera laeta Leeuwenb. - New Guinea
- Cerbera manghas L. - Tanzania, Madagascar, the Indian subcontinent, mainland Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, northern Australia and numerous Pacific islands
- Cerbera odollam Gaertn. - Indian subcontinent, mainland Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia and numerous Pacific islands
Formerly included here
[edit]- Cerbera obovata Roem. & Schult., now Craspidospermum verticillatum Bojer ex Decne.[6]
- Cerbera oppositifolia Lam., now Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K.Schum.[7]
- Cerbera thevetia L., now Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold[8]
- Cerbera ahouai L., now Thevetia ahouai (L.) Vahl[9]
Gallery
[edit]-
C. floribunda flower
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C. inflata flower
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C. manghas flowers
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C. odollam flower
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Cerbera L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d Forster, P.I. (2022). "Cerbera". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Cerbera". Flora of China (eFloras). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Forster, P. I. (1992). "A taxonomic revision of Cerbera L. (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia". Austrobaileya. 3 (4): 570. JSTOR 41738802.
- ^ a b c Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1999). "Series of revisions of Apocynaceae XLVII. The genus Cerbera L." Agricultural University Wageningen Papers. 98 (3).
- ^ "Cerbera obovata Roem. & Schult". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ "Cerbera oppositifolia Lam". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ "Cerbera thevetia L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
- ^ "Cerbera ahouai L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 September 2023.