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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|First fire company in the Chicago Fire Department}} |
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[[File:Engine co 21 large.jpg|alt=Nine men sitting between engine wheels as tall as they are|thumb|Engine Company 21 in 1873|251x251px]] |
[[File:Engine co 21 large.jpg|alt=Nine men sitting between engine wheels as tall as they are|thumb|Engine Company 21 in 1873|251x251px]] |
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'''Engine Company 21''', organized in 1872, was the first |
'''Engine Company 21''', organized in 1872, was the first all-black fire company in the [[Chicago Fire Department]]. The [[fire pole]] was invented by members of the company in 1888, and after inventing it, Engine 21 had the fastest response time in the city. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File:Captain David B. Kenyon.jpg|thumb|Captain David B. Kenyon]] |
[[File:Captain David B. Kenyon.jpg|thumb|Captain David B. Kenyon]] |
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According to a November 1872 article in the ''[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]'' announcing the purchase of three new [[Steam pumper|steam pumpers]], which would allow for the creation of three new fire stations, "of course it is conceded on all sides that one of the companies will be composed of colored men, but it is not definitely known whether it will be commanded by a Caucasian".<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1872-11-26|title=The Fire Department: Arrival of Three New Steamers, Where Will They be Located, The Colored Company, Two New Assistant Marshals to be Appointed This Week|pages=5|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69672594/chicago-tribune/ |
According to a November 1872 article in the ''[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]'' announcing the purchase of three new [[Steam pumper|steam pumpers]], which would allow for the creation of three new fire stations, "of course it is conceded on all sides that one of the companies will be composed of colored men, but it is not definitely known whether it will be commanded by a Caucasian".<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1872-11-26|title=The Fire Department: Arrival of Three New Steamers, Where Will They be Located, The Colored Company, Two New Assistant Marshals to be Appointed This Week|pages=5|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69672594/chicago-tribune/|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> An announcement the next month that the company would be located on May Street was accompanied by a warning that "any infringement upon the rights of the members by the people in the vicinity will be punished by the removal of the engine."<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1872-12-06|title=The City in Brief|pages=5|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69673701/chicago-tribune/|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> |
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The company was organized in 1872 under the captainship of David B. Kenyon, who was in the position until 1875.<ref name="walcott2019">{{Cite book|last=Walcott Jr|first=Dekalb|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090642968|title=Black heroes of fire : the history of the first African-American fire company in Chicago : Fire Engine Company 21|date=3 December 2018|publisher=|isbn=978-1-4951-7830-6|location=Chicago, Illinois|pages=|oclc=1090642968}}</ref><ref name="TRIB1888" /> Kenyon later died in the line of duty.<ref name="TRIB1888" /> By 1875 the company was located at 313 Third Avenue.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRPOAAAAMAAJ|title=Report of the Fire Marshal|date=1876|publisher=Chicago Fire Department|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
The company was organized in 1872 under the captainship of David B. Kenyon, who was in the position until 1875.<ref name="walcott2019">{{Cite book|last=Walcott Jr|first=Dekalb|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090642968|title=Black heroes of fire : the history of the first African-American fire company in Chicago : Fire Engine Company 21|date=3 December 2018|publisher=|isbn=978-1-4951-7830-6|location=Chicago, Illinois|pages=|oclc=1090642968}}</ref><ref name="TRIB1888" /> Kenyon later died in the line of duty.<ref name="TRIB1888" /> By 1875 the company was located at 313 Third Avenue.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRPOAAAAMAAJ|title=Report of the Fire Marshal|date=1876|publisher=Chicago Fire Department|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
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In 1888 David Kenyon's brother, Joseph L. Kenyon, was captain. At the time he was the only White member of the company. Other members of the company at the time included Steve Paine and Marshall Ward, drivers, both of whom grew up enslaved, Paine in Kentucky and Ward in Tennessee. The rest of the company were younger men and included Lieutenant Anthony Makers, engineer William Watkins, and pipemen James E. Porter, Richard L. Caesar, Charles Scott, and James H. Jackson.<ref name="TRIB1888" /> |
In 1888 David Kenyon's brother, Joseph L. Kenyon, was captain. At the time he was the only White member of the company. Other members of the company at the time included Steve Paine and Marshall Ward, drivers, both of whom grew up enslaved, Paine in Kentucky and Ward in Tennessee. The rest of the company were younger men and included Lieutenant Anthony Makers, engineer William Watkins, and pipemen James E. Porter, Richard L. Caesar, Charles Scott, and James H. Jackson.<ref name="TRIB1888" /> |
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In 1891 Black citizens presented to Chicago officials a petition asking that a Black captain be appointed for the company, arguing that the failure to appoint a Black captain was "a reflection on the ability of the colored fireman."<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1891-07-11|title=Want a Colored Captain Named|pages=8|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69702389/chicago-tribune/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | By 1893 the company was located at 13 Taylor Street.<ref name="CFD1894">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyYyAQAAMAAJ|title=Report of the Fire Marshal|date=1894|publisher=Chicago Fire Department|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|48}} As of 1900 the captain was Jeremiah Herlihy |
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Six members of Engine Company 21 died in the 1910 [[Chicago Union Stock Yards fire|Stock Yards fire]].<ref name="CBSN10oct2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-10-10|title=Memorial Walls Honors City's Fallen Black Firefighters|url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/10/10/memorial-walls-honors-citys-fallen-black-firefighters/|access-date=2021-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | By 1893 the company was located at 13 Taylor Street.<ref name="CFD1894">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyYyAQAAMAAJ|title=Report of the Fire Marshal|date=1894|publisher=Chicago Fire Department|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|48}} As of 1900 the captain was Jeremiah Herlihy.<ref name="TRIB9apr1900">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1900-04-09|title=Fire Fighters win Record: Engine Company No. 21, of Colored Men, Given Credit for Fastest Work in First Battalion|pages=9|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69699616/chicago-tribune/|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> In 1901, because of results of a civil service examination, several White test takers were told to turn down an appointment to Engine Company 21 until the highest-scoring Black test taker was offered a position as a pipeman.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1901-05-16|title=Local Improvement Board Plans Consolidation|pages=3|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69705690/chicago-tribune/|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> |
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By 2014 Engine Company 21 had become Engine Company 19 and was located at 3421 South Calumet.<ref name="CBSN10oct2014" /> |
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== Invention of the fireman's pole == |
== Invention of the fireman's pole == |
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[[File:Crew at Seattle Fire Department Firehouse No 20 in upstairs living quarters responding to alarm, circa 1909-1910 (SEATTLE 4771).jpg|thumb|Firefighters at the Seattle Fire Department pose for a photograph]] |
[[File:Crew at Seattle Fire Department Firehouse No 20 in upstairs living quarters responding to alarm, circa 1909-1910 (SEATTLE 4771).jpg|thumb|Firefighters at the Seattle Fire Department pose for a photograph]] |
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{{Main|Fireman's pole#History}} |
{{Main|Fireman's pole#History}} |
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In the 1870s, firefighter George Reid was on the third floor with Kenyon, where the two were stacking hay; Reid reacted to an alarm by sliding from the third floor to the first floor down the pole that had been temporarily lashed in place to allow for hoisting hay bales. Reid reached the ground before those on the second floor who were using the spiral staircase, which at the time were used in firehouses to keep the horses from climbing upstairs.<ref name="smithsonian2017">{{Cite web|last=Eschner|first=Kat|title=Fire Poles Saved Time, But They Also Injured Firefighters|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/fire-poles-saved-time-they-also-injured-firefighters-180962923/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TRIB1888" /><ref name="potterSMITH2020">{{Cite web|last=Potter|first=Alex|title=How an Ingenious Fireman Brought a Pole Into the Firehouse|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/invention-firemans-pole-180975206/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> The next week Kenyon convinced his superiors to allow him to install a permanent pole from the second-floor sleeping quarters.<ref name="smithsonian2017" /><ref name="WIRED">{{Cite |
In the 1870s, firefighter George Reid was on the third floor with Kenyon, where the two were stacking hay; Reid reacted to an alarm by sliding from the third floor to the first floor down the pole that had been temporarily lashed in place to allow for hoisting hay bales. Reid reached the ground before those on the second floor who were using the spiral staircase, which at the time were used in firehouses to keep the horses from climbing upstairs.<ref name="smithsonian2017">{{Cite web|last=Eschner|first=Kat|title=Fire Poles Saved Time, But They Also Injured Firefighters|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/fire-poles-saved-time-they-also-injured-firefighters-180962923/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TRIB1888" /><ref name="potterSMITH2020">{{Cite web|last=Potter|first=Alex|title=How an Ingenious Fireman Brought a Pole Into the Firehouse|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/invention-firemans-pole-180975206/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> The next week Kenyon convinced his superiors to allow him to install a permanent pole from the second-floor sleeping quarters.<ref name="smithsonian2017" /><ref name="WIRED">{{Cite magazine|title=April 21, 1878: Thinking Fast, Firefighter Slides Down a Pole|language=en-us|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2008/04/dayintech-0421/|access-date=2021-02-08|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> He received permission to cut a hole in the floor but was told that if the experiment did not work, the team would have to pay for the repairs.<ref name="walcott2019" />{{Rp|24}} After the installation of the pole, other firefighters thought the idea was "crazy" until Engine Company 21 developed "a reputation for being faster to get to the scene than other companies" and the fire pole soon came into common use across the country.<ref name="smithsonian2017" /><ref name="WIRED" /><ref name="potterSMITH2020" /> |
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== Performance == |
== Performance == |
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When on duty at the 1885 Chicago Lumber Company Fire, the seventeenth company called after the fires had leapt the Chicago River, as reported by the ''Chicago Tribune'', spectators "made fun of the colored firemen when they dragged their hose in{{nbsp}}... but the levity was soon succeeded by admiration. Their steamer is a powerful one, and the pipemen evidently do not mind heat."<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 May 1885|title=Battling with fire|work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|url=https:// |
When on duty at the 1885 Chicago Lumber Company Fire, the seventeenth company called after the fires had leapt the Chicago River, as reported by the ''Chicago Tribune'', spectators "made fun of the colored firemen when they dragged their hose in{{nbsp}}... but the levity was soon succeeded by admiration. Their steamer is a powerful one, and the pipemen evidently do not mind heat."<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 May 1885|title=Battling with fire|work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/173785502|access-date=|id={{ProQuest|173785502}}}}</ref> |
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According to an 1888 ''Chicago Tribune'' article, at the time no other engine company in the city had a better record of responding to fires.<ref name="TRIB1888">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1888-03-11|title=The Boys of Company 21|pages=25|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24380317/chicago-tribune/ |
According to an 1888 ''Chicago Tribune'' article, at the time no other engine company in the city had a better record of responding to fires.<ref name="TRIB1888">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1888-03-11|title=The Boys of Company 21|pages=25|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24380317/chicago-tribune/|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> In drills the full team could go from men upstairs and horses in stalls to a fully-hitched and mounted rig in 11 seconds; the team's typical time in practice was 14 or 15 seconds in daytime, 25 or 26 at night, according to the 1888 ''Tribune'' article.<ref name="TRIB1888" /> According to Dekalb Walcott, the company "recorded at the top of Chicago's list for responding to the most working fires, run time, and overall responses."<ref name="walcott2019" />{{Rp|26}} |
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According to the 1894 Fire Marshall's report, the company responded to 474 alarms, travelled {{convert|744|mi}}, performed duty at 148 fires, worked 184 hours, and discovered 7 fires in 1893.<ref name="CFD1894" />{{rp|132}} |
According to the 1894 Fire Marshall's report, the company responded to 474 alarms, travelled {{convert|744|mi}}, performed duty at 148 fires, worked 184 hours, and discovered 7 fires in 1893.<ref name="CFD1894" />{{rp|132}} |
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[[Category:Fire stations in Illinois]] |
[[Category:Fire stations in Illinois]] |
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[[Category:History of Chicago]] |
[[Category:History of Chicago]] |
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[[Category:African-American history of Illinois]] |
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Latest revision as of 03:51, 27 May 2024
Engine Company 21, organized in 1872, was the first all-black fire company in the Chicago Fire Department. The fire pole was invented by members of the company in 1888, and after inventing it, Engine 21 had the fastest response time in the city.
History
[edit]
According to a November 1872 article in the Chicago Daily Tribune announcing the purchase of three new steam pumpers, which would allow for the creation of three new fire stations, "of course it is conceded on all sides that one of the companies will be composed of colored men, but it is not definitely known whether it will be commanded by a Caucasian".[1] An announcement the next month that the company would be located on May Street was accompanied by a warning that "any infringement upon the rights of the members by the people in the vicinity will be punished by the removal of the engine."[2]
The company was organized in 1872 under the captainship of David B. Kenyon, who was in the position until 1875.[3][4] Kenyon later died in the line of duty.[4] By 1875 the company was located at 313 Third Avenue.[5]
In 1888 David Kenyon's brother, Joseph L. Kenyon, was captain. At the time he was the only White member of the company. Other members of the company at the time included Steve Paine and Marshall Ward, drivers, both of whom grew up enslaved, Paine in Kentucky and Ward in Tennessee. The rest of the company were younger men and included Lieutenant Anthony Makers, engineer William Watkins, and pipemen James E. Porter, Richard L. Caesar, Charles Scott, and James H. Jackson.[4]
By 1893 the company was located at 13 Taylor Street.[6]: 48 As of 1900 the captain was Jeremiah Herlihy.[7] In 1901, because of results of a civil service examination, several White test takers were told to turn down an appointment to Engine Company 21 until the highest-scoring Black test taker was offered a position as a pipeman.[8]
Invention of the fireman's pole
[edit].jpg)
In the 1870s, firefighter George Reid was on the third floor with Kenyon, where the two were stacking hay; Reid reacted to an alarm by sliding from the third floor to the first floor down the pole that had been temporarily lashed in place to allow for hoisting hay bales. Reid reached the ground before those on the second floor who were using the spiral staircase, which at the time were used in firehouses to keep the horses from climbing upstairs.[9][4][10] The next week Kenyon convinced his superiors to allow him to install a permanent pole from the second-floor sleeping quarters.[9][11] He received permission to cut a hole in the floor but was told that if the experiment did not work, the team would have to pay for the repairs.[3]: 24 After the installation of the pole, other firefighters thought the idea was "crazy" until Engine Company 21 developed "a reputation for being faster to get to the scene than other companies" and the fire pole soon came into common use across the country.[9][11][10]
Performance
[edit]When on duty at the 1885 Chicago Lumber Company Fire, the seventeenth company called after the fires had leapt the Chicago River, as reported by the Chicago Tribune, spectators "made fun of the colored firemen when they dragged their hose in ... but the levity was soon succeeded by admiration. Their steamer is a powerful one, and the pipemen evidently do not mind heat."[12]
According to an 1888 Chicago Tribune article, at the time no other engine company in the city had a better record of responding to fires.[4] In drills the full team could go from men upstairs and horses in stalls to a fully-hitched and mounted rig in 11 seconds; the team's typical time in practice was 14 or 15 seconds in daytime, 25 or 26 at night, according to the 1888 Tribune article.[4] According to Dekalb Walcott, the company "recorded at the top of Chicago's list for responding to the most working fires, run time, and overall responses."[3]: 26
According to the 1894 Fire Marshall's report, the company responded to 474 alarms, travelled 744 miles (1,197 km), performed duty at 148 fires, worked 184 hours, and discovered 7 fires in 1893.[6]: 132
In 1900 the company won an award for fastest work.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ "The Fire Department: Arrival of Three New Steamers, Where Will They be Located, The Colored Company, Two New Assistant Marshals to be Appointed This Week". Chicago Tribune. 1872-11-26. p. 5. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ "The City in Brief". Chicago Tribune. 1872-12-06. p. 5. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ a b c Walcott Jr, Dekalb (3 December 2018). Black heroes of fire : the history of the first African-American fire company in Chicago : Fire Engine Company 21. Chicago, Illinois. ISBN 978-1-4951-7830-6. OCLC 1090642968.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f "The Boys of Company 21". Chicago Tribune. 1888-03-11. p. 25. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ Report of the Fire Marshal. Chicago Fire Department. 1876.
- ^ a b Report of the Fire Marshal. Chicago Fire Department. 1894.
- ^ a b "Fire Fighters win Record: Engine Company No. 21, of Colored Men, Given Credit for Fastest Work in First Battalion". Chicago Tribune. 1900-04-09. p. 9. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ "Local Improvement Board Plans Consolidation". Chicago Tribune. 1901-05-16. p. 3. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ a b c Eschner, Kat. "Fire Poles Saved Time, But They Also Injured Firefighters". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ a b Potter, Alex. "How an Ingenious Fireman Brought a Pole Into the Firehouse". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ a b "April 21, 1878: Thinking Fast, Firefighter Slides Down a Pole". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ "Battling with fire". Chicago Daily Tribune. 9 May 1885. ProQuest 173785502.