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|known_for = [[Sugar Beet]] Chemistry & Agriculture<br/>First American female Ph.D in Chemistry
|known_for = [[Sugar Beet]] Chemistry & Agriculture<br/>First American female Ph.D in Chemistry<br/>First woman author in major chemistry journal
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'''Rachel Lloyd''' (January 26, 1839 – March 7, 1900) was an American [[chemist]] who focused on the chemistry and agriculture of [[sugar beet]]s (''[[Beta vulgaris]]''). She studied at the [[Harvard Summer School]] and received her doctorate from the [[University of Zurich]] in 1886. She was the first American woman to earn a [[Doctor of Science|doctorate of chemistry]] and the first woman author in a major chemical journal.
'''Rachel Lloyd''' (January 26, 1839 – March 7, 1900) was an American [[chemist]] who studied the chemistry and [[agriculture]] of [[sugar beet]]s (''[[Beta vulgaris]]''). She studied at the [[Harvard Summer School]] and earned her doctorate from the [[University of Zurich]] in 1886. She was the first American woman to earn a [[Doctor of Science|doctorate of chemistry]] and the first woman to publish work in a major chemistry journal.


She worked as a professor of chemistry and head of the chemistry department at the [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln|University of Nebraska-Lincoln]]. Her work in determining the sucrose concentration of sugar beets helped establish a commercial sugar industry in Nebraska. In 1891, she became the first regularly admitted female member of the [[American Chemical Society]]. On October 1, 2014, the Society designated her research and professional contributions to chemistry at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln a [[National Historic Chemical Landmarks|National Historic Chemical Landmark]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acs.org/landmarks|title=National Historic Chemical Landmarks – American Chemical Society|website=American Chemical Society|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref>
Lloyd worked as a professor of chemistry and head of the chemistry department at the [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln|University of Nebraska-Lincoln]]. Her work in determining the [[sucrose]] concentration of sugar beets helped establish a commercial sugar industry in Nebraska. In 1891, she became the first regularly admitted female member of the [[American Chemical Society]]. On October 1, 2014, the Society designated her research and professional contributions to chemistry at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln a [[National Historic Chemical Landmarks|National Historic Chemical Landmark]].


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Rachel Abbie Lloyd (''née'' Holloway) was born in [[Flushing, Ohio]] to a [[Quakers|Quaker]] couple, Robert Smith Halloway and Abigail Taber.<ref name=ACS/> Both of her parents were teachers until her father became the postmaster in Smyrna, Ohio.<ref name="Griep 2014" /> She underwent loss at a young age; all three of her siblings died in infancy, her mother died when she was five, and her father died when she was 12. She was raised by her father's second wife.<ref name=ACS/> At the age of 13, Holloway began attending Friends School in [[Flushing, Ohio]] and continued her education at [[Westtown School]] in [[West Chester, Pennsylvania]]. Her final year of schooling was completed at Miss Margaret Robinson's School for Young Ladies, where she would also begin teaching.
Rachel Abbie Lloyd (''née'' Holloway) was born in [[Flushing, Ohio]], to [[Quakers|Quaker]] parents Robert Smith Halloway and Abigail Taber.<ref name=ACS/> Both of her parents were teachers until her father became the postmaster in [[Smyrna, Ohio]].<ref name="Griep 2014" /> Lloyd experienced loss at a young age; all three of her siblings died in infancy, her mother died when she was five, and her father died when she was 12. She was raised by her father's second wife. At the age of 13, Holloway began attending [[List of Friends schools|Friends School]] in [[Flushing, Ohio]], and continued her education at [[Westtown School]] in [[West Chester, Pennsylvania]]. Her final year of schooling was completed at Miss Margaret Robinson's School for Young Ladies, where she would also begin teaching.<ref name=ACS/>


During her time at Robinson's School she met Franklin Lloyd, a chemist with Powers and Weightman.<ref name="Griep 2014" /> On May 11, 1859, when she was 20 years old, Rachel and Franklin got married. Lloyd noted that Franklin kept a chemical laboratory in their home, which is where her interest in the field originated. In 1863, the couple moved to [[Bangor, Michigan]] where Franklin managed a saw mill, salt works and barrel factory for lumber merchants back in Philadelphia. Together they had two children: Fannie Lloyd (1860–1860) and William C. Lloyd (1865–1865), both of whom died in infancy, Frannie of "disease of the brain" and William of [[jaundice]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Griep |first1=Mark |title=In Memoriam: Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D. |url=https://unlhistory.unl.edu/legacy/rachellloyd/rachellloyd.html |website=www.unlhistory.unl.edu |publisher=Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> Franklin also died in 1865, shortly after William's death. After her husband's death, Lloyd was left with a substantial sum of money and used it to travel Europe from 1867–1872, seeking medical help for [[rheumatism]] and [[neuralgia]].<ref name="Griep 2014" /> However, financial difficulties forced her to return to the United States to look for work.<ref name="acs.org">American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D., Pioneering Woman in Chemistry. http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-holloway-lloyd.html (10/4/2019)</ref> Lloyd supported herself for some time as a science teacher at the Chestnut Street Female Seminary before making the decision to formally pursue her interest in chemistry.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
During her time at Robinson's School she met Franklin Lloyd, a chemist with [[Powers and Weightman]].<ref name="Griep 2014" /> On May 11, 1859, when she was 20 years old, Rachel and Franklin got married. Lloyd noted that Franklin kept a chemical laboratory in their home, which is where her interest in the field originated. In 1863, the couple moved to [[Bangor Township, Bay County, Michigan]], where Franklin managed a [[Sawmill|saw mill]], [[salt works]] and barrel factory for lumber merchants in Philadelphia. The couple had two children together: Fannie Lloyd (1860–1860) and William C. Lloyd (1865–1865), both of whom died in infancy. Frannie died of "disease of the brain" and William died of [[jaundice]].<ref name=unlhistory>{{cite web |last1=Griep |first1=Mark |title=In Memoriam: Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D. |url=https://unlhistory.unl.edu/legacy/rachellloyd/rachellloyd.html |website=www.unlhistory.unl.edu |publisher=Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>


Franklin Lloyd also died in 1865, shortly after William's death. Rachel Lloyd inherited a sum of money, which she used to travel Europe from 1867–1872, seeking medical help for [[rheumatism]] and [[neuralgia]].<ref name="Griep 2014" /> However, financial difficulties forced her to return to the United States to look for work. Lloyd supported herself for some time as a science teacher at the Chestnut Street Female Seminary before making the decision to formally pursue her interest in chemistry.<ref name="ACS" />
⚫
From 1875 to 1883, Lloyd attended seven courses in chemistry and audited several botany courses at the [[Harvard Summer School]]. She conducted research with Charles F. Mabery and in 1881, published their research in the ''[[Daedalus (journal)|Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]'' and the ''[[Journal of the American Chemical Society|American Chemical Journal]]''. This was the first time a woman authored a chemical paper in a major publication.<ref name=ACS/> She continued her research and coauthored three published papers between the years of 1881–1884.<ref name="Griep 2014" /> It was in these years that Lloyd met [[Rachel Bodley]], her future colleague in the [[American Chemical Society]], and, in 1880, Hudson Henry Nicholson, her future colleague at the [[University of Nebraska]]. During this time, Lloyd continued to teach. In 1883, she helped found the Louisville School of Pharmacy for Women in Kentucky, along with Joseph P. Barnum.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}


⚫
From 1875 to 1883, Lloyd attended seven courses in chemistry and audited several [[botany]] courses at the [[Harvard Summer School]]. She conducted research with [[Charles F. Mabery]] and in 1881, published their research in the ''[[Daedalus (journal)|Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]'' and the ''[[Journal of the American Chemical Society|American Chemical Journal]]''. This was the first time a woman had published a chemical paper in a major scientific journal.<ref name="ACS" /> She continued her research and coauthored three published papers between the years of 1881–1884.<ref name="Griep 2014" /> It was in these years that Lloyd met [[Rachel Bodley]], her future colleague in the [[American Chemical Society]], and, in 1880, Hudson Henry Nicholson, her future colleague at the [[University of Nebraska]]. Lloyd continued to teach including at the [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] School of Pharmacy for Women in Kentucky.<ref name="ACS" />
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In 1884, Lloyd decided to study at the University of Zurich, which at the time was the only institution where women were permitted to attempt a doctorate in chemistry. Lloyd was awarded her doctorate in 1886, at the age of 48, and became the first American woman to receive a doctorate degree in chemistry.<ref name=ACS/><ref name="Creese">{{Cite journal|last=Creese|first=Mary R.S.; Creese, Thomas M.|date=1995|title=Rachel Llyod: Early Nebraska Chemist|url=http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/num17-18/num17-18%20p9-14.pdf|journal=Bulletin for the History of Chemistry|volume=17/18|pages=9–14}}</ref> Her dissertation was on the conversion of [[phenols]] to [[aromatic amine]]s under Professor [[:de:Victor Merz|August Viktor Merz]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1002/cber.188702001282| title = Ueber die Umwandlung höherer Homologen des Benzolphenols in primäre und secundäre Amine| journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft| volume = 20| pages = 1254–1265| year = 1887| last1 = Lloyd| first1 = Rachel| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1425469}}</ref> During this time, she also became interested in the emerging sugar beet industry.<ref name="Tarbell1982" />

⚫
In 1884, Lloyd enrolled in the University of Zurich, which at the time was the only institution where women were permitted to complete a doctorate in chemistry. Lloyd was earned her doctorate in 1886 at the age of 48, and became the first American woman to receive a doctorate degree in chemistry.<ref name="ACS" /><ref name="Creese">{{Cite journal|last=Creese|first=Mary R.S.; Creese, Thomas M.|date=1995|title=Rachel Llyod: Early Nebraska Chemist|url=http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/num17-18/num17-18%20p9-14.pdf|journal=Bulletin for the History of Chemistry|volume=17/18|pages=9–14}}</ref> Her dissertation was on the conversion of [[phenols]] to [[aromatic amine]]s under Professor [[:de:Victor Merz|August Viktor Merz]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1002/cber.188702001282| title = Ueber die Umwandlung höherer Homologen des Benzolphenols in primäre und secundäre Amine| journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft| volume = 20| pages = 1254–1265| year = 1887| last1 = Lloyd| first1 = Rachel| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1425469}}</ref> During this time, she also became interested in the emerging sugar beet industry.<ref name="Tarbell1982" />


==Career==
==Career==
===Teaching===
===Teaching===
Lloyd began teaching immediately after finishing her early education at Miss Margaret Robinson's School for Young Ladies.<ref name="Griep 2014" /> Her next teaching position would be at the Chestnut Street Female Seminary in 1873 where she taught chemistry following her travels in [[Europe]].<ref name="Griep 2014" /> During her time as a student Lloyd still held multiple positions at other educational institutions.<ref name="Griep 2014" /> In 1880 Lloyd held the position of Lady Principal of Foster School for Girls in [[Clifton Springs, New York]].<ref name="Griep 2014" /> Following this she was an Instructor of Chemistry at both Hampton College for Women and the Louisville School of Pharmacy for Women.<ref name="Griep 2014" /> Lloyd worked for a small period of time at the Normal School of Science and [[Royal School of Mines]] in London before her most notable position in 1887 at the University of Nebraska.<ref name="Griep 2014" /> In 1894 Lloyd was the Instructor of Science at [[Hillside Home School I|Hillside Home School]] in Spring Green, Wisconsin.<ref name="Griep 2014" />
Lloyd began teaching immediately after finishing her early education at Miss Margaret Robinson's School for Young Ladies. Her next teaching position would be at the [[Chestnut Street Female Seminary]] in 1873, where she taught chemistry following her travels in [[Europe]]. During her time as a student, Lloyd also held multiple positions at other educational institutions. In 1880, Lloyd served as the Lady Principal of [[Foster School for Girls]] in [[Clifton Springs, New York]]. She later worked as an Instructor of Chemistry at both [[Hampton College for Women]] and the Louisville School of Pharmacy for Women. Lloyd worked for a small period of time at the [[Normal School of Science]] and [[Royal School of Mines]] in London before joining the faculty of the University of Nebraska in 1887. In 1894, Lloyd became the Instructor of Science at [[Hillside Home School I|Hillside Home School]] in [[Spring Green, Wisconsin]].<ref name="Griep 2014" />


===University of Nebraska===
===University of Nebraska===
In 1887, the University of Nebraska offered Lloyd an appointment as associate professor of analytical chemistry to join the departmental chair, Hudson Henry Nicholson as the second person in the new Chemistry Department. Lloyd encouraged both young men and young women to enroll and during Lloyd's tenure, the Nebraska section of the American Chemical Society had more women participants than any other section.<ref name="Griep">{{cite web|last=Griep|first=Mark|title=Dr. Rachel Lloyd was the first woman chemistry professor|url=http://www.bcceprogram.haydenmcneil.com/conference-info/p19-dr-rachel-lloyd-woman-chemistry-professor|publisher=Biennial Conference on Chemical Education|access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Between 1888 and 1915, 10 of the 46 chemistry students were women.<ref name=cen>{{cite news|title=Rachel LLoyd earns landmark|work=Chemical Engineering News|issue=92,46|publisher=American Chemistry Society|date=17 November 2014|page=46}}</ref>
In 1887, the University of Nebraska offered Lloyd an appointment as associate professor of [[analytical chemistry]] to join the departmental chair, [[Hudson Henry Nicholson]], as the second person in the new chemistry department. Lloyd encouraged both young men and young women to enroll in the program, and during her tenure, the Nebraska section of the American Chemical Society had more women participants than any other section.<ref name="Griep">{{cite web|last=Griep|first=Mark|title=Dr. Rachel Lloyd was the first woman chemistry professor|url=http://www.bcceprogram.haydenmcneil.com/conference-info/p19-dr-rachel-lloyd-woman-chemistry-professor|publisher=Biennial Conference on Chemical Education|access-date=1 February 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130337/http://www.bcceprogram.haydenmcneil.com/conference-info/p19-dr-rachel-lloyd-woman-chemistry-professor|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 1888 and 1915, 10 of the 46 chemistry students were women.<ref name=cen>{{cite news|title=Rachel LLoyd earns landmark|work=Chemical Engineering News|issue=92,46|publisher=American Chemistry Society|date=17 November 2014|page=46}}</ref>


Following the passage of the [[Hatch Act of 1887]], the University of Nebraska was awarded a grant of $15,000 to create the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Lloyd's scientific impact was based on her pioneering studies of sugars in sugar beets, using [[analytical techniques]] such as the [[saccharometer]]. Lloyd's studies made use of test plots of sugar beets in various parts of Nebraska. Her scientific reports on sugar production in sugar beets first appeared in 1890, helping establish the economic viability of sugar beet farming in the latter part of the 19th century, critical to Nebraska farmers.<ref name=Lindblom>{{cite web|last1=Lindblom|first1=Keith L.|title=Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D. Pioneering Woman in Chemistry|url=http://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-holloway-lloyd/rachel-lloyd-chemist-commemorative-booklet.pdf|website=National Historic Chemical Landmarks|publisher=American Chemical Society|access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> According to Lindblom, production of sugar in Nebraska increased from 736,000 pounds to 8,378,000 pounds in just 5 years.<ref name="Lindblom" /> The findings of Lloyd and Nicholson's work resulted in investors opening up the third sugar refinery in the United States in Nebraska. It was also the first refinery in the Midwest.<ref name=Lindblom>{{cite web|last1=Lindblom|first1=Keith L.|title=Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D. Pioneering Woman in Chemistry|url=http://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-holloway-lloyd/rachel-lloyd-chemist-commemorative-booklet.pdf|website=National Historic Chemical Landmarks|publisher=American Chemical Society|access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref>
Lloyd's scientific impact was based on her pioneering studies of sugars in sugar beets, using [[analytical techniques]] such as the [[saccharometer]] at the [[Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Stations]].<ref name=unlhistory/> Lloyd's studies made use of test plots of sugar beets in various parts of Nebraska. Her scientific reports on sugar production in sugar beets first appeared in 1890, helping establish the economic viability of sugar beet farming in the latter part of the 19th century, critical to Nebraska farmers.<ref name=Lindblom>{{cite web|last1=Lindblom|first1=Keith L.|title=Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D. Pioneering Woman in Chemistry|url=http://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-holloway-lloyd/rachel-lloyd-chemist-commemorative-booklet.pdf|website=National Historic Chemical Landmarks|publisher=American Chemical Society|access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> According to Lindblom, production of sugar in Nebraska increased from 736,000 pounds to 8,378,000 pounds in just 5 years.<ref name="Lindblom" /> The findings of Lloyd and Nicholson's work resulted in investors opening up the third [[sugar refinery]] in the United States in Nebraska. It was also the first refinery in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].<ref name=Lindblom/>


Lloyd rose to full professor in 1888 and was promoted to the head of the department in 1892 while Nicholson was in Europe. However, that summer, she was afflicted with partial paralysis.<ref name="acs.org"/> She continued to teach until 1894, when she resigned due to ill health. After her death, Acting Chancellor Charles E. Bessey said in a memorial lecture at the University of Nebraska, "She was not only an eminent chemist, she was a great teacher, and more than that, she was the beloved advisor and counselor of students".<ref name="Tarbell1982">{{cite journal|last=Tarbell|first=Ann T.|author2=D. Stanley Tarbell |title=Dr. Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900): American Chemist|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|date=September 1982|volume=59|issue=9|pages=743–744|doi=10.1021/ed059p743|bibcode=1982JChEd..59..743T}}</ref> This is further supported by her involvement in the Camera Club and the Scientific Club, through which she connected with students.<ref name="Creese" />
Lloyd became a full professor in 1888 and was promoted to the head of the department in 1892 while Nicholson was in Europe. However, that summer, she was afflicted with partial [[paralysis]].<ref name=ACS/> She continued to teach until 1894, when she resigned due to ill health. After her death, Acting Chancellor [[Charles E. Bessey]] said in a memorial lecture at the University of Nebraska, "She was not only an eminent chemist, she was a great teacher, and more than that, she was the beloved advisor and counselor of students".<ref name="Tarbell1982">{{cite journal|last=Tarbell|first=Ann T.|author2=D. Stanley Tarbell |title=Dr. Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900): American Chemist|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|date=September 1982|volume=59|issue=9|pages=743–744|doi=10.1021/ed059p743|bibcode=1982JChEd..59..743T}}</ref> This is further supported by her involvement in the Camera Club and the Scientific Club, through which she connected with students.<ref name="Creese" />


⚫
=== Affiliations and memberships ===
⚫
In May 2014, a time capsule was opened at the University of Nebraska Lincoln. The capsule came from the cornerstone of the building that had previously housed the Chemistry Department and had been planted there in 1916. The capsule had initially been forgotten but was discovered when someone searching for information on Rachel Lloyd discovered a newspaper article about the capsule's burial that had mentioned her.<ref name="acshist.scs.illinois.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Griep |first1=Mark |title=Forgotten Chemistry Time Capsule Revealed the Stories of Two Early Female Chemistry Professors |journal=American Chemical Society Bulletin for the History of Chemistry |date=1 November 2018 |volume=43 |pages=27–40 |url=http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin/bull18-vol43-1.php |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>
⚫
Throughout Lloyd's professional career she was a member of many clubs, associations, and professional societies. Her most notable memberships were in the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], the [[Association for the Advancement of Women]], and the [[American Chemical Society]].<ref name="Lindblom" /> Lloyd was also a member of the following organizations/clubs: the [[German Chemical Society]], English Chemical Society, the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], the Browning Club, the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, and the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]].<ref name="Griep 2014" /> Lloyd helped found the Hayden Art Club which was the predecessor to the [[Sheldon Museum of Art]].<ref name=ACS/>
⚫
The capsule contained newspapers from the time of its burial, information about what was happening at the school at the time, photos of members of the chemistry department, and other items related to the chemistry department as it had been in 1916. Included in these photos is a high resolution photo of Lloyd, which is often used in articles about her life and work. Arguably the most important item in the capsule was a biography of Lloyd's life, titled "In Memoriam: Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unlhistory.unl.edu/legacy/rachellloyd/rachellloyd.html|title=In Memoriam: Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D.|website=unlhistory.unl.edu|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> The book was written by her brother-in-law, Clement Lloyd, and contained information about her life that was not found elsewhere.<ref name="acshist.scs.illinois.edu"/>

⚫
==Affiliations and memberships==
⚫
Throughout Lloyd's professional career she was a member of many clubs, associations, and professional societies. Her most notable memberships were in the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], the [[Association for the Advancement of Women]], and the [[American Chemical Society]].<ref name="Lindblom" /> Lloyd was also a member of the following organizations/clubs: the [[German Chemical Society]], English Chemical Society, the Hayden Art Gallery, the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], the Browning Club, the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, and the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]].<ref name="Griep 2014" />


==Final years and death==
==Final years and death==
She lived in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area for the last seven years of her life, to be closer to friends and relatives.<ref name=Lindblom /> Lloyd passed on March 7, 1900 due to heart failure and was buried with her husband and children in the [[Laurel Hill Cemetery]] in Philadelphia.<ref name="Griep 2014">{{cite book |last1=Griep |first1=Mark A. |title=Easy and Lucid Guide to a Knowledge of Rachel Abbie Holloway Lloyd |date=2014 |publisher=Keeper's Cottage Press |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=978-0692290828}}</ref>
She lived in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area for the last seven years of her life, to be closer to friends and relatives.<ref name=Lindblom /> Lloyd died on March 7, 1900, in [[Beverly, New Jersey]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rayner-Canham |first1=Marlene |last2=Rayner-Canham |first2=Geoffrey |title=Women in Chemistry – Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century |date=2001 |publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-941901-27-0 |pages=55–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_NJ7AubQIcC |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> due to heart failure and was buried with her husband and children in [[Laurel Hill Cemetery]] in Philadelphia.<ref name="Griep 2014">{{cite book |last1=Griep |first1=Mark A. |title=Easy and Lucid Guide to a Knowledge of Rachel Abbie Holloway Lloyd |date=2014 |publisher=Keeper's Cottage Press |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=978-0692290828}}</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
⚫
In May 2014, a [[time capsule]] was opened at the University of Nebraska Lincoln. The capsule came from the cornerstone of the building that had previously housed the chemistry department and had been planted there in 1916.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sojico |first1=Jackie |title=Who is Rachel Lloyd? |url=https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/de/news/news-articles/who-is-rachel-lloyd/#:~:text=Here's%20what%20Mark%20Griep%20knew,an%20important%20industry%20in%20Nebraska. |website=www.nebraskapublicmedia.org |publisher=Nebraska Public Media Foundation |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> The capsule had initially been forgotten but was discovered when a chemistry professor searching for information on Rachel Lloyd discovered a newspaper article about the capsule.<ref name="acshist.scs.illinois.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Griep |first1=Mark |title=Forgotten Chemistry Time Capsule Revealed the Stories of Two Early Female Chemistry Professors |journal=American Chemical Society Bulletin for the History of Chemistry |date=1 November 2018 |volume=43 |pages=27–40 |url=http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin/bull18-vol43-1.php |access-date=11 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018132553/http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin/bull18-vol43-1.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫
On October 1, 2014, the Society designated her research and professional contributions to chemistry at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln a [[National Historic Chemical Landmarks|National Historic Chemical Landmark]].<ref name=ACS>{{cite web |title=Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D., Pioneering Woman in Chemistry |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-holloway-lloyd.html |website=www.acs.org |publisher=American Chemical Society |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>
⚫
The capsule contained newspapers from the time of its burial, information about what was happening at the school at the time, photos of members of the chemistry department, and other items related to the chemistry department as it had been in 1916. Included in these photos is a high resolution photo of Lloyd, which is often used in articles about her life and work. Arguably the most important item in the capsule was a biography of Lloyd's life, titled "In Memoriam: Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D".<ref name=unlhistory/> The book was written by her brother-in-law, Clement Lloyd, and contained information about her life that was not found elsewhere.<ref name="acshist.scs.illinois.edu"/>

⚫
On October 1, 2014, the American Chemical Society designated her research and professional contributions to chemistry at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln a [[National Historic Chemical Landmarks|National Historic Chemical Landmark]].<ref name=ACS>{{cite web |title=Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D., Pioneering Woman in Chemistry |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-holloway-lloyd.html |website=www.acs.org |publisher=American Chemical Society |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>

==Published works==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=wN01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA700 Conversion of some Homologues of Phenol into Primary and Secondary Amines], Journal of the Chemical Society, Volume 56, 1889
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=zjz0zAEACAAJ Experiments in the Culture of the Sugar Beet in Nebraska], University of Nebraska, Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, 1890


==See also==
==See also==
Line 65: Line 71:


==References==
==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

'''Sources'''
*{{cite news|last=Haslett|first=Kiah|title=Chemistry Department celebrates 125th year|url=http://www.chem.unl.edu/anniversary/www-dailynebraskan-com_125th%20Anniversary%20Article.pdf|access-date=1 February 2014|newspaper=Daily Nebraskan}}
*{{cite book|last=Kleber|first=John E.|title=The Encyclopedia of Louisville|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXbYITw4ZesC&pg=PA700|year=2001|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=0-8131-2890-0|pages=700}}
*Rachel Lloyd, "Experiments in the Culture of Sugar Beet in Nebraska," 1890 (1 April), 1891 (15 April), 1892 (1 March) (University of Nebraska archives).


==External links==
==External links==
* {{find a Grave|80734064}}
*[http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/num17-18/num17-18%20p9-14.pdf photograph of Lloyd], scs.Illinois.edu


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[[Category:19th-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:American chemists]]
[[Category:American Quakers]]
[[Category:American women chemists]]
[[Category:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)]]
[[Category:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)]]
[[Category:People from Bangor, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Bangor, Michigan]]
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[[Category:University of Zurich alumni]]
[[Category:University of Zurich alumni]]
[[Category:Westtown School alumni]]
[[Category:Westtown School alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century American chemists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Nebraska]]
[[Category:Chemists from Pennsylvania]]

Latest revision as of 09:20, 1 November 2023

Rachel Lloyd
Portrait of Rachel Lloyd
Born
Rachel Abbie Holloway

(1839-01-26)January 26, 1839
Flushing, Ohio, U.S.
DiedMarch 7, 1900(1900-03-07) (aged 61)
Beverly, New Jersey, U.S.
Resting placeLaurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Zurich
Known forSugar Beet Chemistry & Agriculture
First American female Ph.D in Chemistry
First woman author in major chemistry journal
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsUniversity of Nebraska
ThesisOn the conversion of some of the homologues of benzol-phenol into primary and secondary amines (1887)
Doctoral advisorA. Viktor Merz
Other academic advisorsCharles F. Mabery

Rachel Lloyd (January 26, 1839 – March 7, 1900) was an American chemist who studied the chemistry and agriculture of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris). She studied at the Harvard Summer School and earned her doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1886. She was the first American woman to earn a doctorate of chemistry and the first woman to publish work in a major chemistry journal.

Lloyd worked as a professor of chemistry and head of the chemistry department at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Her work in determining the sucrose concentration of sugar beets helped establish a commercial sugar industry in Nebraska. In 1891, she became the first regularly admitted female member of the American Chemical Society. On October 1, 2014, the Society designated her research and professional contributions to chemistry at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln a National Historic Chemical Landmark.

Early life and education

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Rachel Abbie Lloyd (née Holloway) was born in Flushing, Ohio, to Quaker parents Robert Smith Halloway and Abigail Taber.[1] Both of her parents were teachers until her father became the postmaster in Smyrna, Ohio.[2] Lloyd experienced loss at a young age; all three of her siblings died in infancy, her mother died when she was five, and her father died when she was 12. She was raised by her father's second wife. At the age of 13, Holloway began attending Friends School in Flushing, Ohio, and continued her education at Westtown School in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Her final year of schooling was completed at Miss Margaret Robinson's School for Young Ladies, where she would also begin teaching.[1]

During her time at Robinson's School she met Franklin Lloyd, a chemist with Powers and Weightman.[2] On May 11, 1859, when she was 20 years old, Rachel and Franklin got married. Lloyd noted that Franklin kept a chemical laboratory in their home, which is where her interest in the field originated. In 1863, the couple moved to Bangor Township, Bay County, Michigan, where Franklin managed a saw mill, salt works and barrel factory for lumber merchants in Philadelphia. The couple had two children together: Fannie Lloyd (1860–1860) and William C. Lloyd (1865–1865), both of whom died in infancy. Frannie died of "disease of the brain" and William died of jaundice.[3]

Franklin Lloyd also died in 1865, shortly after William's death. Rachel Lloyd inherited a sum of money, which she used to travel Europe from 1867–1872, seeking medical help for rheumatism and neuralgia.[2] However, financial difficulties forced her to return to the United States to look for work. Lloyd supported herself for some time as a science teacher at the Chestnut Street Female Seminary before making the decision to formally pursue her interest in chemistry.[1]

From 1875 to 1883, Lloyd attended seven courses in chemistry and audited several botany courses at the Harvard Summer School. She conducted research with Charles F. Mabery and in 1881, published their research in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Chemical Journal. This was the first time a woman had published a chemical paper in a major scientific journal.[1] She continued her research and coauthored three published papers between the years of 1881–1884.[2] It was in these years that Lloyd met Rachel Bodley, her future colleague in the American Chemical Society, and, in 1880, Hudson Henry Nicholson, her future colleague at the University of Nebraska. Lloyd continued to teach including at the Louisville School of Pharmacy for Women in Kentucky.[1]

In 1884, Lloyd enrolled in the University of Zurich, which at the time was the only institution where women were permitted to complete a doctorate in chemistry. Lloyd was earned her doctorate in 1886 at the age of 48, and became the first American woman to receive a doctorate degree in chemistry.[1][4] Her dissertation was on the conversion of phenols to aromatic amines under Professor August Viktor Merz.[5] During this time, she also became interested in the emerging sugar beet industry.[6]

Career

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Teaching

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Lloyd began teaching immediately after finishing her early education at Miss Margaret Robinson's School for Young Ladies. Her next teaching position would be at the Chestnut Street Female Seminary in 1873, where she taught chemistry following her travels in Europe. During her time as a student, Lloyd also held multiple positions at other educational institutions. In 1880, Lloyd served as the Lady Principal of Foster School for Girls in Clifton Springs, New York. She later worked as an Instructor of Chemistry at both Hampton College for Women and the Louisville School of Pharmacy for Women. Lloyd worked for a small period of time at the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines in London before joining the faculty of the University of Nebraska in 1887. In 1894, Lloyd became the Instructor of Science at Hillside Home School in Spring Green, Wisconsin.[2]

University of Nebraska

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In 1887, the University of Nebraska offered Lloyd an appointment as associate professor of analytical chemistry to join the departmental chair, Hudson Henry Nicholson, as the second person in the new chemistry department. Lloyd encouraged both young men and young women to enroll in the program, and during her tenure, the Nebraska section of the American Chemical Society had more women participants than any other section.[7] Between 1888 and 1915, 10 of the 46 chemistry students were women.[8]

Lloyd's scientific impact was based on her pioneering studies of sugars in sugar beets, using analytical techniques such as the saccharometer at the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Stations.[3] Lloyd's studies made use of test plots of sugar beets in various parts of Nebraska. Her scientific reports on sugar production in sugar beets first appeared in 1890, helping establish the economic viability of sugar beet farming in the latter part of the 19th century, critical to Nebraska farmers.[9] According to Lindblom, production of sugar in Nebraska increased from 736,000 pounds to 8,378,000 pounds in just 5 years.[9] The findings of Lloyd and Nicholson's work resulted in investors opening up the third sugar refinery in the United States in Nebraska. It was also the first refinery in the Midwest.[9]

Lloyd became a full professor in 1888 and was promoted to the head of the department in 1892 while Nicholson was in Europe. However, that summer, she was afflicted with partial paralysis.[1] She continued to teach until 1894, when she resigned due to ill health. After her death, Acting Chancellor Charles E. Bessey said in a memorial lecture at the University of Nebraska, "She was not only an eminent chemist, she was a great teacher, and more than that, she was the beloved advisor and counselor of students".[6] This is further supported by her involvement in the Camera Club and the Scientific Club, through which she connected with students.[4]

Affiliations and memberships

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Throughout Lloyd's professional career she was a member of many clubs, associations, and professional societies. Her most notable memberships were in the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Association for the Advancement of Women, and the American Chemical Society.[9] Lloyd was also a member of the following organizations/clubs: the German Chemical Society, English Chemical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Browning Club, the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, and the National American Woman Suffrage Association.[2] Lloyd helped found the Hayden Art Club which was the predecessor to the Sheldon Museum of Art.[1]

Final years and death

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She lived in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area for the last seven years of her life, to be closer to friends and relatives.[9] Lloyd died on March 7, 1900, in Beverly, New Jersey[10] due to heart failure and was buried with her husband and children in Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.[2]

Legacy

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In May 2014, a time capsule was opened at the University of Nebraska Lincoln. The capsule came from the cornerstone of the building that had previously housed the chemistry department and had been planted there in 1916.[11] The capsule had initially been forgotten but was discovered when a chemistry professor searching for information on Rachel Lloyd discovered a newspaper article about the capsule.[12] The capsule contained newspapers from the time of its burial, information about what was happening at the school at the time, photos of members of the chemistry department, and other items related to the chemistry department as it had been in 1916. Included in these photos is a high resolution photo of Lloyd, which is often used in articles about her life and work. Arguably the most important item in the capsule was a biography of Lloyd's life, titled "In Memoriam: Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D".[3] The book was written by her brother-in-law, Clement Lloyd, and contained information about her life that was not found elsewhere.[12]

On October 1, 2014, the American Chemical Society designated her research and professional contributions to chemistry at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln a National Historic Chemical Landmark.[1]

Published works

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D., Pioneering Woman in Chemistry". www.acs.org. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Griep, Mark A. (2014). Easy and Lucid Guide to a Knowledge of Rachel Abbie Holloway Lloyd. Lincoln, Nebraska: Keeper's Cottage Press. ISBN 978-0692290828.
  3. ^ a b c Griep, Mark. "In Memoriam: Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D." www.unlhistory.unl.edu. Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  4. ^ a b Creese, Mary R.S.; Creese, Thomas M. (1995). "Rachel Llyod: Early Nebraska Chemist" (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 17/18: 9–14.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Lloyd, Rachel (1887). "Ueber die Umwandlung höherer Homologen des Benzolphenols in primäre und secundäre Amine". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 20: 1254–1265. doi:10.1002/cber.188702001282.
  6. ^ a b Tarbell, Ann T.; D. Stanley Tarbell (September 1982). "Dr. Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900): American Chemist". Journal of Chemical Education. 59 (9): 743–744. Bibcode:1982JChEd..59..743T. doi:10.1021/ed059p743.
  7. ^ Griep, Mark. "Dr. Rachel Lloyd was the first woman chemistry professor". Biennial Conference on Chemical Education. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  8. ^ "Rachel LLoyd earns landmark". Chemical Engineering News. No. 92, 46. American Chemistry Society. 17 November 2014. p. 46.
  9. ^ a b c d e Lindblom, Keith L. "Rachel Lloyd, Ph.D. Pioneering Woman in Chemistry" (PDF). National Historic Chemical Landmarks. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  10. ^ Rayner-Canham, Marlene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2001). Women in Chemistry – Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 55–57. ISBN 0-941901-27-0. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  11. ^ Sojico, Jackie. "Who is Rachel Lloyd?". www.nebraskapublicmedia.org. Nebraska Public Media Foundation. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  12. ^ a b Griep, Mark (1 November 2018). "Forgotten Chemistry Time Capsule Revealed the Stories of Two Early Female Chemistry Professors". American Chemical Society Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 43: 27–40. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
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