Kokudaka: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|System for determining land value in Edo-period Japan}} |
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{{Orphan|November 2006}} |
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'''Kokudaka''' (石高, ''kokudaka'') refers to a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in [[Edo period]] [[Japan]] and expressing this value in [[koku]] of rice. This tribute was no longer a percentage of the actual quantity of rice harvested, but was assessed based on the quality and size of the land. The system was used to value the incomes of [[daimyo]], or feudal rulers, as well as to value the homes and fields of landowners. |
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{{Nihongo|'''''Kokudaka'''''|石高}} refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of [[Edo period|Edo-period]] [[Japan]], and expressing this value in terms of ''[[koku]]'' of rice.<ref name="nussbaum549">[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA549&dq= "Koku"] in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 549.</ref> |
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One {{Lang|ja-latn|koku}} (roughly equivalent to five [[bushel]]s) was generally viewed as the equivalent of enough rice to feed one person for a year. The actual revenue or income derived from a holding varied from region to region, and depended on the amount of actual control the fief holder held over the territory in question, but averaged around 40 percent of the theoretical {{Lang|ja-latn|kokudaka}}.<ref name= Beasley>{{cite book | last = Beasley| first = William G| year = 1972 | title = The Meiji Restoration| publisher = Stanford University Press | isbn=0804708150}} pp. 14–15.</ref> |
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This meant that a survey had to be made of all land-ownership and titles drawn up, creating a new class of landowners. Land was no longer held in the control of the daimyoo. Above, the nation was a public domain under the [[emperor]], and now the legal owners of the land were the villagers. Moreover, the [[samurai]] no longer had a right to a portion of the crop. Now tax had to be paid in cash and was not tied to the harvest but to the land valuation, so the state could plan its budget with greater certainty. While the taxes no longer went to unproductive [[samurai]] but for development, the poorer peasants often lost their land because they had to pay in cash, with no allowance for poor harvests or for the effects of deflation and falling prices for their produce. Thus in the [[Meiji period]], tenancy increased from 30% to 45% of cultivated land. Tax was levied on the individual landowner, not on the village as in the [[Tokugawa period]]. The kokudaka system allowed wealthy [[peasants]] with ambition to expand and invest in other enterprises. |
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The amount of taxation was not based on the actual quantity of rice harvested, but was an estimate based on the total economic yield of the land in question, with the value of other crops and produce converted to their equivalent value in terms of rice.<ref name=Beasley/> |
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The system lasted until land taxes were reformed during the [[Meiji period]]. |
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The ranking of precedence of the ''[[daimyō]]'', or feudal rulers, was determined in part by the ''{{Lang|ja-latn|kokudaka}}'' of the territories under their administration.<ref name="nussbaum549"/> In 1650, the total ''{{Lang|ja-latn|kokudaka}}'' of Japan was assessed at 26 million ''{{Lang|ja-latn|koku}}'', with the Shōgun directly controlling 4.2 million ''{{Lang|ja-latn|koku}}''.<ref name= Beasley/> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Han system]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[ja:石高]] |
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[[Category:Japanese historical terms]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:57, 16 May 2024
Kokudaka (石高) refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of koku of rice.[1]
One koku (roughly equivalent to five bushels) was generally viewed as the equivalent of enough rice to feed one person for a year. The actual revenue or income derived from a holding varied from region to region, and depended on the amount of actual control the fief holder held over the territory in question, but averaged around 40 percent of the theoretical kokudaka.[2]
The amount of taxation was not based on the actual quantity of rice harvested, but was an estimate based on the total economic yield of the land in question, with the value of other crops and produce converted to their equivalent value in terms of rice.[2]
The ranking of precedence of the daimyō, or feudal rulers, was determined in part by the kokudaka of the territories under their administration.[1] In 1650, the total kokudaka of Japan was assessed at 26 million koku, with the Shōgun directly controlling 4.2 million koku.[2]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Koku" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 549.
- ^ a b c Beasley, William G (1972). The Meiji Restoration. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804708150. pp. 14–15.
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